改性Y型分子筛上苯与多乙基苯的液相烷基转移

为获得高性能的液相烷基转移反应催化剂,采用不同的方法对Y型分子筛进行改性处理。采用N_2吸附-脱附、程序升温脱附(NH_3-TPD)和吡啶吸附红外(Py-IR)等手段对样品进行了表征,并在连续微型固定床反应器中考察了改性Y型分子筛上苯和多乙基苯烷基转移反应的催化性能。结果表明,催化剂的烷基转移反应性能与Y型分子筛的孔道和B酸量有密切的关系。通过铵离子交换和酸处理改性均可以提高催化剂的B酸量、比表面积、孔容和孔径;水蒸汽处理会降低酸量;铵离子交换和酸处理复合改性的Y型分子筛催化性能最好。适宜的反应条件为:反应温度180~240℃,反应压力2.5~4.0 MPa,总物料重量空速3~5 h~(-1),苯与二乙苯的质量比2~4,在该条件下二乙苯转化率大于65%,乙基选择性大于98%。该催化剂性能稳定,1 000h运行后活性仍没有下降。     

超稳Y型分子筛的骨架硅铝比对甘油气相脱水反应的影响

以铵交换和高温水热处理法制备了不同硅铝比的超稳Y型分子筛（USY）,利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、氮气吸附脱附和吡啶红外等技术对USY进行了表征。以USY为催化剂,考察了USY的骨架硅铝比对气相甘油脱水制丙烯醛的影响。X射线衍射和扫描电镜结果表明,铵交换和高温水热处理只是提高USY的硅铝比,相对结晶度略有降低,而对Y型分子筛的结构和形貌没有影响。氮气吸附-脱附和吡啶红外结果表明,随USY骨架SiO₂/Al₂O₃比提高,总酸量和B酸酸量逐渐降低,L酸酸量有所增多,介孔孔体积和平均孔径有所增大。气相甘油脱水反应结果表明,催化剂织构性质对甘油转化率和丙烯醛选择性的影响大于酸性的影响,因而SiO₂/Al₂O₃比为29的USY催化剂的反应性能最好,甘油转化率和丙烯醛收率分别达到了84.5%和51.8%。     

USY分子筛上苯与多仲丁苯烷基转移反应

在微型固定床反应器上研究USY分子筛对苯与多仲丁苯烷基转移反应的催化性能,考察反应温度、原料配比和空速等工艺条件对反应的影响。采用NH₃-TPD、吡啶IR吸附和N2吸附-脱附等手段对USY分子筛酸性质和孔结构进行表征。结果表明,USY分子筛在烷基转移反应中具有较好的催化性能,二仲丁苯转化率为87.7%,三仲丁苯转化率为19.3%,仲丁苯选择性为91.38%,与USY分子筛的多级孔道和较多B酸位有关。多仲丁苯转化率和仲丁苯选择性随反应温度的提高而增大,原料中苯的增加可提高仲丁苯选择性,空速对二仲丁苯转化率影响较小,但对仲丁苯选择性和三仲丁苯转化率影响显著。USY分子筛上反应较适宜的工艺条件为：反应温度240 ℃,反应压力3 MPa,苯与二仲丁苯物质的量比16,二仲丁苯空速1.4 h^-1。     

用于高选择性芳烃脱烷基的催化剂及反应工艺的研究

针对目前乙苯脱烷基反应工艺选择性低的缺点,研究了碳八芳烃中乙苯脱烷基反应的机理,制备了高选择性的新型芳烃脱烷基择形催化剂,并考察优化了相应的反应工艺与条件参数.首先通过不同酸性、结构的分子筛MOR、USY、Beta、SAPO11、ZSM-5等用于乙苯脱烷基催化反应性能的比较.选择了硅铝比25～50的十元环孔道ZSM-5分子筛作为催化材料;通过采用表面硅沉积修饰的方法对ZSM-5分子筛进行了改性,有效调节了分子筛孔口的尺寸及分子筛的表面酸性,提高了分子筛的择形催化效率,改性后仅允许乙苯进入ZSM-5孔中进行脱烷基反应,抑制了乙苯烷基转移、二甲苯歧化等副反应发生,从而减少了C8芳烃的损失.并通过对不同程度表面硅改件的ZSM-5催化剂反应性能进行比较,研究了表面改性修饰与择形效率的关系,进一步研究了不同种类金属助催化剂的引入对反应活性与选择性的影响.0.10%～0.20%质量分数Pd或Pt助催化剂可以使得脱烷基反应的产物乙烯能迅速转化为乙烷,有效地防止了催化剂在反应中的结焦,提高了催化剂的稳定性,并促进了乙苯的脱烷基反应转化.催化剂在氢气压力为1.5～2.0 MPa,反应温度420℃,空速为6～12 h-1较优反应条件下,乙苯转化率在90%以上,反应选择性达到95%.     

温度对β分子筛苯液相烷基化性能的影响

温度对β分子筛催化苯与乙烯液相烷基化反应性能的影响较大,本文从催化剂及反应角度两方面研究了温度对催化剂性能的影响。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、N₂物理吸附-脱附(BET)及吡啶吸附傅里叶变换红外光谱(Py-FTIR)等方法对自制的β分子筛进行表征,并考察了不同温度下β分子筛在苯与乙烯液相烷基化反应中的催化性能。结果表明,随温度升高,乙烯转化率升高,乙苯选择性降低,二乙苯选择性增加,其中,邻二乙苯选择性降低,对二乙苯选择性增加。同时,随温度升高,β分子筛上B酸量减少,主要为桥式羟基B酸和端基硅羟基B酸的减少。表明反应温度对乙烯转化率的影响主要受动力学控制;而温度对产物选择性的影响主要来源于温度对B酸量变化的影响,其中,乙苯选择性与B酸量有正相关性,邻二乙苯选择性与桥式羟基B酸量和端基硅羟基B酸量有正相关性。     

