炭基双电层电容器的工艺研究及优化

以化学和物理性质稳定、导电性好的活性炭纤维（ACF）为电极材料，KOH溶液为电解液，研制炭基双电层电容器。研究了电解液浸渍电极时体系的真空度、KOH质量分数、电极片组成及厚度对双电层电容器性能的影响，并通过正交实验优化制备双电层电容器的工艺条件。结果显示，高真空度、高质量分数电解液有助于提高电容量。以质量分数40％KOH溶液为电解液，电极组成为ACF：石墨：聚四氟乙烯=1．6：0．4：1，单个电极片质量为0．10g的最佳工艺条件，得到的双电层电容器中活性炭纤维的比电容可达到152．81F／g。     

电子陶瓷局部化学镀新工艺

电子陶瓷局部化学镀新工艺桂鹤（四川永川１１０７信箱，６３２１６０）在电子工业中，常使用高介电常数的玻璃或陶瓷制造电容器之类产品，它可以使电容器体积缩小、重量轻、稳定性高等。但是，用这类材料制成的电容器，其上需要施加一层具有可焊性的金属薄膜做为极片。目...     

片式多层陶瓷电容器市场广阔

片式多层陶瓷电容器市场广阔片式多层陶瓷电容器（简称片式ＭＬＣ）是世界上发展最快、市场用量最多的片式元件。我国在“六五”至“八五”期间，先后从国外引进了１８条片式ＭＬＣ生产线，年设计生产能力为４６．８５亿只，１９９５年的实际产量达到２８．２亿只，为设计...     

美研究人员利用石墨烯开发出柔性超级电容

<正>美国莱斯大学利用石墨烯等开发出了柔性双电层电容器(也叫超级电容器)。相关论文已发表在《ACS NANO》上。这种双电层电容器的特点是耐弯曲性出色。莱斯大学的研究人员James Tour利用激光照射聚酰亚胺薄膜,在其表面形成了20μm左右的与石墨烯片相连接的泡状材料,将这种材料用作双电层电容器的电极。电容密度为16.5 m F/cm2,毫不逊色于普通的双电层电容器产品。James Tour利用这种材料制造双电层电容器的关键点是提前在聚酰亚胺薄膜上添加了硼酸。这样,与未添加硼酸     

双电层电容器用中微双孔活性炭的研究进展

文章介绍了中微双孔活性炭的制备方法,综述了用作双电层电容器的最新应用研究,为中微双孔活性炭在双电层电容器中的应用提供参考。     

微波辐射制备双电层电容器用煤基活性炭

以煤为原料，KOH为活化荆，采用微波加热法制备出双电层电容器用活性炭。研究了KOH与煤比例：微波功率和辐射时间对活性炭比电容量的影响，并考察了煤基活性炭双电层电容器的充放电特性。结果表明：在KOH与煤比例为3：1、微波功率为640瓦和辐射时间为7分钟时，制备出的活性炭比电容量迭286．28F／g，而且稳定性很好。     

煤基双电层电容器电极材料研究现状

电极材料结构对其电化学性能影响较大,具备合适的孔隙结构以及比表面积是双电层电容器电极电化学性能优异的前提。增加其某些表面官能团可以提升电极对电解液的浸润性,提升其的电化学性能。灰分的脱除对于改善其电化学性能具有显著作用。高石墨化程度的电极材料可以降低双电层电容器的内阻,提升双电层电容器的功率密度;无定型碳材料则具备比表面积高、孔隙发达等优势,因此电极材料石墨化程度对其电化学性能的影响机制尚无定论。     

硫、氮共掺杂三维石墨烯的全固态超级电容器

石墨烯以其超高导电性和超大比表面的独特优势常被应用于对称超级电容器的电极材料，然而二维石墨烯纳米片层间的范德华力容易导致片层堆叠。并且水溶液作为电解质组装的超级电容器在充电过程中可能发生水分解反应导致充电电压受限从而极大地降低它的能量密度。基于此，本研究采用水热法制备了硫、氮共掺杂的三维石墨烯气凝胶电极材料，研究了石墨烯材料的微观形貌、表面化学性质及水热反应时间对材料电化学性能的影响。结果表明：S,N-rGO-2具有发达的孔结构和高含量的杂原子。在5mV/s的扫描速率下比电容高达358.5F/g，使用固态电解质组装的全固态超级电容器充电电压可以达到1.8V，在1A/g的电流密度下比电容高达118.3F/g，能量密度达到14.9Wh/kg，并且10000次充/放电后的比电容保留率和库仑效率均接近100%。S,N-rGO-2表现出优异的双电层电容性能，可作为有潜力的超级电容器电极材料。     

