用于Texaco气化炉同轴射流计算的不同湍流模型的比较

应用商业CFD软件Fluent,分别采用Spalart-Allmaras模型、标准k-ε模型、RNG k-ε模型、Realizable k-ε模型和RSM模型对气化炉同轴射流冷态实验台进行了数值模拟,并通过不同模型计算结果与实验结果的对比,讨论了各模型受网格质量、网格类型和边界条件的影响。通过对比发现,S-A模型和标准k-ε模型受网格质量影响最小,但准确性不高;RSM模型受网格影响较大;而RNG k-ε模型和R k-ε模型在网格划分合理的情况下,能够给出合理的结果。     

潮湿细煤气流分级机内气固两相流的CFD模拟

以CFD计算软件FLUENT为平台,采用Realizablek-着湍流模型和欧拉-拉格朗日方法的离散相模型对实验室研制的潮湿细煤气流分级机内的空气流场进行数值模拟,得到分级机中流场的气流速度、流场静压、流场湍动能的分布情况,以及不同粒径细粒煤在分级机中的运动轨迹。数值计算结果表明:分级机内多孔层的设置可造成压强和流速阶跃,增强多孔层上方区域的流速,提升气体对细粒煤的携带作用;导流板的设置使入料口到细料出口间出现了较强的流带,有利于细粒煤分离;导流板和倾斜多孔层的设置使分级机内压差最大且湍流较弱,有利于颗粒分散,实现小颗粒与大颗粒的分离,提高分级效率同时也有利于中等粒径团聚体的破碎、分散,但对大粒径团聚体的分裂破坏作用有限。     

Performance of stress-transport models in the prediction of particle-to-fluid heat transfer in packed beds

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a simulation tool allows obtaining a more complete view of the fluid flow and heat transfer mechanisms in packed bed reactors, through the resolution of 3D Reynolds averaged transport equations, together with a turbulence model when needed. This tool allows obtaining mean velocity and temperature values as well as their fluctuations at any point of the bed. An important problem when a CFD modeling is performed for turbulent flow in a packed bed reactor is to decide which turbulence model is the most accurate for this situation. Turbulence models based on the assumption of a scalar eddy viscosity for computing the turbulence stresses, so-called eddy viscosity models (EVM), seem insufficient in this case due to the big flow complexity. The use of models based on transport equations for the turbulence stresses, so-called second order closure modeling or Reynolds stress modeling (RSM), could be a better option in this case, because these models capture more of the involved physics in this kind of flow.To gain insight into this subject, a comparison between the performance in flow and heat transfer estimation of RSM and EVM turbulence models was conducted in a packed bed by solving the 3D Reynolds averaged momentum and energy equations. Several setups were defined and then computed. Thus, the numerical pressure drop, velocity, and thermal fields within the bed were obtained. In order to judge the capabilities of these turbulence models, the Nusselt number (Nu) was computed from numerical data as well as the pressure drop. Then, they were compared with commonly used correlations for parameter estimations in packed bed reactors. The numerical results obtained show that RSM give similar results as EVM for the cases checked, but with a considerably larger computational effort. This fact suggests that for this application, even though the RSM goes further into the flow physics, this does not lead to a relevant improvement in parameter estimation when compared to the performance of EVM models used.     

三种湍流模型下搅拌釜内气含率特性的模拟

采用计算流体力学（CFD）方法,应用Euler-Euler双流体模型,桨叶采用多重参考系法（MFR）,与考虑气泡聚并与破碎对气泡尺寸影响的群体平衡模型（PBM）相结合,比较了标准k-ε、Realizable k-ε和RNG k-ε3种湍流模型对双层涡轮搅拌釜内气-液两相液相流场、局部气含率及气泡尺寸分布的影响。结果表明：3种湍流模型预测的液相流场流型相似,总体气含率预测值相差不大,均与实验值吻合较好。对于局部气含率,标准k-ε和RNG k-ε模型在桨叶区的预测值偏大,在接近自由液面处三者预测值均偏低,Realizable k-ε模型预测结果与实验值符合最好;对于气泡尺寸,3种湍流模型预测结果均与实验值较吻合,在靠近自由液面处预测值均偏小,气泡尺寸分布与湍流长度分布相吻合。     

连铸板坯滑动水口三维流场湍流计算模型比较

分别采用标准k-e模型、雷诺应力模型(RSM)和超声波多普勒测速(UDV)方法对滑板控制浇注流量浸入式水口内部和出口流动特征进行对比分析,并探讨湍流模型对滑板浇注系统数值模拟的适用性. 结果表明,由于滑板的节流作用,在滑板下方的水口内出现高度约为80 mm的二次流,在滑板下方100 mm处出现高度为50 mm的分离流,并在水口出口出现旋转出流,其方向由滑板堵塞侧、经水口底部向滑板开启侧旋转. 标准k-e模型计算的水口出流的旋转方向与UDV测量的旋转方向相反,RSM计算结果与实验测量结果比较吻合,具有更好的适用性. 并从分子动力理论角度、各向同性假设和历史效应等方面,分析了标准k-e模型存在的理论缺陷.     

