封闭空间内爆炸冲击波超压计算模型及分布特性研究

建立了封闭空间内爆炸的冲击波超压计算模型,将冲击波在不同壁面的反射冲击波等效为不同位置镜像爆源产生的入射冲击波,密闭空间内冲击波传播和作用过程等效为爆源与镜像爆源形成冲击波相互叠加的过程,基于LAMB规则,将所有爆源和镜像爆源的冲击波叠加,从而得到封闭空间内任意位置处的超压,并进行了结构内爆炸试验。研究结果表明,装药在封闭空间内爆炸超压呈现多峰性,典型位置处的计算超压时程曲线与试验超压时程曲线符合较好,峰值超压的计算误差小于10.78%,所建模型正确,能够用于内爆炸载荷的快速计算。     

坑道内化爆载荷数值模拟与泡沫混凝土吸能效应优化分析

针对密闭空间化爆载荷数值模拟及泡沫混凝土结构吸能效应优化设计问题,该文基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉(ALE)算法建立坑道内化爆的三维数值模型。采用有限元计算软件LS-DYNA对坑道试验进行数值模拟,研究200 kg TNT化爆下泡沫混凝土防护结构的三维构型、横截面积以及道数等因素对其吸能效应的影响。计算结果表明:在坑道内对称面各设置3道等距分布(比例距离为R=0.19 m/kg1/3),半径为1 m圆柱体泡沫混凝土防护结构的吸能效果较优,其超压峰值和100 ms准静态压力值较空腔爆炸分别下降71.4%和37.6%。     

室内爆炸超压荷载简化模型

美国UFC规范计算室内爆炸荷载时假设爆炸荷载在整个空间均匀分布,但由于壁面的限制作用,真实室内爆炸的压力场并不均匀。该文利用非线性显式动力分析程序AUTODYN的Remap技术对室内爆炸进行模拟,研究了壁面爆炸荷载的分布规律;依据壁面爆炸超压时程曲线特点及其峰值超压分布,对爆炸荷载作用区域进行划分,并提出了各区域爆炸荷载典型参数—峰值超压、冲击波作用时间、准静态峰值气体压力及吹降时间的计算式,建立了室内爆炸荷载简化模型,并进一步研究了爆源高度和房间尺寸对荷载简化模型的影响。结果表明:室内爆炸下壁面不同区域爆炸荷载的分布形式及计算方法不同,拟合得到了各区域爆炸荷载的简化计算式;爆源高度及房间尺寸对峰值超压影响较大,对冲击波冲量影响较小。     

基于密闭空间内爆的核爆冲击波载荷模拟试验和数值计算方法EI北大核心CSCD

为探索核爆载荷的模拟试验与数值计算方法,通过在密闭爆坑内均匀布置导爆索,利用小药量导爆索爆炸形成均匀的内爆炸压力载荷(平面波)模拟远距爆炸的核爆冲击波载荷,测量了爆坑底面对称布置的4个测点的压力载荷,分析了其载荷特征,并在考虑装药后燃烧效应影响的基础上,采用有限元方法对试验进行了数值计算分析。研究结果表明:试验与数值计算结果吻合良好,冲击波峰值超压偏差在10%以内,准静态压力峰值最大偏差5.7%;密闭爆坑内小当量U型导爆索爆炸下各测点压力载荷呈现较好的一致性,且能有效形成平面长脉宽冲击载荷,与核爆载荷特性相近。     

爆炸条件下结构超压-冲量曲线简化计算研究

超压-冲量(P-I)曲线可用于快速评估爆炸荷载作用下建筑结构的毁伤效应。基于单自由度等效体系运动方程和结构变形的理想弹塑性模型,在传统能量法基础上考虑阻尼影响,运用图像法计算阻尼耗能,得到了P-I曲线冲量区和准静态区的渐进线方程,在此基础上通过大量计算,得到了P-I曲线动态区的拟合公式。提出的简化计算公式与运用Newmarkβ法计算结构响应得到的P-I曲线相比较为一致,验证了所提方法的合理性。通过算例表明,随着延性比的增大,P-I图的冲量渐近线和准静态渐近线的值逐渐变小;随着阻尼比的增大,P-I图的冲量渐近线和准静态渐近线的值逐渐变大,且阻尼比对冲量渐近线影响明显。     

