用于高选择性芳烃脱烷基的催化剂及反应工艺的研究

针对目前乙苯脱烷基反应工艺选择性低的缺点,研究了碳八芳烃中乙苯脱烷基反应的机理,制备了高选择性的新型芳烃脱烷基择形催化剂,并考察优化了相应的反应工艺与条件参数.首先通过不同酸性、结构的分子筛MOR、USY、Beta、SAPO11、ZSM-5等用于乙苯脱烷基催化反应性能的比较.选择了硅铝比25～50的十元环孔道ZSM-5分子筛作为催化材料;通过采用表面硅沉积修饰的方法对ZSM-5分子筛进行了改性,有效调节了分子筛孔口的尺寸及分子筛的表面酸性,提高了分子筛的择形催化效率,改性后仅允许乙苯进入ZSM-5孔中进行脱烷基反应,抑制了乙苯烷基转移、二甲苯歧化等副反应发生,从而减少了C8芳烃的损失.并通过对不同程度表面硅改件的ZSM-5催化剂反应性能进行比较,研究了表面改性修饰与择形效率的关系,进一步研究了不同种类金属助催化剂的引入对反应活性与选择性的影响.0.10%～0.20%质量分数Pd或Pt助催化剂可以使得脱烷基反应的产物乙烯能迅速转化为乙烷,有效地防止了催化剂在反应中的结焦,提高了催化剂的稳定性,并促进了乙苯的脱烷基反应转化.催化剂在氢气压力为1.5～2.0 MPa,反应温度420℃,空速为6～12 h-1较优反应条件下,乙苯转化率在90%以上,反应选择性达到95%.     

甲苯和甲醇制二甲苯催化剂的失活与再生

针对甲苯甲醇甲基化反应催化剂失活快的问题,对ZSM-5分子筛催化的甲基化反应的反应行为进行了分析,并结合X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附–脱附、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-IR)等方法对失活催化剂以及积炭物种进行了表征。结果表明,固定床甲基化反应中催化剂经历平稳期和快速失活期,二甲苯的选择性随着反应的进行持续上升,甲苯歧化反应持续受到抑制。积炭物种主要由羰基以及羟基化合物、烷基芳烃和复杂的稠环芳环等物质组成。积炭物种会堵塞分子筛孔道以及覆盖表面酸性位,孔道阻塞是造成催化剂快速失活的原因。在此基础上提出了一种操作简单的梯度氧化烧焦再生方式,能使催化剂的结构性质以及催化性能得到有效地恢复。     

Pd-Pb双金属催化剂上甲苯歧化与烷基转移反应性能

为提高甲苯歧化与烷基转移生成苯和二甲苯反应的收率,采用了ZSM-12分子筛负载钯和铅的双金属甲苯歧化与烷基转移催化剂,在连续操作的小型固定床反应器中考察了钯金属负载量、钯-铅物质的量比、反应条件对反应性能的影响。结果表明:引入钯金属能提高重芳烃转化率,同时也加剧了苯环加氢副反应;适当降低钯金属负载量、采用钯-铅双金属体系能有效抑制芳烃加氢副反应,优化催化剂整体反应性能;提高反应温度、降低氢气纯度及反应压力有利于抑制加氢副反应,改善催化剂反应性能。基于钯含量为0.2%,Pb/Pd比为3的双金属催化剂体系,在原料组成苯与碳九及其以上重芳烃的质量比为30:70,反应温度390℃,反应压力2.5 MPa,进料空速4.0 h-1,氢烃比2.0的较佳条件下,甲苯的转化率为21.7%,重芳烃转化率61.6%,二甲苯的质量收率达36.2%,苯的纯度为99.5%,表现出了较高的重芳烃处理能力及二甲苯收率。     

HZSM-5分子筛上甲苯择形甲基化反应积炭行为探讨

将水热合成法制备并改性的HZSM-5分子筛催化剂应用于甲苯甲醇甲基化反应,催化剂表现出良好的甲苯转化率和二甲苯对位选择性。采用程序升温氧化法、固体紫外-可见吸收光谱、核磁共振法和气相色谱串联质谱法等研究催化剂的积炭行为。结果表明,反应介质甲醇中的氧未参与积炭形成,积炭成分较为单一,均由碳氢两种元素组成。积炭分为可溶的芳烃和稠环芳烃及其衍生物以及不可溶稠环芳烃、石墨前驱体、石墨等中的一种或几种混合物。甲苯与甲醇作为反应底物同时存在也决定了可溶性成分中单甲基或多甲基取代芳烃占大多数。早期积炭主要分布于分子筛孔道,积炭组成和分布由分子筛孔道结构和外表面酸性、反应物性质与反应条件决定。     