下行床气固两相流动计算流体力学模拟

基于颗粒相动力学理论 ,对层流机制表达的气固两相流体力学模型采用Reynolds平均的方法获得气固两相流的湍流模型描述 .其中 ,气相湍流行为以k -ε模型描述 ;颗粒相的碰撞行为以颗粒流的动力学模型表达 ;而湍流行为以kp 模型描述 .因此建立的k -ε -Θ -kp 模型综合考虑了气相和颗粒相的湍流运动以及颗粒的碰撞行为 .依据此模型建立了三维流体力学求解程序并对下行床气固两相流动行为进行了模型预测 .讨论了恢复系数的选取及壁效应假设 ,从机理上分析并考察了 3种模型的预测能力 .针对内径 1 40mm、高 7m的下行床冷态设备 ,在较宽的操作范围内 ,对比了详细的颗粒浓度和速度径向分布以及轴向参数分布 ,并对下行床的放大行为进行了预测 .     

湍流模型对钝体燃烧器流场模拟的影响

湍流燃烧过程涉及燃烧反应和湍流在微小时间和空间尺度上的耦合,因此湍流模型的有效性对燃烧器流场CFD模拟的准确性有重要影响。采用5种k-ε类和k-ω类两方程模型和雷诺应力模型模拟了钝体燃烧器内冷流流场,并采用PIV测量方法进行了实验验证。比较和分析数值模拟和PIV实验结果发现,不同湍流模型的模拟结果在诸如速度分布和涡结构上存在较大差别,标准k-ε模型和RNGk-ε的模拟流场最接近本文的实验结果。     

乙烯裂解炉耦合模拟中湍流模型的影响分析

配备底部烧嘴和侧壁烧嘴的乙烯裂解炉应用越来越广泛，不同燃烧模式影响着炉膛内湍流流动状态，考虑到裂解炉中湍流流动与燃气喷料、燃烧和传热有较强的非线性耦合作用，为此探究不同湍流模型在裂解炉/反应器耦合模拟中的影响对于裂解炉的精确设计和优化至关重要。针对不同湍流模型对某十万吨工业乙烯裂解炉进行了耦合模拟，利用CFD数值模拟对采用标准k-ε模型、RNG k-ε和Realizable k-ε模型所建立的湍流流动模型进行评估。将三种湍流模型的模拟结果与工业数据进行比较，重点分析了裂解炉内的速度、温度、湍流能力等参数的分布情况，表明Realizable k-ε模型在火焰稳定性、反应效率等方面优于其他两种模型，且基于Realizable k-ε湍流方程的反应管模型在热通量、炉管外壁温度分布计算结果更接近实际工况。     

65 t/h高低差速循环流化床流动特性模拟

对一台65 t/h高低差速循环流化床炉内流动特性进行二维数值模拟。采用基于颗粒动力学理论的欧拉双流体模型来描述气固流动,湍流模型、气固曳力模型和不同粒径颗粒间曳力模型分别采用RNG k-ε per phase模型、Gidaspow模型和Schiller-naumann模型,并应用商业计算流体力学软件Fluent进行数值计算,得到炉内颗粒速度分布、压力分布和颗粒浓度分布,并将压力分布与实测值进行对比。在欧拉双流体模型中分别采用单粒径固相模型和多粒径固相模型,并对模拟结果进行对比分析。结果表明,单粒径固相模型能够较好预测高低差速循环流化床炉内流动特性,为其优化设计、运行及大型化提供了理论依据。     

低阶煤低温干馏炉中低温燃烧室温度场分布模拟及结构优化

用CFD Fluent 6.3软件对自主研发的与增收低温焦油炭化室相配套的褐煤热解旋流式低温燃烧室（1500 mm×200 mm×1500 mm）内温度场分布进行了模拟研究和结构优化,结果表明：在燃烧室内坐标为（?25,550,0）和（25,?550,0）处设计两个关于燃烧室中央轴对称半径为100 mm的130°圆弧形挡板,燃烧室内平均温度（755 ℃）满足褐煤低温热解需求（500～650 ℃）;Realizable k-ε湍流模型、P-1辐射模型和非预混燃烧模型适用于计算焦炉煤气和空气低温燃烧室内温度场分布,模拟计算结果与实验结果基本吻合,误差波动幅度为50～70 ℃,满足工业要求。     

