建筑夹层玻璃在冲击荷载下的破坏研究概述

世界各地恐怖主义爆炸袭击和各种爆炸事件呈上升趋势,爆炸给人类及建筑物造成极大的伤害和破坏。据统计,爆炸中大多数人员伤亡是由建筑玻璃破碎的碎片造成的。目前已对建筑夹层玻璃在冲击等荷载下的破坏强度、动力响应、安全性及经济性等方面进行了某些研究,有关其在爆炸冲击荷载下的性能研究还处于初步阶段,试验和有限元数值模拟成为其主要研究手段。对抗爆玻璃性能、研究分析方法及冲击荷载作用下建筑夹层玻璃的破坏研究现状做了较全面的综述。     

建筑玻璃在爆炸荷载下的动力响应特征

近年来世界各地恐怖爆炸事件时有发生,给人类及建筑物造成极大的威胁。在爆炸荷载下,建筑门窗及玻璃幕墙会受到不同程度的破坏,产生的玻璃碎片会对建筑物内的居民造成致命的伤害,因此建筑玻璃的抗爆设计成为目前研究人员关注的焦点。在目前严峻的反恐形势下,结合爆炸冲击波的传播特性,分析建筑玻璃在不同的冲击波情形下的动力响应特征,为建筑玻璃的防爆设计提供参考。     

燃气爆炸荷载下玻璃的破坏研究综述

结合玻璃的材料特性,综合论述了玻璃抗爆与燃气爆炸效应的研究现状,并探讨了玻璃抗燃气爆炸的发展方向,指出进行建筑玻璃在燃气爆炸荷载下的破坏研究是有必要的。     

防炸弹玻璃系统及其应用

随着玻璃钢化技术的出现，以及各国在建筑安全玻璃使用管理法规方面的逐步完善，从一定程度上解决了由于自然原因、人类非恐怖行为引起的玻璃破裂造成的伤害问题。从众多的爆炸袭击事件中可以看到，有75％的伤害，是由于建筑门窗玻璃受爆炸冲击和震动后飞溅所引起的。如何做到在建筑上既可充分享受玻璃晶莹通透性和装饰性的优点，同时又确保室内的人们不受外界爆炸袭击的影响，已成为一个亟待解决的问题。为此，广东金刚玻璃科技股份有限公司提出了”防炸弹玻璃”的概念，即能够承受某种当量的炸弹爆炸的冲击波攻击，玻璃保持完好状态，没有穿透性破坏的一种高安全性能特种玻璃。建筑物的玻璃能完整地保留在框架中，     

美国规范中门窗玻璃抗爆设计方法探讨

近年来爆炸事故发生的时候,建筑物中的门窗玻璃往往首先发生破坏,破碎的玻璃碎片给建筑物内外的居民及行人造成的伤害往往是巨大的.门窗设计中考虑采用抗爆玻璃是减小玻璃破碎引起人员伤亡数量的有效措施.本文在门窗玻璃抗爆设计概念的基础上,针对美国规范中的两种抗爆设计方法,对门窗玻璃中的建筑玻璃板的设计及门窗连接件的设计方法进行了对比分析,可为国内的门窗玻璃抗爆设计提供参考.     

建筑玻璃板在爆炸荷载下的破碎性能(Ⅰ)——理论模型

爆炸、恐怖袭击等事件的发生常常引起建筑物外表面门窗玻璃的破碎、跌落以及玻璃碎片的飞溅,除了爆炸冲击波对建筑物内的直接冲击造成的损害之外,爆炸引起的玻璃碎片的飞溅常常是造成建筑物内人员伤亡和财产损失的另一个主要原因。针对爆炸事故中玻璃碎片产生的次生灾害,重点探讨爆炸荷载下玻璃碎片的破碎性能及其危害范围。基于能量守恒原理,分析建筑玻璃板在爆炸荷载下的破碎特征,提出玻璃板破碎后产生的玻璃碎片的抛射速度理论模型;根据动力学方程,考虑玻璃碎片飞溅过程中速度变化的影响因素,研究玻璃碎片的抛射速度变化和飞溅距离,确立爆炸荷载下玻璃碎片的飞行轨迹。另一篇系列文章将通过现场的爆炸试验验证本文公式的准确性。     

