相变蓄热技术及其应用

从相变蓄热技术的概念及分类、相变材料的研究、相变传热问题及其求解方法以及相变蓄热技术的应用现状四个方面来介绍相变蓄热技术,并指出其今后的发展趋势.     

强化太阳能相变蓄热技术的研究进展

为解决太阳能的间歇性问题,常将其与相变蓄热技术进行结合。与传统显热蓄热相比,相变蓄热可将蓄热能量提高数倍以上,具有巨大的研究和应用价值。本文总结分析了相变蓄热的传热机制及在强化太阳能相变蓄热技术上的研究手段,如变换蓄热结构、添加肋片、使用相变胶囊、充注多相变材料、蓄热材料中添加高导热物质等。分析结果显示,相变传热机制中,融化过程主要考虑对流换热,凝固过程热传导占主导;使用肋片、相变胶囊等,主要增大相变材料接触面与蓄热体的比值,进而改善传热;蓄热材料添加高导热物质,可以改善相变材料的团聚、结核及使用寿命,从而提高导热性能,其中添加泡沫金属效果最为显著。     

梯级相变蓄热装置蓄放热性能模拟研究

文章设计了包含多种蓄热材料的梯级相变蓄热装置,建立了该装置蓄放热过程的数学模型,模拟并对比了单级、梯级相变蓄热装置在相同工况下的蓄热量、有效能利用率、液相率、传热热流密度等性能的差异。在相同工况下,与单级硬脂酸相变蓄热装置相比,梯级相变蓄热装置的蓄热量提高16.9%,有效能利用率提高10.1%,蓄热/放热平均热流密度分别提高97.6%,64.9%,蓄热/放热用时分别缩短50.5%和39.2%。梯级相变蓄热装置的蓄热用时随传热流体进口流速的增加呈现先下降后上升的趋势。梯级相变蓄热装置的蓄热用时长短受传热流体进口流速工况的影响。     

梯级相变蓄热技术的研究现状及展望

相变蓄热技术具有相变过程温度变化小、蓄能密度大等优点,成为蓄热技术的研究焦点。作为相变蓄热技术研究热点之一的梯级相变蓄热技术能有效地强化传热,提高相变装置的充放热速率,具有广泛的应用背景。通过介绍梯级相变蓄热技术的工作原理和国内外的研究现状,提出了梯级高温相变蓄热装置亟待解决的关键问题,分析展望了梯级相变蓄热技术的应用前景。     

层叠式高温相变蓄热系统传热特性的实验研究

为研究层叠式高温相变蓄热系统的传热特性,采用二元熔盐Solar Salt(质量比NaNO_3:KNO_3=6:4)为相变材料,以空气为换热介质,记录不同风速下蓄热箱体内部的温度变化。通过层叠式高温相变蓄热系统的放热实验,分析蓄热箱体内部蓄热单元的传热特性,进而对蓄热箱体内部传热效率低的区域进行传热优化。通过在相变材料Solar Salt中添加不同质量分数的膨胀石墨,提高相变材料的导热系数,进而改善传热效率低的区域。实验表明:在蓄热箱体内部,靠近出风位置的蓄热单元A2降温到200℃所需时间分别比靠近进风位置的蓄热单元B2和C2多10.5%和37.4%。为解决靠近出风位置的A列蓄热单元传热效率低的问题,在A列蓄热单元的Solar Salt中添加膨胀石墨,可以显著改善蓄热箱体内部的传热情况,明显提高了系统的换热能力,且风速为1.53 m/s时相邻配比材料效率提升最大。     

圆柱形等距螺旋盘管式相变蓄热装置蓄热性能研究

文章设计了一种以石蜡为相变材料的圆柱形等距螺旋盘管式相变蓄热装置,并通过实验分析了该装置的传热特性,以及传热流体入口温度、入口流量对石蜡的融化特性、相变蓄热装置的蓄热量及相变蓄热系统总传热系数的影响。分析结果表明:融化后期,石蜡的融化速率会明显加快;当传热流体入口温度一定时,随着入口流量逐渐增大,蓄热装置的最终显热蓄热量略微升高;与传热流体入口流量相比,传热流体入口温度对石蜡融化速率影响较大;相变阶段,石蜡的传热性能较强,传热流体入口温度越高,石蜡的传热性能越不稳定。     

