高强度玻璃组分的研究进展

高强度玻璃是航空航天、信息电子和装备制造等领域重要的视窗材料。为保证玻璃能够在苛刻环境条件下正常使用,需要不断提高玻璃力学强度、硬度和抗冲击性能,因此高强度玻璃的研究备受关注。目前高强度玻璃的研究主要聚焦于:(1)探究不同体系高强度玻璃材料组分-结构-性能之间的关系,以及掺杂玻璃的性能变化情况;(2)开发高强度玻璃新型强化方法,研究适用于不同高强度玻璃体系的物理强化和化学强化工艺等。本文综述了氧化物对不同体系玻璃的网络结构和力学强度的影响,基于不同玻璃体系和化学组成,分析比较了掺杂玻璃力学性能的演变特点,总结了国内外高强度玻璃组分设计研究进展,为高强度玻璃材料的科学研究和发展提供参考。     

Improvement of Lithium-Aluminosilicates Glass Composition for Production of High-Strength Glass Ceramics

Lithium-aluminosilicate glasses have been melted and the physicochemical properties of glasses and glass ceramics crystallizing in two stages on the basis of these glasses have been studied. The study results are discussed.     

浮法玻璃温度应力

依据浮法玻璃板为沿厚度方向一维导热降温生产的特点,分析了在降温过程中玻璃板温度应力的发生和变化。     

Stress in Leached Phase-Separated Glass

When a phase-separated glass is leached, stresses develop because of release of thermal stresses, creation of surface area, ion exchange, and hydration. Analyses are presented for the thermal stresses, including the portion that develops on cooling from the heat-treatment temperature to the setting temperature of the less viscous phase. During leaching, the interfacial energy of the residual phase increases, so that phase tends to contract. A more important effect is the contraction caused by removal of alkali and B₂O₃ from the residual phase during leaching. The extent of removal of B₂O₂ decreases with heat-treatment time, t_H , because the scale of the microstructure increases as t^1/3_H. The change in residual B₂O₂ content with t_H is shown to be consistent with diffusion-controlled ion exchange. The dependence of stress on t_H in partially leached glasses, measured by Drexhage and Gupta, results principally from the change in extent of ion exchange; the reduction in surface area with increasing t_H also has a significant effect on the stresses.     

玻璃应力对玻璃强度的影响

介绍了玻璃的应力与玻璃强度之间的关系,并讨论了几种不同类型的应力对玻璃强度的影响。     

玻璃应力的测定方法

从玻璃应力测试的理论入手,介绍了多种玻璃应力测定的方法与测定中的要点。     

Anomalous Stress Profiles in Ion-Exchanged Glass

Photoelastic measurements on specimens sliced from ion-exchanged slabs and cylinders have revealed a tension maximum in the distribution of the axial stress. This maximum is not predicted by the conventional stress analysis, which assumes a plane stress condition and ignores the existence of an additional characteristic distance, the thickness of the exchanged layer. A 2-dimensional finite element analysis under a generalized plane strain condition showed that a tension maximum in the axial stress occurs if the thickness of the slice from the plate is neither smaller than the layer thickness nor much greater than the plate thickness.     

Stress Corrosion of Silica Glass

Dissolution rate of silica glass in water was measured as a function of hydrostatic pressure at 285°C and was found to increase with increasing pressure. This observation appears to be contrary to the stress-corrosion hypothesis of the static fatigue of glass .     

浮法玻璃的应力与退火

玻璃的退火是浮法平板玻璃生产过程的一个重要环节。文章阐述了玻璃热应力产生和消除方法,指出在线应力检测是控制退火质量的较好途径。     

Hertzian Stress Cracks in Beryllia and Glass

The effect of Hertzian stresses resulting from loads acting at the points of contact of beryllia spheres was determined. As-drawn glass and glass ground with various grades of silicon carbide were indented with beryllia spheres, 1 in. in diameter. Also, pairs of these beryllia spheres were pressed together. Circular cracks due to Hertzian stresses were produced; an optical technique was developed for detecting them in a beryllia surface. The outer crack radius was proportional to the cube root of the maximum applied load. Average values obtained for the respective inner crack radii were used to determine average values of the minimum load to fracture these materials. The average minimum load to fracture 1 in. diameter beryllia spheres in air at room temperature under dynamic loading was 235 1b. The crack radius in glass and beryllia was about 20% greater than the radius of the contact surface. This was not significantly affected (in glass) by flaw density. It is considered that the Hertz analysis does not give the correct location and value of the maximum tensile stress when finite displacements of material occur.     

