工业锅炉运行能效分析与研究

为有效掌握杭州工业锅炉运行整体能效状况,为锅炉节能提供理论和技术依据,对183台工业锅炉进行了能效测试。测试采用运行工况热效率简单测试,热效率采用反平衡计算方法。测试完毕,从排烟温度、过量空气系数、炉渣含碳量、炉体外表面温度、负荷率及热效率等指标对测试结果进行分析,并提出造成的原因和改进措施。结论如下:排烟温度和过量空气系数普遍偏高;炉渣含碳量和炉体外表面温度控制较好;锅炉负荷率整体偏低,燃煤/生物质锅炉平均负荷率只有58%;热效率总体偏低,燃油(气)锅炉较好,平均为88%,而燃煤/生物质锅炉平均仅为69%;2 t/h以下锅炉是淘汰重点,2~20 t/h锅炉节能空间较大。     

工业锅炉运行工况热效率分析

本文以苏州市为例,根据2016年6月到10月在苏州市内测试的51台锅炉运行工况的热效率数据,分析影响锅炉热效率偏低的主要原因。经分析得出锅炉使用与维护不当、节能设备安装不到位和燃煤品质低劣是造成锅炉排烟温度及过量空气系数过高,热效率偏低的主要因素,针对出现的问题提出了相关的节能措施。     

泉州地区工业锅炉热效率现状及节能对策

为理清泉州市工业锅炉热效率状况,提出利于泉州市经济发展和节能减排相关措施,对泉州地区2011~2014年工业锅炉能效测试工作及其报告进行了总结和统计。结果显示:泉州市工业锅炉整体平均热效率较低,节能空间较大。燃煤工业锅炉热损失主要体现在排烟热损失和固体未完全燃烧热损失;燃油(气)工业锅炉排烟温度过大,燃烧器燃料空气比未能及时调节至最佳状态;生物质锅炉普遍出现过量空气系数过高、尾部受热面不足的问题。针对以上问题进行原因分析并提出相应节能对策。     

330MW机组锅炉能效因素相关性研究

电站锅炉耗煤占动力煤总消费量的62.23%,是典型的能耗和排放大户。研究影响电站锅炉能效因素的相关性,对锅炉节能减排具有重大意义。在对某电站330MW机组锅炉进行能效测试的基础上,对能效密切相关的因素进行相关性研究。其中,以锅炉负荷为主线,研究其与排烟温度、过量空气系数、空气预热器漏风系数等重要因素的相关性;研究影响锅炉能效重要因素的相关性,对指导锅炉优化运行,以达到节能减排目的具有重要的指导意义。     

工业锅炉系统节能“瓶颈”的辨识及研究

运用系统理论对某一燃煤工业锅炉系统节能改造的瓶颈进行分析。通过对该锅炉系统进行技术资料审查和锅炉运行工况能效测试,发现锅炉的节能瓶颈环节为排烟温度t_(py)、过量空气系数α_(py)以及灰渣可燃物含量(C_(fh)、C_(lm)、C_(lz))。本研究通过设置匹配省煤器、采用分层布煤技术和自动控制系统解开瓶颈,从而使该锅炉的热效率从53.89%提高到77.26%。     

工业锅炉运行工况热效率分析

以苏州市为例,根据2016年6月到10月在苏州市内测试的51台锅炉运行工况热效率数据,分析影响锅炉热效率偏低的主要原因。经分析,主要原因是锅炉使用与维护不当,节能设备安装不到位,燃煤品质低劣,造成锅炉排烟温度及过量空气系数过高,热效率偏低。最后,针对出现的问题提出改进的措施。     

过量空气系数对燃煤电站锅炉热效率和脱硝的影响

建立模型研究过量空气系数对锅炉热效率和污染物控制的影响。结果表明,各工况下锅炉热效率最高时,对应不同的最佳过量空气系数。1 000MW超超临界机组负荷从550MW增加到950MW时,最佳过量空气系数从1.18增加到1.35。烟气温度和流量、排烟热损失和炉内对流换热均随过量空气系数增大而增大,锅炉热效率、NOx生成量、炉膛和火焰温度均随过量空气系数先增大后减小。较低负荷下维持一定程度偏大的过量空气系数不仅能提高锅炉热效率,还能增加烟气温度,维持SCR脱硝系统正常投运。     

有机热载体锅炉节能探讨

目前有机热载体锅炉在运行中普遍存在排烟温度偏高、锅炉热效率不高等问题,根据部分锅炉的能效测试抽查结果,结合当前有机热载体锅炉的节能方向,针对南通市在用有机热载体锅炉,分析适宜的节能改造方案。     

冷凝式燃气锅炉的冷凝热回收研究

冷凝燃气锅炉由于充分回收了烟气中的显热和水蒸气的凝结潜热,使燃气锅炉的热效率大幅提高,而冷凝热的回收关键在于冷凝率,其与烟气的成分、排烟温度以及空气系数有关。从理论和实验上研究了排烟温度对冷凝率的影响,并对燃气锅炉进行了正反平衡测试。研究结果表明,天然气锅炉烟气中水蒸气的理论含量在15%～18.6%之间,随过量空气系数的增加而减少,冷凝率随排烟温度的降低而逐渐增加,同温度下低的过量空气系数有高的冷凝率。理论上全部回收冷凝热时,锅炉效率可以提升的极限值为10.74%,加装了翅片管式冷凝式二级节能器后,运行监测锅炉热效率提升5%。     

超超临界锅炉热效率正反平衡模型的优化应用

针对1000 MW超超临界发电机组,建立锅炉热效率的正平衡和反平衡计算模型,定量分析负荷、过量空气系数和排烟温度等因素对锅炉实际热效率的影响规律。结果表明正平衡模型适用于稳态工况的计算,反平衡模型适用于非稳态工况的实时计算。研究中锅炉热效率在680 MW取得极大值。在高负荷下排烟温度和过量空气系数均远高于设计值,导致排烟热损失增大。调整风煤配比,合理降低高负荷下的过量空气系数,提升锅炉热效率0.3%,降低供电煤耗0.9 g/k Wh,单台机组提升经济效益272万元/a。     

Communications on energy Household energy conservation

This study assesses the influence of attitudinal and socio-economic factors on household energy conservation actions. A household interview survey in Regina, Saskatchewan found that respondents perceive an energy problem, although no association with energy conservation actions was determined. Two attitudinal and five socio-economic variables influence household energy conservation. Energy and monetary savings are available to households through energy conservation. Public awareness of household energy conservation through the media can reinforce existing energy conservation actions and encourage new actions.     