有关居民住宅楼内燃气爆炸冲击波特性的研究

为了研究燃气泄漏、爆炸事故对人员和建筑结构的灾害效应及影响范围,在调查燃气爆炸事故发生后住宅破坏的基础上,应用基于计算流体力学的FLACS软件给出了某一住宅内燃气爆炸过程的数值模拟。结果表明,基于FLACS的模拟能够还原灾害发生的过程,揭示了不同因素对爆炸结果的影响,并结合建筑结构的门、窗、玻璃等的实际破坏情况,给出了爆炸冲击波在住宅楼内传播的一般规律,研究成果可以为我国燃气爆炸造成的人员伤亡和结构破坏的灾后评估提供理论依据。     

高压悬式玻璃绝缘子的运行可靠性

<正> 高压悬式玻璃绝缘子在运行过程中存在着无明显的外界作用而自动爆炸的情况.它会造成供电的中断,这是不容许的.因此保证高压悬式玻璃绝缘子的运行可靠性是一项紧迫的任务.观测自爆悬式玻璃绝缘子的断口分析表明,玻璃绝缘子的破坏往往发生在玻璃件与水泥胶合剂接触的胶装部位.本文的目的就在于研究水泥胶合剂水化作用生成物对高压绝缘子受力部分玻璃表面状态的影响,以及     

四边简支玻璃面板模爆法的试验研究

针对幕墙玻璃的结构特点,分别对四边简支的单片钢化玻璃面板、夹胶钢化玻璃面板和夹胶中空钢化玻璃面板进行了爆炸冲击荷载作用下的动力响应试验。试验研究了不同玻璃面板的破坏形式,以及不同爆炸冲击波的压力峰值和作用时间对玻璃面板破坏特征的影响。     

低辐射（Low-E）镀膜玻璃与建筑节能

建筑能耗占社会总能耗的近30％,而在建筑能耗中通过玻璃门窗造成的能耗占建筑能耗~50％E右。面对资源枯竭、环境恶化、生态破坏、气候变暖等问题,实施建筑节能已经势在必行。建筑节能的主要手段是提高玻璃的节能性,其中低辐射（Low-E）镀膜玻璃已成为建筑节能的首选。     

爆炸冲击荷载下玻璃幕墙建筑抗爆研究

近年来,针对建筑物的恐怖爆炸袭击不断发生,使得抗爆玻璃研究成为人们关注的热点。文中对抗爆玻璃在冲击荷载下的研究分析方法、性能研究的现状及设计方法做了较全面的综述。     

玻璃幕墙抗爆简化分析与设计概述

当前,玻璃幕墙正以日新月异的形势发展,然而针对建筑物的恐怖爆炸袭击却不断发生,这对玻璃幕墙的设计提出了抗爆的要求。针对这种情况,本文首先介绍了爆炸冲击波荷载,并概述了当前用于建筑结构及构件的抗爆简化分析方法及其在建筑玻璃抗爆分析中的应用;其次,概述了在美国使用的玻璃抗爆设计标准的设计过程及特点;最后,指出了当前玻璃幕墙抗爆研究的发展方向。     

高层建筑玻璃幕墙冲击波防护问题的研究

玻璃幕墙是一种融建筑艺术和建筑功能为一体的建筑外围护构件,在高层建筑中得到广泛应用。近年来,世界各地袭击高层建筑的恐怖活动频繁发生,促使建筑设计中逐渐考虑到建筑的抗爆炸设计要求。文章针对建筑玻璃幕墙的爆炸冲击波防护问题,在分析冲击波对建筑幕墙破坏原理的基础上,给出了玻璃幕墙抵抗爆炸冲击波设计的途径,建立了冲击波荷载的计算准则。最后,提出了玻璃幕墙的冲击波试验方案,并具体介绍了距离试验的实施方法。     

