Removal of lead(II) and copper(II) from aqueous solution using foitite from Linshou mine in Hebei, China

Foitite from Linshou mine in China's Hebei province was investigated as an adsorbent to remove Pb(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solution. The results showed that foitite can readily remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solution. The data shows that the metal uptake for Pb(II) increases rapidly, accounting for 74.47% when contact time was 2 min. In contrast to Pb(ll), there was a worse capability for adsorption of Cu(II). In the first 4 min, the metal uptake accounted for 34.7%. According to the analytical results obtained from X-ray diffraction, laser Raman spectrum, X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer, and Zeta potential, the removal mechanism of Pb(II) and Cu(II) by using foitite can be explained as following: firstly, the existence of an electrostatic field around foitite particles can attract heavy metal ions and consequently combine heavy metal ions with OH; secondly, heavy metal ions in the solution are exchanged with the Fe3+ and Al3+ in the foitite.     

松花江流域鱼体内重金属含量的监测与污染评价

为研究松花江流域鱼体重金属的污染现状,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定松花江流域鱼类体内的Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Hg、As等7种重金属的残留量,使用综合污染指数法对污染情况进行了评价。结果表明,松花江鱼体中7种重金属的基准值由高到低依次为Zn、Cu、Cr、As、Pb、Hg和Cd,且除Hg以外,其他6种重金属的来源具有一定的相似性;第二松花江流域中鱼体内重金属残留量高于嫩江和松花江干流两条流域中鱼体内重金属残留量;参照《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质的限量标准》(NK 5073-2006)和《食品中锌限量卫生标准》(GB13106-1991),鱼体内Pb、As、Cr和Zn的超标率很高,特别是Pb和As的污染比较严重。     

Comparison of surface functional groups and metal uptake efficiency of rice husk harvested from different climatic zones

Rice husk (RH) is a very effective natural adsorbent for fast removal of heavy metal cations from water solutions. Application of RH for removal of some heavy metal ions, such as Ni, Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, Pb and Cd from water solutions has been studied and different maximum adsorption capacities and a variety of optimized conditions were reported in the literature. In this work, the efficiency of RH harvested from different climatic regions was studied. For this proposal, different RH samples were collected from three different climatic regions of Iran (nominated as RH1 to RH3); their removal efficiencies of heavy metal cations of Ni(2+), Cu(2+) and Cd(2+) were investigated and compared. The adsorption data at optimum conditions could be assessed well by both Langmuir and Freundlich models. Statistical analysis of the results of adsorption isotherms showed that different RH samples have different efficiencies in uptake of these heavy metal ions. The RH samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Boehm titration, which indicated that amounts of functional groups differed between RHs that are grown in different climatic conditions.     

黄土高原北洛河沉积物生态风险解析

以黄土高原的典型工业污染河流北洛河为研究对象,测定其干支流17个采样点沉积物中的8种重金属(Hg、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn)质量分数,结合描述性统计结果对重金属的空间分布特征进行分析。进一步利用地累积指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态风险指数法分析重金属的污染程度与生态风险,利用PMF模型和相关性分析进行来源解析。结果表明：北洛河上游沉积物中重金属的平均质量分数高于中下游,As、Cd和Zn的均值分别为背景值的1.26、1.28和1.41倍,Zn、Hg、Cd、Pb、As和Cu的变异系数大于30%,为高度变异水平。地累积指数法与内梅罗综合污染指数法显示,北洛河上游B₁处和下游B₁₃处沉积物中重金属污染处于中高水平;潜在生态风险指数法显示,单一元素污染危害程度依次为Cd>Hg>As>Cu>Ni>Pb>Zn>Cr,整体来看,Cd和Hg的潜在生态危害较大,中游B₁₀和下游B₁₃存在中等生态风险,其余点位均为轻微生态风险。来源解析表明,北洛河沉积物中...     

The influence of heavy metals on the production of extracellular polymer substances in the processes of heavy metal ions elimination.