Simulation of a Spray Dryer Fitted with a Rotary Disk Atomizer Using a Three-Dimensional Computional Fluid Dynamic Model

Spray dryers fitted with a rotary disk atomizer are widely used in many industries requiring high throughputs to produce powders from liquid streams. The interaction between droplets or particles and the drying medium within the drying chamber is still not well understood and hence difficult to model reliably. In this article CFD results are presented to describe the behavior of the performance of a spray dryer fitted with a rotary disk atomizer in a cylinder-on-cone chamber geometry. Four different turbulence models, i.e., standard k - ε, RNG k - ε, Realizable k - ε, and Reynolds stress models were tested and compared to simulate the swirling two-phase flow with heat and mass transfer in the chamber. The results of this investigation can provide further insight into turbulent swirling flow modeling. The predicted results, such as, air flow patterns, air velocity and temperature, distributions, particle/droplet trajectories, drying performance etc., are obtained using the CFD code FLUENT6.1. Comparison with available limited experimental data shows that CFD results display reasonable agreement. Predicted results also show that the RNG k - ε model performs better in this specific case.     

模拟喷雾干燥的不同湍流模型比较

应用fluent软件,分别选择标准k-ε模型、RNG k-ε模型、RSM模型对喷雾干燥塔内的流场进行数值模拟,并将计算结果与实验测量值相比较,以得到最适合于喷雾干燥塔流场计算的数学模型.数值结果表明,3种模型都能较好反映塔内的流动规律,但计算数值与实测值有所差异,RNG k-ε模型模拟结果比用标准k-ε模型、RSM模型...     

辐射废锅内气固两相流场的冷态测试与数值模拟

采用冷态实验测量和数值模拟相结合的方法,对辐射废锅内的冷态气固两相流场进行了研究。搭建了辐射废锅冷模装置,利用恒温热线风速仪和皮托管对辐射废锅内的气相冷态流场进行测量。利用马尔文激光粒度分析仪对辐射废锅出口、底部渣池以及附壁颗粒的粒径进行了采样分析。运用Realizable k-ε湍流模型和随机轨道模型分别对气相流场和颗粒运动轨迹进行了数值模拟。研究发现:Realizable k-ε湍流模型计算得到的气相流场结果与实验值吻合较好,辐射废锅内筒顶部存在一入口射流,射流沿流向逐渐衰减,气相流场在内筒底部趋于稳定;大部分颗粒直接被辐射废锅渣池捕集,少量细小颗粒被气流携带进入辐射废锅环隙或从出口逃逸;颗粒粒径越大、密度越高,颗粒的跟随性越差,出口颗粒的停留时间越长。     

Simulation of a Spray Dryer Fitted with a Rotary Disk Atomizer Using a Three-Dimensional Computional Fluid Dynamic Model

Abstract

Spray dryers fitted with a rotary disk atomizer are widely used in many industries requiring high throughputs to produce powders from liquid streams. The interaction between droplets or particles and the drying medium within the drying chamber is still not well understood and hence difficult to model reliably. In this article CFD results are presented to describe the behavior of the performance of a spray dryer fitted with a rotary disk atomizer in a cylinder-on-cone chamber geometry. Four different turbulence models, i.e., standard k ? ε, RNG k ? ε, Realizable k ? ε, and Reynolds stress models were tested and compared to simulate the swirling two-phase flow with heat and mass transfer in the chamber. The results of this investigation can provide further insight into turbulent swirling flow modeling. The predicted results, such as, air flow patterns, air velocity and temperature, distributions, particle/droplet trajectories, drying performance etc., are obtained using the CFD code FLUENT6.1. Comparison with available limited experimental data shows that CFD results display reasonable agreement. Predicted results also show that the RNG k ? ε model performs better in this specific case.     

LIMITATIONS AND EMPIRICAL EXTENSIONS OF THE k-ε MODEL AS APPLIED TO TURBULENT CONFINED SWIRLING FLOWS

Shortcomings and recommended corrections to the standard two-equation k-ε turbulence model suggested by previous investigators are presented. They are assessed regarding their applicability to turbulent swirling recirculating flow. Recent experimental data on swirling confined flows, obtained with a five-hole pilot probe and a six-orientation hot-wire probe, are used to obtain optimum values of the turbulence parameters C_μ, C₂, and σ_ε, for swirling flows. General predictions of moderately and strongly swirling flows with these values are more accurate than predictions with the standard or previous simple extensions of the k-ε turbulence model.     

