多层动态分簇的WSN时间同步算法

无线传感器网络受多跳传输延迟和节点中的晶振准确度的影响,造成时间同步误差较大.为了减小同步误差,传统解决方法提高了同步算法的频率,这使得算法面临两个问题:①通信能耗较高;②精度与能耗之间的不平衡.针对以上问题,结合单向广播机制和双向成对机制,提出一种多层动态分簇的无线传感器网络时间同步算法.采用节点分层策略减少了同步通信开销;采用同步误差补偿机制降低了算法同步误差的影响,使用时钟补偿机制减少了传感器节点运行的累积误差.实验测试表明:在保证精度的前提下,本算法降低了同步次数,减少了同步通信开销,从而延长了网络的生命周期.     

基于RTEthernet改进的时钟同步算法

以太网其庞大的网络系统在复杂的环境中存在网络链路延迟,节点时钟的漂移,同步能力差等问题。通过研究RTEthernet协议的起源和工作原理,考虑到影响实时以太网时间同步精密度的时钟拜占庭故障、网络传输延迟和漂移率等三个因素,建立了符合RTEthernet协议的通信模型。对FTA时钟同步算法在故障下时钟同步精密度损失率提升较少的问题进行了研究,引入了滑动窗口技术,提出了容错滑动窗口（Fault-Tolerant Sliding Window, FTSW）算法。容错滑动窗口算法能进一步提高分布式系统在进行时钟同步是对故障节点的容错能力。最后,使用CANoe仿真工具对FTSW算法进行仿真验证, FTSW算法的容错性优于FTA时钟同步算法算法,且在系统（七个节点）中存在两个拜占庭故障的情况下,同步后的精密度损失率降低了7.1%。     

管网检测的无线传感网络信息采集同步

无线传感网络的时钟校准决定了各节点信息采集的同步性。在供水管网泄漏检测中,各节点信息采集的时间同步误差将引入漏点的定位误差。在泛洪时间同步协议的基础上,提出拨号时间同步方案,在同步过程中采用定向拨号和线性回归相结合的方法,周期补偿终端节点间因本地时钟源频差而产生的时钟偏移,实现网络时间校准。对单跳网络,每2分钟进行1次校正,测试表明节点间的同步误差每秒在10微秒以内,累积误差不超过1毫秒,这样引起的管网漏点定位误差在1米以内,可以满足供水管网泄漏检测的要求。     

有向传感网络中通信节点分类方法研究与仿真

研究有向传感网络通信节点的分类优化问题.网络通信节点众多,在很多属性上有着较强的相似性.传统的通信节点分类方法多是运用属性上的相似性进行分类,没有考虑通信节点的传播方向,有向传感网络中的通信节点分类忽略了传递方向,造成分类过程较为粗糙,结果不准.为了避免上述传统算法的弊端,提出了一种基于密度自适应粒子群算法的有向传感网络通信节点分类方法.利用信息熵方法能够建立自适应粒子群,并且对粒子群中的粒子进行更新,保证粒子群的多样性,提高通信节点分类算法的局部寻优能力,从而完成有向传感网络的通信节点分类.实验结果表明,利用改进算法进行有向传感网络的通信节点分类,能够提高分类的准确性,从而满足实际有向传感网络的需求.     

基于最低开销模型的传感网络通信优化仿真

当传感网络中某条链路发生变化时,需要重新计算最短路径树,一旦传感网络规模较大,传统的算法采用抑制链路改变的方法提高传感网络通信容量,但这大幅抑制通信节点周期内路径选择灵活性,通信延迟明显.提出一种改进的A-OSPF算法并应用到传感网络通信优化中,该算法在原始的OSPF基础上融人了最低开销节点机制,增强了传感网络中节点构建的概率,考虑了节点移动性,将更加平稳的链路当成节点,按照链路代价原理得到源节点到目标节点的最佳路径,确保数据包可在链路质量最高的路径上进行传递,降低传感网络数据传送的平均端到端延时.仿真结果表明改进算法在传感网络生存周期以及平均端到端延时方法优于原始的OSPF算法,实现了延长传感网络生存周期以及能量均衡的目标.     