Wastewaters from a chemical industry polluted by heavy metal ions represent a hazard for all living organisms. It can mean danger for ecosystems and human health. New methods are sought alternative to traditional chemical and physical processes. Active elimination process of heavy metals ions provided by living cells, their components and extracellular products represents a potential way of separating toxic heavy metals from industrial wastewaters. While the abilities of bacteria to remove metal ions in solution are extensively used, fungi have been recognized as a promising kind of low-cost adsorbents for removal of heavy-metal ions from aqueous waste sources. Yeasts and fungi differ from each other in their constitution and in their abilities to produce variety of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) with different mechanisms of metal interactions. The accumulation of Cd(2+), Cr(6+), Pb(2+), Ni(2+) and Zn(2+) by yeasts and their EPS was screened at twelve different yeast species in microcultivation system Bioscreen C and in the shaking Erlenmayer's flasks. This results were compared with the production of yeast EPS and the composition of yeast cell walls. The EPS production was measured during the yeast growth and cell wall composition was studied during the cultivations in the shaking flasks. At the end of the process extracellular polymers and their chemical composition were isolated and amount of bound heavy metals was characterized. The variable composition and the amount of the EPS were found at various yeast strains. It was influenced by various compositions of growth medium and also by various concentrations of heavy metals. It is evident, that the amount of bound heavy metals was different. The work reviews the possibilities of usage of various yeast EPS and components of cell walls in the elimination processes of heavy metal ions. Further the structure and properties of yeasts cell wall and EPS were discussed. The finding of mechanisms mentioned above is necessary to identify the functional groups entered in the metals elimination processes.     

北京市中心城河流表层沉积物重金属污染评价

为了解北京市中心城河流表层沉积物中重金属污染现状,采用地累积指数法、主成分分析法、潜在生态风险指数法评价和分析了沉积物中汞、砷、铅、铬、镉、锰、铜7种重金属的污染程度、污染来源及潜在生态风险。结果表明,重金属平均含量为Hg 0.670 mg/kg,As 6.01 mg/kg,Pb 31.1 mg/kg,Cr 63 mg/kg,Cd 0.29 mg/kg,Mn 277mg/kg,Cu 45mg/kg;平均地累积指数排序为Hg(1.49)Cr(0.34)Cu(0.24)Cd(0.14)Pb(-0.77)As(-1.41)Mn(-2.30),沉积物主要受Hg、Cr、Cu、Cd的污染,Hg处于中等污染程度,Cr、Cu、Cd处于轻度-中等污染程度,污染主要来源于三方面:交通、汽配(修)及供暖燃煤。重金属平均潜在生态风险系数排序为Hg(357)Cd(80)Cu(13)As(9)Pb(7)Cr(4)Mn(2),中心城沉积物潜在生态风险指数平均值为472,总体上具有较强生态危害。     

再生水回灌条件下地下水重金属污染特征

为了探讨再生水回灌条件下的地下水中重金属Fe、Mn、Pb、Se、Sr、Zn含量变化情况,在郑州回灌试验场采集并分析了再生水、河水、土壤水和地下水样品(共106个),研究了土壤水和地下水中重金属在再生水回灌过程中的变化情况。结果表明:地下水中Fe、Mn、Sr背景含量较大;回灌1 a后,Fe、Sr含量有所减小,但Mn、Pb、Se、Zn含量有所增大;再生水回灌引起的重金属含量增大的范围为地面以下15.0～20.0 m;引起地下水中重金属含量变化的原因除再生水的回灌以外,还有场地土壤和地下水中较高的重金属背景。     

太子河沉积物重金属污染地积累指数法评价

沿太子河布置34个采样断面,取沉积物样品对其重金属（Cu,Zn,Pb和Cd）含量进行检测和分析,并应用地积累指数法对太子河沉积物重金属污染进行了评价。结果表明：太子河上游断面（本溪市区段和葠窝水库部分断面）沉积物中重金属含量较高;Cd的污染偏重,Cu和Pb其次,Zn无污染;与10年前相比,太子河本溪市区段重金属污染程度有所缓解。     