微波辐射二次活化活性炭作双电层电容器电极材料的研究

为获得高比容量炭电极材料，采用微波辐射活性炭和KOH的混合物，得到二次活化活性炭。讨论了微波功率、微波辐射时间和KOH与活性炭质量比对比电容量的影响，并考察了该活性炭双电层电容器的电容特性。结果表明，在微波功率为480W、辐射时间为5min、KOH与活性炭质量比为2：1时，所得活性炭比电容量达295．17F／g；由它组装的双电层电容器具有优良的大电流放电特性和循环稳定性。     

超级电容器准固态聚合物电解质膜的研究

制备了一种介于水凝胶和全固态聚合物电解质之间的聚合物电解质膜,用于活性炭电子双电层电容器。测试表明使用该聚合物电解质膜的双电层电容器的容量为2 15mA·h,其容量、功率特性与KOH水溶液电容器相当。电容器的循环伏安曲线,稳定的充放电循环曲线及交流阻抗谱说明该种聚合物电解质膜在碳基超级电容器的使用电压范围(0～1V)内是稳定的,而且聚合物电解质膜电容器表现出良好的可逆性和循环特性。     

基于竹节的双电层电容器用高比表面积活性炭的研究

竹节在隔绝空气的条件下，经不同温度炭化处理后与KOH混合，制取竹节基高比表面积活性炭，考察了炭化温度，KOH与竹节炭的质量比，活化温度和活化时间对所得高比表面积活性炭比电容的影响和组装的双电层电容器的充放电特性，结果表明，控制适宜的炭化，活化工艺条件下可制得比电容达55F／g的竹节基高比表面积活性炭，由它组装的双电层电容器具有良好的充放电性能和循环性能，但内阻过高，大电流下充放电时电容量下降过大。     

Development of a heavy-current storage capacitor based on carbon fibre materials

The basic structural features of a double-layer energy storage capacitor, the characteristics of the acting mock-up of such a capacitor, and the features of use of woven and nonwoven materials, including activated carbon fibre materials, in it were examined. The capacitor has a capacitance of up to 400 F and provides a starting current of up to 700 A, so that it can be successfully used in starting a Volga automobile in winter. A. Ya. Lyalyushkin and A. G. Zotov participated in the experimental part of the research. Translated from Khimicheskie Volokna, No. 3, pp. 35–38, May–June, 1997.     

双电层电容器用多孔炭材料的研究与开发

阐述了双电层电容器的工作原理，探讨了多孔炭材料的比表面积、孔径分布、表面官能团、表面石墨微晶取向、体积密度和电导率以及电化学稳定性等微孔结构与物理化学性质对其电容特性的影响，介绍了近年来用作双电层电容器电极的几种新型多孔炭材料的研究进展。     

Synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical capacitance of amino-functionalized carbon nanotube/carbon paper electrodes

Amino-functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) attached to carbon paper (CP) has been achieved using one synthesis protocol: (i) chemical oxidation, (ii) acyl chlorination, and (iii) amidation. The amidation reaction of the carboxylic groups in oxidized the CNT/CP hybrids enables the formation of terminal amino groups on the CNT sidewalls. The functionalized CNTs were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, thermal programmed desorption, and N₂ adsorption. The cyclic voltammetry curves of an amino-modified CNT-based capacitor showed a continuum of double-layer and pseudocapacitive behavior. The presence of surface oxides and amides on CNTs imparts not only hydrophilic coverage for the formation of double-layer (double-layer capacitance) but also active sites for the redox reaction (pseudocapacitance). Based on the result of the charge/discharge cycling test, the N-modified CNT/CP capacitor exhibits an enhanced capacitance, high-rate capability, and capacitance stability with high coulombic efficiency.     