高硅铝比小晶粒NaY分子筛/高岭土复合物的合成及其催化裂化性能

以两种不同粒径的高岭土为原料,采用水热法合成了高硅铝比小晶粒NaY分子筛/高岭土复合物,通过XRD、SEM、晶粒度分析和N₂物理吸附等表征手段对复合物进行了结构和形貌表征。结果表明,与商品NaY相比,高岭土合成样品的结构稳定性和水热稳定性显著提高,以细化高岭土为原料合成样品的晶粒尺寸达310 nm,比表面积达807 m²·g^-1。以改性NaY分子筛/高岭土复合物为活性组分制备了催化裂化催化剂,采用NH₃程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)技术对其酸性特征进行了分析,并在小型微反装置上对其重油催化裂化性能进行了评价。研究结果发现,随着骨架硅铝比增大,催化剂表面酸中心强度增加,而酸量下降。采用细化高岭土合成的NaY分子筛/高岭土复合物的分子筛晶粒更小,催化剂酸中心数量以及催化裂化性能均大幅度提升。随着高温焙烧高岭土/偏高岭土质量比的增加,合成产物中的高岭土基质含量增加,催化剂表面酸中心强度下降。以原料高温焙烧高岭土/偏高岭土质量比为0.5,骨架硅铝比为6.1(摩尔比)的样品制备的催化剂,去柴重油转化率高达85.4%,同时有高达64.2%的汽油收率,表现出优异的重油催化裂化性能。     

不同铝源对SBA-15分子筛改性影响

为比较不同铝源对SBA-15分子筛改性的影响,以正硅酸乙酯为硅源,分别用异丙醇铝、氯化铝和硝酸铝对SBA-15分子筛进行改性, 运用XRD、N2等温吸附-脱附、SEM、 TEM和气相色谱对样品进行表征。将3种不同铝源改性SBA-15分子筛与USY分子筛复合制备加氢裂化催化剂,在固定床微型反应装置进行加氢裂化性能评价,结果表明,异丙醇铝在酸性条件下水解生成的Al(OH)^-₄更容易进入SiO₂骨架中,生成的产物异丙醇不影响铝离子的掺杂,由于异丙醇铝与正硅酸乙酯的水解速率一致,改性后所得材料孔分布更均一,规整性更高。将异丙醇铝对SBA-15分子筛改性后,与USY制备的复合分子筛催化剂用于正十二烷加氢裂化反应,选择性和转化率优于氯化铝和硝酸铝改性的分子筛。     

高硅铝比B-NaY分子筛合成及催化二乙苯烷基转移性能

为了得到性能良好的B-NaY分子筛,采用直接水热合成法合成杂原子B-NaY分子筛,研究了未处理硅源以及分别用草酸、硫酸、硫酸铝预处理硅源方法所合成B-NaY分子筛物化性能。结果表明,当采用草酸对硅源进行预处理时,可以得到相对结晶度为97%,骨架硅铝比为6.3的高硅B-NaY分子筛,且晶化速率较快。采用草酸对硅源进行预处理,不仅可以增大硅源中硅酸根离子的聚合度,而且在晶化过程中草酸作为一种络合剂能通过与OH-一起和Al3+配位形成四配位活性铝物种,促进凝胶溶解,使得溶液中活性铝物种含量增加,有利于加速晶化。考察了所合成分子筛在二乙苯与苯烷基转移制备乙苯的反应中的催化性能,在反应温度175℃、反应压力3 MPa、苯与二乙苯质量比2、质量空速为3.3 h-1条件下,二乙苯转化率达50%以上,乙苯选择性达99.3%。草酸预处理硅源合成B-NaY分子筛的方法操作简单、快捷,所合成B-NaY分子筛性能优异,有良好的工业应用前景。     

多乙烯基苯和苯烷基转移反应研究与催化剂活性分析

在某大型工业化装置上研究合成乙苯烷基转移催化剂EBZ-100的反应条件,考察反应温度、苯与多乙烯基苯质量比、水含量和空速等对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,当苯与多乙烯基苯质量比为(2.0~2.3)∶1、空速(3.1~3.5)h-1、反应物中水含量为100×10-6~400×10-6条件下,多乙烯基苯和苯进行烷基转移反应生成乙苯的收率最佳。烷基转移催化剂运行18个月后,出现乙苯收率降低现象,通过对反应物、反应生成物组成分析,发现反应物中携带过多丁基苯是影响多乙烯基苯转化率的重要因素。同时,根据烷基转移催化剂不同运行时间段的失活现象深入分析催化剂失活原因,研究恢复活性的方法,并提出通过热苯循环冲洗恢复催化剂活性的新思路,为同类装置稳定运行提供宝贵的借鉴经验。     

气相低浓度甲苯在超稳Y分子筛的吸附-脱附性能

为提高Y分子筛对可挥发性有机废气的选择性吸附能力,采用高温水热处理技术对NaY分子筛进行骨架脱铝制备超稳Y分子筛(USY),并在固定床反应器中考察了USY在水汽存在下动态吸附低浓度甲苯的性能。结果表明,随着USY分子筛骨架Si/Al比的增加,虽然其微孔孔体积和比表面积发生了下降,但形成了较多的中孔结构。并且骨架硅含量增加后,USY对非极性的甲苯分子选择性吸附能力明显增加,当Si/Al为22左右,在相对湿度50%下,单位面积甲苯吸附量要比水吸附量大5.6倍。热重脱附研究表明,经过改性后,甲苯脱附温度可从NaY的300℃下降到超稳Y分子筛的160℃,具有优良的热再生性能。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.