巢湖表层沉积物与环棱螺重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

以巢湖优势种淡水贝类——环棱螺与表层沉积物为研究对象,采用HNO_3-HF-HClO_4全消解法消解,然后使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)对二者重金属(Cd,Cr,Cu和Pb)的总量分布进行研究,同时运用潜在生态风险指数法及单因子污染指数法与均方根综合指数评价二者重金属风险。结果表明:巢湖沉积物均已受到了一定程度的重金属Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb污染,其中以Cd的潜在生态风险最大,而环棱螺中则以Pb和Cr为高风险元素;重金属的分布特征和相关性分析显示,巢湖沉积物中的重金属来源具有相似性,而环棱螺对重金属的积累因多种环境因素的综合作用,使得环棱螺体内的重金属来源不同。因此,在未来的巢湖环境治理过程中,可着重考虑对重金属Cd,Cr,Pb的治理,同时应加大对贝类等生物监测措施的应用。     

Application of mulch for treating metals in urban runoff: batch and column test.

Among the many methods available for the removal of heavy metals in urban nonpoint source pollution (NSP), adsorption has been shown to be an economically feasible alternative. To adsorb the amount of heavy metals in runoff, filtration of runoff through a specially constructed filter system is one possible treatment method. The mulch layer in a specially constructed filter system functions through adsorptive-filtration, where some pollutants are immobilised through sorption and some pollutants associated with suspended solids are immobilised through filtration. Therefore, the major interest of this study was to investigate the possibility of utilising mulch for the adsorption of heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, lead and zinc for a solution typical of those found in urban runoff using the flask-type adsorption batch tests and laboratory column tests. From the equilibrium sorption batch tests, it was observed that the adsorption of heavy metals on mulch with the same initial concentrations of metals in the solution decreased in the order Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Cd(II) regardless of changes in pH. In column tests, the breakthrough curves for various heavy metals' adsorption by mulch showed that the binding strength of the following metal ions onto mulch was as follows: Pb(II) > Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Cd(II).     

包头市地下水重金属污染分布特征及来源分析

为了查明包头市地下水质量与污染状况,在包头市采集地下水样品33组、地表水样品4组,对其重金属Cr、Cd、Hg、Pb和As等指标进行了测试分析。据此,运用水化学、环境地球化学、环境质量评价和污染评价等理论和方法,分析了该区地下水重金属含量分布、污染程度及来源。结果表明,包头市四区地下水均受到不同程度重金属的污染,其中东河区地下水重金属元素检出、超标点均为最多,污染程度最大;5种重金属元素检出率由高到低依次为Pb>As>Cd>Cr6+,按污染程度由高到低依次为Pb>Cr6+>As>Cd。通过对涉重企业废水排放资料、土壤重金属和地表水(污水)测试结果分析可得,工业废水排放是地下水重金属污染主要物质来源。相关性分析结果表明地下水中Cd与Pb存在显著相关性,二者可能具有同源性。     

引滦入津工程黎河河道表层沉积物重金属形态及风险分析

对引滦入津工程黎河段表层沉积物和两岸尾矿中重金属特征进行研究。结果表明:受两岸尾矿砂影响,黎河河道表层沉积物的矿物组成及重金属特征与尾矿砂相一致,重金属含量依次为FeMnZnPbCuCd。重金属形态分析表明:Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn残渣态占绝对优势,Pb以可交换态和残渣态为主,Cd仅有可交换态和碳酸盐结合态。采用风险评价准则法(RAC)和平均沉积物质量基准系数法(SQG-Q)评价,结果均表明表层沉积物中Pb和Cd对环境具有非常高风险,其潜在的毒性风险应引起重视。     

海河流域典型区域重金属沉积物生态风险研究

针对水库重金属污染及其生态效应问题，分析海河流域北部4座典型水库沉积物中6种重金属(As、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)的分布情况，并评价污染物类型的相关性。采用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法和物种敏感性分布法分析4个水库沉积物中重金属的生态风险。结果表明：沙河水库、密云水库和于桥水库的重金属沉积物生态风险等级为优，官厅水库重金属沉积物生态风险等级为良。不同重金属对5%的底栖生物物种的危害质量分数(HC5)不同，由高到低依次为As(0.210 mg/kg)>Ni(0.071 mg/kg)>Cr(0.052 mg/kg)>Zn(0.050 mg/kg)>Cu(0.006 mg/kg)>Pb(0.005 mg/kg)。研究成果有助于了解水库沉积物中重金属的生态风险，为水库生态管理提供依据。     

Coupled reduction of chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals by zerovalent silicon.