相变蓄热技术的研究现状及发展趋势

蓄热技术可对热量进行调节和管理,实现热量的"移峰填谷",为实现"碳中和"目标奠定基础,对可再生能源和工业废热的利用具有特别重要的作用。文中针对相变蓄热技术,从蓄热技术分类、相变材料的研究和相变蓄热器的研究三方面综述了该技术的研究现状,总结了增强相变材料导热系数和稳定性的方法,归纳了相变蓄热单元的传热特性和优化方法,并对相变蓄热技术未来的研究进行了展望。     

组合式相变材料蓄热系统中相变温度分布研究

建立了组合式相变材料蓄热系统物理模型，在忽略显热的假设条件下研究了相变温度呈线性分布的组合式相变材料蓄热系统传热特性，得出了最优线性相变温度分布，并采用考虑显热的数值计算（有限差分法）证实了理论分析得出的最优相变温度与实际相变温度分布几乎相同。     

相变蓄热供热装置热性能试验研究与系统经济性分析

为分析相变蓄热装置在充热和放热过程中的热性能,设计并搭建一套相变蓄热供热装置中试实验系统,研究主要运行参数对相变蓄热装置热性能的影响;在此基础上,结合项目案例,对相变蓄热供热系统经济性进行分析。结果表明：相变材料(Phase Change Material, PCM)凝固过程中的传热主要受相变介质内部导热控制;而在其熔化过程中自然对流对传热起重要控制作用;蓄热装置充热速率快于放热速率。提高传热流体流量有助于增强PCM中的热传递,缩短充/放热时间,但蓄热装置内PCM温度分布均匀性有所降低;为降低系统能耗,提高储放热效率,优先选用小流量进行充/放热。该相变蓄热供热项目的动态投资回收期为3.55年,具有良好的经济性。研究结果可对相变蓄热供热系统的设计及应用推广提供参考依据。     

相变蓄热复合传热强化技术综述北大核心CSCD

相变材料(PCM)通过在相变过程中吸热或放热实现热能的存储与释放。相变材料在热能存储和热管理领域凭借其相变区间温度稳定、储能密度大受到了广泛认可。然而,相变材料普遍存在热导率低的问题,需要结合传热强化技术进行改善。在采用某一种强化技术的基础上,两种或多种传热强化技术相组合的“复合强化技术”成为目前传热强化与相变蓄热性能改善的研究热点。本文通过对相关文献的分析,综述了目前复合传热强化技术的研究进展,包括以翅片为基础,分别结合热管、纳米颗粒、多孔材料和梯级蓄热,以及多孔材料结合热管、纳米材料和梯级蓄热等多种复合方式。分析表明:通过将热管与翅片或多孔材料混合使用,可以达到传热强化最佳效果;纳米颗粒与翅片或多孔材料的混合使用比同等条件下单独使用纳米颗粒更有效;采用梯级蓄热与翅片或多孔材料相结合相较于单独采用梯级蓄热具有更快的蓄/放热速率和更加均匀的换热流体出口温度。建议对其他可能的复合传热增强技术进行深入研究,并通过实验验证、优化蓄热系统的结构设计和具体参数探讨对蓄热性能的影响。     

固-液相变贮能材料的研究进展

固-液相变贮能材料具有贮能密度大、相变温度恒定、体积变化小等优点，已成为能源开发利用和材料科学研究的新热点。综述了固-液相变贮能材料的研究现状，介绍了其分类及各类材料贮能性能，并总结了其应用上的缺陷及解决方法。     