瓦斯爆炸在封闭管道内冲击振荡特征的数值模拟

摘要：为了研究爆炸波在封闭型系统的冲击和振荡特征及其特征参数变化规律,采用数值模拟的方法研究了封闭型管道内瓦斯爆炸的传播特征。研究结果表明：闭口型系统内的瓦斯爆炸呈明显的振荡特征,对于爆燃波,反射波有2道,即前驱冲击波的振荡和压缩波的振荡。由于冲击波的振荡叠加,使其最大爆炸超压和瞬态流速峰值与开口型系统相比较高,而且在反射波及稀疏波的影响下,爆炸波超压分为三个区。爆炸温度和动压同样呈明显的振荡特征,使得爆炸高温环境维持较长时间,爆炸动压在爆炸传播方向的动压与其他方向相比明显较大。研究结果解释了受限空间内爆炸破坏比开放型系统强烈的原因,为今后受限空间内爆炸的预防与控制提供了基础理论参考。     

马场坪收费站汽车爆炸破坏的数值模拟分析

应用LS-DYNA有限元程序建立马场坪收费站在汽车爆炸作用下的数值计算模型,对空间网架结构在爆炸作用下的冲击波超压、破坏过程和破坏模式进行了数值模拟计算。提取网架结构内表面有限测点的爆炸冲击波超压并将其进行本征正交分解（POD）,得到冲击波压力场的显性表达和主本征模态。对模拟计算结果与收费站实际破坏情况进行比较分析,揭示了空间网架结构的爆炸破坏机理和原因。数值结果表明,LS-DYNA非线性有限元模型与POD法的结合,能够准确地模拟空间网架结构在爆炸作用下的破坏过程和模式,充分泄爆可以防止空间网架结构在爆炸作用下的破坏倒塌,避免人员损伤。提出在空间网架结构的抗爆和防爆设计中,应采取“强结构弱围护”的设计原则。     

弯曲型橡胶缓冲器冲击试验与数值仿真

通常进行橡胶缓冲器的冲击有限元数值分析时，由于橡胶材料的应变率效应，需要采用材料动态本构模型。但是对于受冲击载荷的弯曲型橡胶缓冲器，根据弯曲型结构力学特点，提出采用准静态超弹材料模型替代复杂的超-粘弹动态模型进行有限元数值冲击分析的思路。通过鼓型弯曲结构橡胶缓冲器水下爆炸冲击试验，对比基于通用有限元软件ABAQUS进行的弯曲型橡胶缓冲器爆炸冲击仿真（准静态材料模型），验证上述思路的合理性与有效性。研究结果表明，该思路为类似的弯曲型橡胶缓冲器的冲击有限元数值仿真提供了一种简单、合理的工程设计借鉴。     

三维离散元法在岩体爆破过程研究中的应用

采用三维离散元程序研究了岩体中爆炸波的传播过程。首先 ,通过与弹性解析解的比较 ,验证了该程序的可靠性 ;然后用面面接触模型模拟了爆炸引起的地面振动 ,结果表明离散元法基本上可以客观地描述振动过程的一些性质。     

水下近场爆炸冲击波与射流载荷联合作用分析方法

针对舰船水下近场爆炸,提出综合考虑冲击波载荷与射流载荷的分析方法。对水下近场爆炸气泡脉动过程进行数值模拟,建立射流冲击计算模型,进而简化射流载荷,在冲击波阶段流固耦合模拟结束后自动添加射流载荷,形成完整水下近场爆炸过程的计算流程。建立舷侧板架结构有限元模型,采用MSC.Dytran软件进行流固耦合数值模拟验证方法的可行性。该方法综合考虑冲击波与射流载荷对结构作用,能较真实模拟水下近场爆炸过程,具有一定工程意义及参考价值。     

An inverse approach for pressure load identification

An inverse approach for the identification of pressure loading on a structure has been proposed and developed. In this approach, surface measurements of structural response (e.g. strain, displacement and velocity field measurements, such as can be measured with 3D digital image correlation) are utilized as input data and are combined with numerical simulations to identify the pressure load on a structure. The inverse approach has been verified by numerical benchmarks involving pressure identification under quasi-static as well as dynamic impulse loading conditions, and also been validated by an experiment involving a quasi-static pressure load. The results indicate that the proposed inverse method can identify not only the magnitude of the quasi-static pressure but also the impulsive pressure loading history. The developed inverse approach offers an opportunity to apply inverse analysis techniques to identify interactive pressure loads (such as those resulting from a blast wave) on structures in explosive events.     