The feasibility of using zerovalent silicon (Si0) as a novel reductant to remove chlorinated compounds and heavy metals in contaminated sites was investigated. The kinetics and degradation mechanism of carbon tetrachloride (CT) by Si0 were also examined. Results showed that zerovalent silicon could effectively dechlorinate the chlorinated compounds. A nearly complete dechlorination of CT by Si0 was obtained within 14 h. The produced concentrations of chloroform (CF) accounted for 71-88% loss of CT, showing that reductive dechlorination is the major degradation pathway for the degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons by Si0. The degradation followed pseudo first-order kinetics and the normalized surface reaction rate constant (k(sa)) for CT dechlorination ranged between 0.0342 and 0.0454 L m(-2) h(-1) when CT concentrations were in the range of 3-20 microM. A linear relationship between the k(sa) and pH value was also established. In addition, zerovalent silicon has a high capability in the removal of heavy metals. 83% of Cr(VI) was removed by 0.5g Si0 within 5 h, which is higher than that by Fe0. The removal efficiency of divalent metal ions by Si0 followed the order of Cu(II) > Pb(II) > Ni(II). This indicates that zerovalent silicon is an alternative reductant and can undergo coupled reduction of heavy metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons in contaminated groundwater.     

新疆巩乃斯河水中微量重金属元素的特征分析

对河流中微量重金属元素含量和来源的鉴别是准确、有效控制和预防污染的基本前提。通过对巩乃斯河水样进行分析,初步探讨了河流重金属元素的含量及来源。结果表明:水体中重金属元素Pb、Cr、Cu、Fe等的含量因采样断面的不同而相差悬殊,所测重金属的含量都符合国家地表水环境质量标准中Ⅰ类水标准。通过主成分分析发现河流中金属元素分为2个主要来源:第一主成分为矿物岩石的自然风化、侵蚀过程及工农业排污,其贡献率为63.43%;第二主成分为河流沉积物中金属的迁移、转化,其贡献率为26.11%。其中Pb、Cr、Cu、Fe和Ni主要受第一主成分控制;Mn和Ni主要受第二主成分控制;Cd则是受第一主成分和第二主成分共同支配。     

Assessment of sediment quality and pore water ecotoxicity in Kebir Rhumel basin (NE-Algeria): a combined approach

The objectives of this study are to use different approaches to assess the current pollution status in the wadis of the Kebir Rhumel basin. First, sediment trace metal contents were measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Then, sediment quality was assessed on the basis of contamination assessment indexes such as: Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Contamination factor (C(f)), Contamination degree (C(d)), Sediment Pollution Index (SPI) and SEQ guidelines (Consensus Sediment Quality Guidelines). In addition, several toxicity tests (Daphnia magna mobility inhibition acute test-48 h, Aliivibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition acute test - 15/30 mn and Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata growth inhibition chronic test - 72 h) were conducted to assess sediment pore water ecotoxicity. Trace metal concentrations followed the order: Mn > Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > Ni > Co > Cd. Indexes used indicate varying degrees of sediment quality. Igeo, C(f), C(d) and SPI reveal a polymetallic contamination dominated by two or more elements in which Cd, Cu and Pb are of greatest concern. SEQ guidelines showed that biological effects on fauna would likely be observed occasionally and/or frequently for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn contents. Test organisms exposed to sediment pore water showed that the algal P. subcapitata test was more sensitive than the D. magna and A. fischeri tests. Hence, algal growth inhibition proved to be the most sensitive response to contaminants present in sediment extracts but a significant relationship with trace metal contents was not demonstrated.     