金属基相变材料的研究进展及应用

金属基相变材料由于具有储能密度高、热稳定性好、热导率高等优点,在潜热热能储存系统中具有极大的优势。本文回顾了金属基相变材料的发展历程,归纳了金属基相变材料的性能参数,总结了各种热物性的测量方法,探讨了金属基相变材料与容器材料的相容性问题,分析了金属基相变材料在太阳能热发电、工业余热回收和电力削峰填谷中的应用前景。金属基相变材料的高温腐蚀性是目前限制其在热控制中应用的主要因素。为了实现金属基相变材料的广泛应用,需要重点解决金属基相变材料的封装问题。     

低温相变储能材料及其应用研究

利用相变储能材料（PCMs）潜热的热能存储（TES）是一种有效的热量利用方式。目前研究较多的储能材料包括无机体系（盐和水合盐）及有机化合物（石蜡、脂肪酸等）。本文对PCMs进行了归类并介绍了各类PCMs的基本特征;针对单纯的PCMs易泄漏的特点,介绍了多孔材料吸附PCMs形成复合PCMs及微胶囊封装技术;概括了PCMs在温度调控、热量储存等方面的应用;对目前PCMs的发展情况进行了总结,并对其未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Thermal conductivity of metal-phase change materials--A review

基于相变储热材料存在导热系数低的问题,研究者利用金属导热系数高的特点,与相变储热材料复合,通过理论分析,数值模拟,实验研究三方面来研究复合相变材料导热性的变化,金属与相变储热材料复合后,显著提高了相变储热材料的热导率,但同时对储热装置的储热能力以及自然对流等性能又具有一定的抑制作用.文章综述了近年来国内外学者对金属复合相变储热材料导热性的研究进展,分析了多孔泡沫金属,金属颗粒,纳米颗粒,金属矩阵等几种主要强化方法,并探讨了今后相关方面的研究重点,提出泡沫金属和纳米颗粒对相变储热材料热导率强化的优点,同时应加强这两方面的理论研究,开拓其在市场上的应用.     

组合式相变材料组分配比与储热性能研究

采用焓法对组合式相变材料(PCM)储热系统的相变过程进行了数值计算,分析了组合式相变材料中各个PCM组分质量分数的变化对系统储热性能的影响。结果表明,对于组合式相变材料储热系统,存在着最优组分配比,使得系统的储热性能达到最佳。     

Review on heat transfer analysis in thermal energy storage using latent heat storage systems and phase change materials

Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology that stocks thermal energy by heating or cooling a storage medium so that the stored energy can be used later for heating and cooling applications and for power generation. TES has recently attracted increasing interest to thermal applications such as space and water heating, waste heat utilisation, cooling, and air conditioning. Phase change materials (PCMs) used for the storage of thermal energy as latent heat are special types of advanced materials that substantially contribute to the efficient use and conservation of waste heat and solar energy. This paper provides a comprehensive review on the development of latent heat storage (LHS) systems focused on heat transfer and enhancement techniques employed in PCMs to effectively charge and discharge latent heat energy, and the formulation of the phase change problem. The main categories of PCMs are classified and briefly described, and heat transfer enhancement technologies, namely dispersion of low‐density materials, use of porous materials, metal matrices and encapsulation, incorporation of extended surfaces and fins, utilisation of heat pipes, cascaded storage, and direct heat transfer techniques, are also discussed in detail. Additionally, a two‐dimensional heat transfer simulation model of an LHS system is developed using the control volume technique to solve the phase change problem. Furthermore, a three‐dimensional numerical simulation model of an LHS is built to investigate the quasi‐steady state and transient heat transfer in PCMs. Finally, several future research directions are provided.     