Limiting Hardening Stress Levels in Sheet Glass

The limiting level of sheet glass hardening is presented based on three classification strength criteria and is equal to about 500 MPa.     

Measurement of Internal Stress in Glass Articles

We have developed a method for measurement of internal stress in glass articles. The method uses Rayleigh-scattered light from a properly polarized laser beam propagating through glass at an oblique angle. This light is imaged with an electronic focal plane array camera. The method is similar to earlier published methods except for the inclusion of an externally controlled phase retarder. The phase retarder allows for the success of the method. The method is suitable for use on flat or curved glass and is applicable over a broad range of residual stresses. Experimental results are provided showing the in-plane stress throughout the thickness of a television glass sample.     

Stress and Structural Relaxation in Tempering Glass

Temper stresses are brought about, primarily, by a partial relaxation of transient stresses generated by rapid cooling of the glass. Stress relaxation under nonisothermal conditions is competently handled by a mathematical tempering model, in which glass is treated as a simple viscoelastic material. However, this model proved inadequate in some respects since the properties of glass depend not only on its instantaneous temperature but also on its prior thermal history. A tempering model was therefore developed that incorporates both stress and structural relaxation. Predictions of this structural model are compared with experimental data on tempering and contrasted with predictions of the viscoelastic model. Such comparisons revealed that, typically, structural relaxation accounts for approximately 24% of the total residual temper stresses.     

光学玻璃应力的自动测试

根据1/4波片法测量应力的特点,采用光电编码器控制检偏器的旋转.高分辨率且无自动增益功能的CCD,由计算机控制并采集光学玻璃干涉条纹图,采样点根据需要可多达512×512.介绍应力图分析软件的设计思路,编制软件对多幅干涉条纹图进行处理与计算,得到被测样品所有点的应力值,并绘制样品应力三维分布图.采用CYY-1应力仪进行实验,实验表明,应力双折射光程差测量精度达0.2nm/cm,重复性为0.1nm/cm,并实现全测试过程的自动化和智能化.     

Steric Effects in Stress Corrosion Fracture of Glass

Previous studies show that stress corrosion crack growth in glass is controlled by chemically enhanced crack tip bond rupture reactions. The brittle nature of fracture in glass suggests that the region where bond rupture reactions occur must be on the order of the atomic spacings in the material. Crack growth kinetics and zeolite diffusion data were used to determine the relation between molecular size and reactivity at the crack tip. Crack growth rates in silica glass were measured in the presence of a series of chemical species that have comparable chemical features and systematically increasing molecular diameters. Results show that chemically active species with diameters greater than 0.5 nm are ineffective as stress corrosion agents. A comparison of crack growth results and zeolite diffusion measurements was used to conclude that the opening to the crack tip is less than or equal to 0.5 nm. This crack tip dimension is consistent with the concept of atomic scale brittle fracture in silica glass.     

Residual Stress in Siliceous Glass Between Mullite Crystals

A birefringence of siliceous glass, which is coexisting with mullite crystals, was studied by an optical polarizing microscope. The cause of the birefringence was assumed to be the residual stress induced by a large contraction difference between the mullite and glass on cooling. The stress has been evaluated to be as high as—0.3 GPa, and to correspond to the elastic one which began to develop at the glass transition point.     

Stress and Volume Relaxation in Annealing Flat Glass

Laboratory simulation of the industrial process of annealing sheet glass has yielded data on the genesis of stresses in initially stress-free glass. The experimental results differed from expectations based on classical annealing theory in that stresses began to develop in the annealing range even when the glass was being cooled at a constant rate, i.e. even in the absence of any changes of temperature gradients within the glass. Typically, these stresses account for 40% of the total residual stress in glass annealed according to a linear schedule. The remaining 60% are the well-known thermoelastic stresses that arise later in the annealing process from the decay of temperature gradients in the glass. The stresses observed to arise in glass as it is being cooled at a constant rate are attributed to volume relaxation effects which, in parts of the annealing range, generate stresses rapidly enough that they are not dissipated by stress relaxation. A mathematical model of annealing is proposed that takes account of both stress and structural relaxation. The model fits the experimentally observed evolution of stresses during linear cooling. It also suggests that (with the activation energies of stress and structural relaxation about the same) the actual rate, at any given temperature, of structural relaxation is about 4 times lower than that of stress relaxation.