Integration of supercapacitors with enzymatic biobatteries toward more effective pulse-powered use in small-scale energy harvesting devices

Effective integration of electrochemical devices consisting of enzyme-based biobatteries together with high power double-layer type capacitors is discussed here. An ultimate goal is to overcome a typical drawback of enzymatic power sources (biofuel cells and biobatteries): although their energy is potentially high enough to fulfill the needs of small electronic devices, their power is often too low. It is demonstrated that properly selected capacitor can support operation of such a low power device simply by supplying appropriate power pulses with fast dynamic response that is required for many applications involving fluctuating loads. Our model integrated system is obtained by coupling a series of double-layer capacitors with well-behaved zinc/oxygen biobattery. The biobattery utilizes a stable cathodic material composed of covalently phenylated single-walled carbon nanotubes and the oxygen reduction enzyme, laccase, together with the hopeite-covered zinc rod acting as the anode. The enzymatic power source was characterized by the maximum power density of 1.8 mW cm^?2, the open circuit voltage of 1.6 V. Nevertheless, under the 50 Ω loading, the voltage of biobattery (electrode surface areas of ca. 0.3 cm²) drops to 0 V after 2 s. The practical performance (power stability) of a biobattery has significantly improved by its parallel connection to electrochemical capacitor. The importance of such capacitor’s parameters as low resistance (not more than a few hundred of milliohms), proper capacitance, and leakage current (not higher than a few microamperes) is emphasized here. The potential utility of the optimized biobattery/supercapacitor system is discussed in terms of use as a source of power to operate a digital watch.     

电极浸渍电解液方式对双电层电容器的影响

以活性碳纤维(ACF)电极为研究对象,用质量分数为0.2的氢氧化钾(KOH)作为电解液制作KOH-ACF浸渍电极,研究了浸泡时间、搅拌、真空度、温度等的影响因素,目的使电解液能更有效的进入ACF电极,研究发现,浸泡时间长、真空度高和温度低都有利于电解液进入电极,搅拌可以加快浸泡吸附的速度,制成的双电层电容器比电容可达70F／g。     

One-step fabrication and capacitive behavior of electrochemical double layer capacitor electrodes using vertically-oriented graphene directly grown on metal

We report on a one-step binder-free fabrication method for electrochemical double layer (EDL) capacitor electrodes consisting of vertically-oriented graphene uniformly grown on a metallic current collector. The double-layer capacitive behavior of the resulting electrode is studied in both aqueous and organic electrolytes. Compared with conventional graphene-based EDL capacitor electrode fabrication methods, this method offers the following advantages: (a) no need to use a binder, (b) open channels for better ion access, and (c) exposed edge planes for improved material wettability. These unique features lead to excellent capacitive behavior in organic electrolytes, including a specific capacitance slightly higher than that in aqueous electrolytes at the same potential scan rate and a high knee frequency (～3174 Hz in the current work).     

Effect of conductive layer on the performance of gel electrolyte-based supercapacitors

Solid-state electrolytes such a further novel finding is going to have great importance because of the disadvantages of liquid electrolytes such as electrochemical instability, low ion selectivity, and interface contact. It is anticipated that the use of solid-state electrolytes including supercapacitors (SCs) will become widespread with decreasing self-leakage and environmental damage more than liquid electrolytes. In this study, SCs with graphene/PEDOT: PSS coated electrodes and binary PVA gel electrolytes with a conductive layer were designed and the electrochemical performance of the configurations was characterized. The effects of the conductive layer between binary electrolytes and the concentration of the KOH solution in the electrolytes were studied. It was observed that the conductive layer used between the gel electrolytes causes additional charging at the electrolyte/conductive layer interface and behaves like a serially connected capacitor to the double-layer capacitor. Interestingly, at a slow sweep rate (5 mV/s), the specific capacitance values of the assembled SCs decreased when a conductive layer was used but it increased when the sweep rate was fast (100 mV/s).     

新型亚硫酸丁烯酯有机溶剂电解液的电化学应用研究

合成制备了一种新的环状亚硫酸酯———亚硫酸丁烯酯(BS),对添加不同锂盐以BS为基电解液的物理化学性能进行了比较研究,测试表明其具有良好热稳定性、电导率高等特点。将1mol/L LiClO4/BS电解液应用到活性炭双电层电容器中,研究显示模拟电容表现出典型的电容特性,并具有良好的可逆性和循环特性。