Assessment of daylight in rooms with different architectural features

Results are presented from a parametric study that assessed the amount of daylight in rooms with different architectural features: the orientation, window size and visible glazing transmittance, room depth, external obstruction angle and site. Annual lighting simulations were run in order to understand how the daylight availability within a space changes as a function of the architectural features. A sub-dataset of the full result database is examined in detail for north- and south-facing rooms in Turin, north-west Italy, with a visible glazing transmittance of 70%. Each feature is analysed for its influence on the daylighting conditions. A simple graphical tool is presented to promote an easier reading of the results. This was developed to provide a synthesis of information to the design team. It shows the influence of preliminary design solutions on the amount of indoor daylight. This allows a design team to assess indoor daylighting from the earliest design phases onwards and to determine which combinations of architectural features are able to provide high, acceptable or low daylight levels within a room.     

An analytical approach for quantification of glazing hazard in buildings subject to external explosive blasts

This paper describes a conservative analytical approach for quantification of glazing hazard in terms of number of casualties among building occupiers from flying glass fragments produced by shattered windows due to external explosive blast. Three main stages are discussed in the proposed analytical approach: modelling nonlinear transient–dynamic response of monolithic windows subjected to conventional explosions, conservative estimation of glass fragment trajectories influenced by additional aerodynamic forces due to vented blast pressures and estimation of casualties. Four injury severity levels are considered, ranging from minor cuts and bruises to multiple serious injuries with significant blood loss. The total kinetic energy of fragments at impact on occupiers is estimated and used to predict the severity level of injuries, with calculation based on available injury data from archive events. Comparison studies presented in this paper highlight the lack of robustness of existing methods towards quantification of glazing hazard due to explosive blasts. The proposed analytical method will be of direct importance to both engineers and practitioners involved with planning glazing retrofits for existing buildings and identifying cost-effective combinations of protection measures for new buildings.     

A survey of glazing system behavior in multi-story buildings during hurricane andrew

A focused survey of glazing system behavior in multi-story buildings in the direct aftermath of Hurricane Andrew was conducted. Seventeen buildings and four building complexes were examined between 26 August and 30 August, 1992. The buildings surveyed spanned a 32 km (19 mile) distance from Miami on the north to Cutler Ridge on the south. With few exceptions, glazing systems performed poorly and damage to building contents was extensive. The following specific observations were made: (1) impacts from windborne debris were a dominant cause of glass failure; (2) wall system anchorages sometimes failed; (3) prevention of ‘blow-through’ after internal pressurization significantly mitigated storm damage to building interiors; and (4) outer-lite-only failures occurred on some insulating glass units. Results of the survey underscore the vital importance of maintaining the integrity of a building envelope during a severe windstorm. Windborne debris must be considered in the design of architectural glazing systems, as must proper anchorages of glazing systems to building framing members.     

空气夹层结构抗爆炸局部破坏分析

给出了空气夹层结构抗爆炸的破坏机理，利用非线性动力有限元程度LS-DYNA对空气夹层结构抗爆炸局部破坏进行了分析。当炸药爆炸时，抗爆层被贯穿，产生局部破坏，震塌隔离层只发生弯曲变形。震塌隔离层具有隔离爆炸冲击波的作用，可以大大减小室内的精密仪器的损坏以及人员的伤亡。空气夹层结构是种抗爆炸能力很强的结构，在重要建筑结构和人防结构中有着极其重要的用途。     

Are energy consumptions decreased with the addition of a double-skin?

A recent architectural current, mainly carried by a desire of building transparency proposed completely glazed facades, released from their function bearing and reduced to the role of envelope. In this case, the only manner of limiting to the maximum the losses in an entirely glazed building is either to build an entirely glazed additional skin, or to use the most efficient possible glazing.     

Graphical tools in climatic design of architecture

The aim of this paper is to detail the available methods for the estimation of solar resources on building surfaces.The methods allow the inclusion of parameters which have an influence on the real amount of solar energy received by a plane: latitude, inclination, orientation, season, nature of glazing surface, turbidity of the sky, geometry of environmental or architectural masks.The result can be expressed firstly in the form of a graph from which a mental image can be built up, and then by a numerical balance, or a transmission factor value.All architectural forms can be tested provided that the receptor plane is clearly limited.