Dynamic of lead speciation in sewage sludge composting.

A large-scale sewage sludge composting experiment was conducted to develop an understanding of changes that occur to Pb chemical speciation, distribution and bio-availability during the course of composting. The four-stage Tessier sequential extraction method was employed to investigate the dynamics of heavy metal Pb speciation (exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter and sulphides, residual) during the course of sewage sludge composting. The concentrations of the total Pb and the five Pb fractions concentrations were increased during the whole stage of compost. However, the percentages of Pb distribution with respect to total Pb were changed in the following manner: exchangeable, bound to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to carbonates Pb with respect to total Pb were increased, while the percentages of bound to organic matter and sulphides, and residual Pb with respect to total Pb were decreased during composting. The data showed that the quantity of Pb in the less toxic portion, such as consisting of organic matter and sulphides bound and residual Pb, was increased, and that the contamination and bio-availability of heavy metal Pb in sewage sludge was reduced during the composting process.     

南昌市湖泊重金属源识别及污染特征风险评价

为了解南昌市湖泊重金属污染特征现状,论文以青山湖、象湖及前湖为研究对象,在分析湖泊水体及沉积物重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb水平的基础上,采用因子分析、地质累积指数与综合潜在生态风险指数对湖泊重金属污染水平进行评价,并结合主成分分析等统计方法判别各研究水域重金属污染源。结果表明水域中Cr、Cd与Pb为主要重金属污染元素,前湖面临着最为严重的水体重金属污染。沉积物中Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb存在不同程度风险,各湖泊中沉积重金属风险程度从大到小均为Cd>Cu>Pb>Ni>Zn。前湖生态风险程度最大,其次是象湖。主成分分析表明湖泊重金属主要来源于交通运输与废水废气排放。因此为避免进一步污染,应合理规划交通,控制汽车尾气排放,提升污水治理水平。     

Influence of compost characteristics on heavy metal sorption from synthetic stormwater.

This paper has the aim to assess the ability of garden derived compost to remove dissolved heavy metal contaminants typically found in stormwater. Compost was found to have excellent chemical and physical properties for the sorption of dissolved metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+). Batch sorption data were used to determine the sorption efficiency of Cu (93%), Zn (88%) and Pb (97%) by compost. The relative sorption affinity of these metals by compost is found to be in the order of Pb2+ > Cu2+ Zn2+. The effect of different particle size fractions of compost upon the sorption of Cu was also investigated. Sorption conformed to the linear form of the Freundlich isotherm and can be considered favourable because the sorption intensity values obtained in this study are between 0.1 and 1. Compost with a smaller particle size fraction has larger surface areas and greater sorption than the larger particle size fraction. Compost derived from garden waste is efficient for removal of heavy metals from wastewater or treating water for industries.     

Surface discharge of heavy metals from low farmland.

Runoff heavy metals from farmland were examined using the field data for the summer of 2005. The observation farmland is located on lowland where the irrigation water was contaminated with the drained water from the upstream farmlands. The area of the farmland is 11.2 ha, of which 6.0 ha and 4.5 ha have been used for rice paddy fields and soybean cultivation, respectively. During the observation, heavy metal concentrations at the downstream end were usually found to be higher than those in the irrigation water. That is, the heavy metal concentrations increased due to the passage of the water through the farmland. This increase in the heavy metal concentrations is not equal to the discharge of the heavy metal because the evaporation on the surface of the paddy field and the absorption by plants makes the surface water volume small. The discharged load from the farmland generally indicates the gross surface load from the farmland. When the effects of circulation irrigation on the heavy metal concentrations are estimated, the discharged load from the farmland should be calculated as the net surface load. When the runoff heavy metals from the circulation irrigation farmland are estimated, it is important to consider the inflowing heavy metals with irrigation water. All the heavy metal types observed in this study were discharged from the farmland. The net surface loads of Cr, Fe, Cd, and Pb were 371 microg m(-2) day(-1), 14.9 mg m(-2) day(-1), 0.26 microg m(-2) day(-1), and 3.3 microm( -2) day(-1), respectively.