Numerical investigation and improvement strategy of flow characteristics inside supersonic separator

In order to study the flow behavior and optimize separation performance, a three-dimensional numerical model of an improved supersonic separator was developed. The proposed model takes into account the compressible and strong swirling effect. Four widely-used turbulence models include Sparlart–Allmaras model, realizable k–ε model, shear-stress transport (SST) k–ω model, and Reynolds stress model (RSM) were validated and compared by the experimental date reported in the literature. The comparison results indicated that RSMs have great potential to predict the flow inside supersonic separator. Based on the established numerical model, the distribution of critical parameters such as temperature, pressure, and Mach number was obtained. The influence of the pressure loss ratio on the shockwave location occurred at the divergence section of the Laval nozzle was systematically studied. Analysis about the relationship between the pressure effect and shock wave location was carried out to explore the principal factors that limit the performance of the supersonic separator.     

A second-order-moment–Monte-Carlo model for simulating swirling gas–particle flows

A second-order moment (SOM) gas-phase turbulence model, combined with a Monte-Carlo (MC) simulation of stochastic particle motion using Langevin equation to simulate the gas velocity seen by particles, is called an SOM–MC two-phase turbulence model. The SOM–MC model was applied to simulate swirling gas–particle flows with a swirl number of 0.47. The prediction results are compared with the PDPA measurement data and those predicted using the Langevin-closed unified second-order moment (LUSM) model. The comparison shows that both models give the predicted time-averaged flow field of particle phase in general agreement with those measured, and there is only slight difference between the prediction results using these two models. In the near-inlet region, the SOM-MC model gives a more reasonable distribution of particle axial velocity with reverse flows due to free of particle numerical diffusion, but it needs much longer computation time. Both models underpredict the gas and particle fluctuation velocities, compared with those measured. This is possibly caused by the particle–wall and particle–particle interaction in the near-wall region, and the effect of particles on dissipation of gas turbulence, which is not taken into account in both models.     

CFD simulation of stirred tanks: Comparison of turbulence models. Part I: Radial flow impellers

A critical review of the published literature regarding the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of single‐phase turbulent flow in stirred tank reactors is presented. In this part of review, CFD simulations of radial flow impellers (mainly disc turbine (DT)) in a fully baffled vessel operating in a turbulent regime have been presented. Simulated results obtained with different impeller modelling approaches (impeller boundary condition, multiple reference frame, computational snap shot and the sliding mesh approaches) and different turbulence models (standard k ? ε model, RNG k ? ε model, the Reynolds stress model (RSM) and large eddy simulation) have been compared with the in‐house laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) experimental data. In addition, recently proposed modifications to the standard k ? ε models were also evaluated. The model predictions (of all the mean velocities, turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate) have been compared with the experimental measurements at various locations in the tank. A discussion is presented to highlight strengths and weaknesses of currently used CFD models. A preliminary analysis of sensitivity of modelling assumptions in the k ? ε models and RSM has been carried out using LES database. The quantitative comparison of exact and modelled turbulence production, transport and dissipation terms has highlighted the reasons behind the partial success of various modifications of standard k ? ε model as well as RSM. The volume integral of predicted energy dissipation rate is compared with the energy input rate. Based on these results, suggestions have been made for the future work in this area.     

二次氧量对分级气化炉气化特性的影响

分级给氧气流床气化炉具有碳转化率高、炉内混合过程强烈、喷嘴附近温度较低等优点。本文采用CFD数值模拟的方法研究了二次氧量变化对气化炉运行特性的影响,分析比较了不同二次给氧量下相交射流火焰特性的变化,及相交射流对煤气化炉炉内整体混合过程、煤气化特性的影响。发现当二次给氧量下降时,受炉内回流流场的影响,二次火焰明显随回流发生偏斜,壁面温度升高。当二次给氧量小于总给氧量的8%时,其射流动量不足以影响主射流产生的宏观流场。     

Numerical investigations of circular tube fitted with helical screw-tape inserts from the viewpoint of field synergy principle

3-D numerical simulations are performed for heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of the tubes fitted with helical screw-tape inserts. The comparison between the RNG k-epsilon turbulence model and the SST k-omega turbulence model in prediction of swirling flow shows that the latter has better qualitative and quantitative agreements with the experimental results than the former. The simulation results show that the novel helical inserts with right and left twists alternately have better heat transfer performance than that of the helical inserts with uniformly right twists. The simulation results are analyzed from the viewpoint of field synergy principle, it is found that the principle could explain well the mechanism of heat transfer enhancement of the helical twist inserts. The smaller the mean intersection angle between the temperature gradient and velocity vector, the larger the Nusselt number; in addition, the smaller local intersection angle also implies the higher local heat transfer coefficient.