改性介微孔ZSM-5分子筛催化剂制备及催化甲苯甲醇烷基化反应性能

将微孔ZSM-5分子筛通过不同浓度的氢氧化钠溶液处理不同的时间制备不同的介微孔ZSM-5分子筛,然后负载五氧化二磷制备介微孔ZSM-5分子筛催化剂,对介微孔ZSM-5分子筛负载五氧化二磷催化剂进行甲苯甲醇烷基化反应评价。其中氢氧化钠溶液浓度为1.0 mol/L、处理时间为30 min得到的介微孔ZSM-5分子筛负载五氧化二磷催化剂催化甲苯甲醇烷基化反应的活性较高。对介微孔ZSM-5分子筛负载五氧化二磷催化剂进一步采用铂进行改性,将制备的催化剂用于甲苯甲醇烷基化反应,在460 ℃条件下连续反应505 h,甲苯转化率保持在10.9%,二甲苯中对二甲苯的选择性保持在96%以上。研究结果表明,五氧化二磷、铂改性的介微孔ZSM-5分子筛催化剂具有优异的甲苯甲醇烷基化反应性能。     

不同结构分子筛的甲醇制丙烯催化性能

在常压、空速为1.5 h^-1、反应温度为450℃条件下,考察了4种具有不同拓扑结构的分子筛(SAPO-34、ZSM-48、ZSM-5和beta)在甲醇转化制丙烯(MTP)反应中的催化性能,并对催化剂的积炭失活行为进行了研究。结果表明,从8元环到12元环,分子筛孔口尺寸越小,低碳烯烃(乙烯+丙烯)选择性越高,积炭失活速率也越快。孔道尺寸越大,丙烯/乙烯(P/E)比越高,但产物分布向C₄以上组分偏移,丙烯选择性降低。10元环分子筛具有较高的丙烯选择性,但催化剂的积炭失活速率随孔道体系的不同有很大差异。一维直通孔道的ZSM-48容易积炭失活,而具有三维交叉孔结构的ZSM-5表现出了优异的抗积炭失活性能。不同结构分子筛在MTP反应中催化性能的差异主要归因于分子筛的过渡态择形和产物择形作用的不同。     

甲苯甲醇烷基化合成对二甲苯催化剂研究进展

甲苯甲醇烷基化是新型高选择性合成对二甲苯的方法,可以解决石化行业甲苯和甲醇过剩问题,具有较高的工业开发价值。在具有B酸中心及特殊孔结构的分子筛催化下,甲苯甲醇发生苯环上亲电取代反应得到对二甲苯。甲苯甲醇烷基化催化剂主要有Y沸石催化剂、SAPO及MCM-22和ZSM-5分子筛催化剂等,研究较多的是ZSM-5分子筛催化剂。通过对ZSM-5分子筛进行金属、非金属或复合改性后,可以显著提高烷基化反应转化率和选择性。未来研究的主要目标是获得选择性高且稳定性好的催化剂。     

C4裂解制丙烯ZSM-5分子筛改性技术研究进展

综述了国内、外对ZSM-5分子筛改性的主要方法。指出ZSM-5分子筛由于其特殊的三维孔道结构和孔径尺寸、稳定的骨架结构和大范围可调的硅铝比,具有优异的催化性能,可满足多种反应过程。镧改性可使反应体系以生成丙烯的反应为主,显著提高丙烯收率。磷改性ZSM-5能改善催化裂化催化剂的水热稳定性和活性。SiO₂的修饰抑制了氢转移反应及液体产物中芳烃的生成。氟硅酸铵改性是一种疏通 HZSM-5催化剂孔道和调节其酸性的有效方法。     

萘对非贵金属改性甲苯歧化催化剂反应性能的影响

研究了原料中萘含量对非贵金属改性催化剂上甲苯与重芳烃歧化和烷基转移反应的影响。结果表明:随着原料中萘含量的增加,甲苯与重芳烃歧化和烷基转移反应受到的抑制效果增加,需以提高反应温度来补偿催化剂活性的损失;撤掉原料中的萘后,甲苯歧化反应不能完全恢复,重芳烃烷基转移反应能够恢复。萘系物在反应过程中存在一平衡值:原料中不含萘时,甲苯与重芳烃歧化与烷基转移反应副产少量萘系物;原料中萘含量低于平衡值时,萘主要发生烷基转移反应,生成烷基萘;原料中萘含量高于平衡值时,萘除了发生烷基转移反应外,还发生了加氢裂解反应。     

碱处理调变ZSM-5孔结构及甲苯甲醇烷基化制对二甲苯性能研究

采用水热合成法制备大晶粒ZSM-5分子筛。通过调节碱处理过程中碱种类和处理时间得到一系列多级孔ZSM-5催化剂,考察了催化剂在甲苯与甲醇择形烷基化反应中的催化性能,及不同孔结构对甲苯转化率和对二甲苯选择性的影响。结果表明,采用0. 2 mol/L四丙基氢氧化铵(TPAOH)溶液在65℃处理30 min得到的催化剂的反应性能优于其他处理方法得到的ZSM-5催化剂。该催化剂在未经后续改性的前提下连续运转30 h,平均对二甲苯选择性为68. 36%,甲苯转化率为11. 24%,催化效果优于母体,但该催化剂的积炭量大大降低,稳定性更好。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.