非同步多点通信网络优化模型仿真分析

研究非同步多点通信网络模型,对保证通信安全具有重要的作用.由于非同步多点通信网络与传统网络不同,是由多个子网络构成,不同网络之间的通信时钟校验规则也不同,无法掌握所有网络通信的时钟校验规范,也难以准确获得数据特征,导致传统的网络模型在进行非同步多点通信网络通信时,无法建立统一的时钟校验标准,存在较为明显的不同网络延迟现象.提出采用多属性时间约束动态模型的非同步多点通信网络优化模型方法.针对非同步多点通信网络,建立多属性约束时间模型,获取非同步多点通信网络的多属性时间约束条件,获取非同步多点通信网络通信过程的通信模型,实现非同步多点通信网络通信过程模型优化.实验结果表明,利用改进算法得到非同步多点通信网络优化模型,能够有效提高通信效率,降低误码率,同时降低通信数据传输的信噪比.     

FlexRay时钟同步的同向漂移

介绍了FlexRay时钟同步的方法,发现由于延迟补偿不足或过头以及算法临界稳定特征根的存在,虽然节点间的偏差可以消除,但是它们将同向漂移,与节点内host的时钟发生偏离.普通帧因通信时钟比host变慢而丢帧;host与通信时钟同向漂移时帧就绪推迟,也会造成消息丢帧,从而产生到达顺序的混乱,影响其确定性与可靠性.     

基于CC2530的改进TPSN算法

针对无线传感器网络(WSNs)振动监测同步精度低的问题,提出了一种基于帧首定界符(SFD)硬件捕获机制的改进传感器网络时间同步协议(TPSN).采用硬件捕获时间戳的方式消除部分软件延迟因素,如发送延迟、访问延迟和接收延迟,在补偿时钟偏差的同时采用最小二乘法估计补偿时钟漂移.为验证算法可行性,选用链状拓扑结构,在CC2530硬件平台上进行了单跳及多跳同步测试.试验结果表明:单跳误差0.727μs,2跳误差2.65 μs,3跳误差6.833μs.相比典型TPSN,提出的算法具有较好的同步效果,可满足振动监测应用需求.     

无线传感器网络环境下基于卡尔曼滤波的PTP协议

作为分布式系统的重要组成部分,精确时间同步是对时间敏感的工业无线网络的核心技术.基于时间信息包交换的IEEE 1588精确时间同步协议（PTP）主要针对有线网络提出,其同步精度受制于时间戳的精度和传输延迟抖动.在无线传感网中,节点难以获取精确时钟戳,同时由于信道共享、包冲突和信道衰落,无线网络的传输延迟抖动非常明显. 研究了无线网络中PTP的性能与时间戳精度之间的关系,提出了一个自回归模型来描述时钟漂移,将PTP中的包交换过程抽象为一组状态空间方程,将延迟抖动等作为观测噪音,从而利用卡尔曼滤波器予以滤除.仿真结果表明,在不同时间戳精度和延迟抖动下,卡尔曼滤波能有效改善时钟误差和稳定性.     

无线传感器网络的分布扩散时钟自同步协议研究

针对大规模无线传感器网络同步协议的精度较低、可扩展性差的问题,提出一种分布式扩散时钟自同步协议(DDCSS);DDCSS是一个局部、并行执行的协议,基于分布式扩散的思想,以节点能量、分布和平均传输时延为依据,每轮动态地选取执行局部扩散的一组主节点和扩散节点,把主节点域内的节点平均时钟扩散有限的跳数,周围节点以接收的所有主节点域平均时钟取平均更新本地时钟,采用互扩散的方法使节点时钟近似同步到网络节点的平均时钟上,从而实现全网的时间同步;与RBS、TPSN协议相比较,该协议收敛速度较快,另外消除了误差累积,同步误差较低,扩展性较好。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).