加强能源综合管理 提高企业节能效益

介绍节能挖潜与改造，加强能源技术与管理，提高企业节能效益，降低供水生产成本的经验和成效．     

Impact of energy efficiency upgrade retrofits on the residential energy consumption in Canada

The impact of various energy efficiency upgrade scenarios on the annual energy consumption of the Canadian housing stock is assessed using the Canadian Residential Energy End‐use Model (CREEM). The energy efficiency upgrade scenarios that are considered include major retrofits, such as the improvement of the house envelope by adding insulation, and the replacement of the existing heating system and appliances by higher efficiency units, as well as minor retrofits, such as lighting fixture, thermostat, showerhead and aerator upgrades that reduce energy consumption. The economic feasibility of each upgrade was assessed using the indicator ‘energy savings per dollar investment’. The results indicate that the energy savings potential of the retrofits is rather small, resulting in savings of 0–8 per cent of the total energy consumption of the Canadian housing stock. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

过网电量和无损户电量线损计算的探讨

供电企业的综合线损率是衡量其节能效果的重要技术经济指标,然而"无损户"和穿越电量的存在往往导致该网综合线损的虚降,使综合线损率失去其可比性。提出一种基于'四分管理'线损数据的可比线损率的计算方法,剔除上述的虚降和虚升,以达到合理评估节能工作的效果。     

The effect of energy performance regulations on energy consumption

Governments have developed energy performance regulations in order to lower energy consumption in the housing stock. Most of these regulations are based on the thermal quality of the buildings. In the Netherlands, the energy efficiency for new buildings is expressed as the EPC (energy performance coefficient). Studies have indicated that energy regulations are successful in lowering the energy consumption in residential buildings. However, the actual energy consumption is usually different from the expected energy consumption. This paper explores the effectiveness of energy performance regulations in lowering the energy consumption of dwellings built in the Netherlands after 1996. The effect of the EPC and thermal characteristics on energy consumption was determined by statistical analyses of data on actual energy consumption. The results showed that energy reductions are seen in dwellings built after the introduction of energy performance regulations. However, results suggest that to effectively reduce energy consumption, the tightening of the EPC in not enough. Policies aimed at controlling the construction quality and changing occupant behaviour are also necessary to achieve further energy reductions.     

Integrated energy systems based on cascade utilization of energy

Focusing on the traditional principle of physical energy utilization, new integration concepts for combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) system were identified, and corresponding systems were investigated. Furthermore, the principle of cascade utilization of both chemical and physical energy in energy systems with the integration of chemical processes and thermal cycles was introduced, along with a general equation describing the interrelationship among energy levels of substance, Gibbs free energy of chemical reaction and physical energy. On the basis of this principle, a polygeneration system for power and liquid fuel (methanol) production has been presented and investigated. This system innovatively integrates a fresh gas preparation subsystem without composition adjustment process (NA) and a methanol synthesis subsystem with partial-recycle scheme (PR). Meanwhile, a multi-functional energy system (MES) that consumes coal and natural gas as fuels simultaneously, and co-generates methanol and power, has been presented. In the MES, coal and natural gas are utilized synthetically based on the method of dual-fuel reforming, which integrates methane/steam reforming and coal combustion. Compared with conventional energy systems that do not consider cascade utilization of chemical energy, both of these systems provide superior performance, whose energy saving ratio can be as high as 10%–15%. With special attention paid to chemical energy utilization, the integration features of these two systems have been revealed, and the important role that the principle of cascade utilization of both chemical and physical energy plays in system integration has been identified.     

Coupling of energy and agricultural policies on promoting the production of biomass energy from energy crops and grasses in Taiwan

This paper examined promotion programs and implementing regulations that provide a framework for the application of energy and agricultural policies for the local energy crops cultivation by the reactivation of fallow land (about 100,000 ha) and their utilizations in the bioenergy production in Taiwan. The contents were thus addressed on current energy supply and biomass energy production, estimation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from energy use (consumption) using the Reference Approach of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) method, national energy goal in biomass energy supply in the near future, and government policies and measures for encouraging bioenergy production and consumption. For the promotion of biofuels, the incentive programs were initiated in the period of 2006–2011. The potential benefits of the program include the upgrade of industrial investment in the bioenergy plants, the reactivation of fallow land (about 100,000 ha), the mitigation of CO₂ emissions, and so on. Concerning the utilization of napier grass (a potential energy grass) as biomass energy (electricity generation) for co-firing, its impacts on ambient air quality and non-CO₂ greenhouse gases (i.e., CH₄ and N₂O) emissions were also discussed in the paper.     

正确解读能耗统计数据准确把握节能降耗形势

正确解读能耗统计数据,对推进节能工作具有重要意义。本文探讨了能耗统计数据指标间的相互关系,并结合2009年上半年云南省能源消费情况,分析了全省节能降耗形势和能耗数据匹配性问题,对区域经济发展与节能降耗提出了工作建议。