Thermal Energy Storage Performance of Fatty Acids as a Phase Change Material

Thermal energy storage performance of fatty acids and a eutectic mixture as phase change materials (PCMs) has been investigated experimentally. The selected PCMs for this study were palmitic acid, myristic acid, stearic acid, and a mixture of stearic and myristic acids in eutectic combination ratio of 65.7 wt% myristic acid and 34.3 wt% stearic acid. The PCMs have a melting temperature range of 50.0°C to 61.20°C and a latent heat range of 162.0 J/g to 204.5 J/g. The inlet temperature and the mass flow rate of heat transfer fluid (HTF) were selected as experimental parameters to test the thermal energy storage performance of the PCMs. The transition times, temperature range, propagation of the solid-liquid interface, as well as heat flow rate characteristics of the employed cylindrical tube storage system were studied at varied experimental parameters. The experimental results show that the melting front moves to inward in the radial directions as well as in the axial directions from the top toward to the bottom of the PCM tube. It was observed that the convection heat transfer in the liquid phase plays an important role in the melting process. The changes in the studied HTF parameters have more effect on the melting processes than the solidification processes of the PCMs. The average heat storage efficiency calculated from data for all the PCMs is 51.5%, meaning that 48.5% of the heat actually was lost somewhere.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of the melting process and heat transfer characteristics of multiple phase change materials

The melting and heat transfer characteristics of multiple phase change materials (PCMs) are investigated both experimentally and numerically. Multiple PCMs, which consist of three PCMs with different melting points, are filled into a rectangle-shaped cavity to serve as heat storage unit. One side of the cavity is set as heating wall. The melting rate of multiple PCMs was recorded experimentally and compared with that of single PCM for different heating temperatures. A two-dimensional mathematical model to describe the phase change heat transfer was developed and verified experimentally. The properties of multiple PCMs, including the effect of the melting point difference (combined type), thermal conductivity, and latent heat, on the heat transfer performance of the PCM were analyzed numerically. The results show that, the melting time decreases before it increases, with an increasing melting point difference for the multiple PCMs. In addition, the melting point decreases with increasing distance from the heating wall. Most of these types of multiple PCMs melt faster than the single PCM, and the multiple PCMs, with the melting point arranged as 322 K/313 K/304 K, has the shortest melting time in this study. The melting rate of the multiple PCMs, 322 K/313 K/304 K, accelerates faster than for the single PCM as the thermal conductivity, latent heat, and heating wall temperature increase. Finally, generalized results are obtained using a dimensionless analysis for both single and multiple PCMs.     

组合相变材料储热系统的储热速率研究

建立了组合式柱内封装相变材料熔化－固化循环相变储热系统的物理模型,用有限差分法进行了数值模拟求解。结果表明,与采用单一相变材料的传统储热系统相比,在给定相变材料组合方式和传热流体进口温度条件下,传热流体流量存在最佳值;选用三种石蜡作用相变材料和水作传热流体的模拟计算结果表明,相变速率可提高１５％￣２５％左右。     

The micro‐/nano‐PCMs for thermal energy storage systems: A state of art review

With advancement in technology—nanotechnology, various thermal energy storage (TES) materials have been invented and modified with promising thermal transport properties. Solid‐liquid phase change materials (PCMs) have been extensively used as TES materials for various energy applications due to their highly favourable thermal properties. The class of PCMs, organic phase change materials (OPCMs), has more potential and advantages over inorganic phase change materials (IPCMs), having high phase change enthalpy. However, OPCMs possess low thermal conductivity as well as density and suffer leakage during the melting phase. The encapsulation technologies (ie, micro and nano) of PCMs, with organic and inorganic materials, have a tendency to enhance the thermal conductivity, effective heat transfer, and leakage issues as TES materials. The encapsulation of PCMs involves several technologies to develop at both micro and nano levels, called micro‐encapsulated PCMs (micro‐PCM) and nano‐encapsulated PCMs (nano‐PCM), respectively. This study covers a wide range of preparation methods, thermal and morphological characteristics, stability, applications, and future perspective of micro‐/nano‐PCMs as TES materials. The potential applications, such as solar‐to‐thermal and electrical‐to‐thermal conversions, thermal management, building, textile, foam, medical industry of micro‐ and nano‐PCMs, are reviewed critically. Finally, this review paper highlights the emerging future research paths of micro‐/nano‐PCMs for thermal energy storage.