漂浮式光伏电站方阵环境载荷计算方法研究

针对我国建成的全球首个单体容量达到40MW的漂浮式光伏电站方阵进行了环境载荷数值预报研究,在与风洞模型试验结果对比验证的基础上,基于计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)方法对该大规模方阵的整体风载荷和流载荷进行了数值研究。CFD计算的数值考察验证了采用简化浮体模型进行研究的可行性,单体模型的计算结果与风洞试验结果吻合良好;对方阵进行实尺度建模及3D简略计算,得到了整体风载荷在不同风向角下的变化规律;通过对最大载荷风向的北风条件下的载荷分布规律的分析,提出了2.5D计算的策略,得到了数值验证;根据计算结果设计并实施了18行×11列单元模块的缩尺方阵风洞试验,试验结果和CFD计算结果吻合良好,据此构建了完整的数值计算方法;对2.5D进行高精度计算,确定了针对3D简略计算的修正系数,得到较为准确的整体风载荷结果。流载荷计算方法与风载荷相同。采取势流计算方法开展了波浪载荷数值分析研究,得到了在单位波幅规则波作用下漂浮方阵波浪载荷随行和列的变化规律;根据此规律获得了整体漂浮方阵的波浪载荷,并据此计算了50年一遇的极端条件下漂浮方阵所受的波浪载荷。该研...     

建筑物内爆泄压口冲击波参数工程算法研究

建筑物内部爆炸泄压口冲击波参数的确定对于建筑物结构毁伤评估具有重要的作用,一旦泄压口冲击波参数确定以后,即可利用相应毁伤判据快速评估泄压口附近结构和设备的毁伤程度。由于内部爆炸波是初始爆炸波经过建筑物内壁面多次反射叠加作用的结果,在泄压口会形成不同于自由场的冲击波,目前还未有泄压口冲击波参数成熟的快速工程算法。为了分析泄压口冲击波参数、总结相应快速经验工程算法,本文在量纲分析的基础上,提出影响泄压口冲击波峰值压力和冲量相关的无量纲参数。然后利用首先利用AUTODYN软件数值仿真研究了特定当量内爆炸作用下冲击波形成的过程,分析了泄压口部冲击波压力波形,并研究了泄压口的冲击波峰参数与不同结构参数之间的关系,最后在大量数值计算的基础上总结了泄压口的冲击波参数的经验公式,为建筑物内爆毁伤评估奠定基础。     

Numerical prediction of concrete slab response to blast loading

In this paper, a dynamic plastic damage model for concrete material has been employed to estimate responses of both an ordinary reinforced concrete slab and a high strength steel fibre concrete slab subjected to blast loading. In the concrete material model, the strength envelope is a damage-based modified piece-wise Drucker–Prager model; the strain rate effect on tension and compression are considered separately; the damage variable is based on Mazars’ damage model, which is a combination of tensile and compressive damage. The equation of state (EOS) is also a combination of the porous and solid EOS of concrete with different forms for tension and compression states. The interaction between the blast wave and the concrete slab is considered in the 3D simulation. In the first stage, the initial detonation and blast wave propagation is modelled in a 2D simulation before the blast wave reaches the concrete slab, then the results obtained from the 2D calculation are remapped to a 3D model. The calculated blast load is compared with that obtained from TM5-1300. The numerical results of the concrete slab response are compared with the explosive tests carried out in the Weapons System Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Department of Defence, Australia. Repetitive applications of blast loading on slabs are also simulated and the results compared with test data.     

典型舱室内爆炸仿真分析

基于非线性有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,建立了大体积复杂结构的典型舱室模型,采用流固耦合算法,仿真分析舱内爆炸载荷传播特性,得出舱室撕裂破口主要集中在舱壁角隅处,加强筋结构大变形破坏,舱壁结构解体飞散,舱内由于冲击波反射作用形成准静态压力区等结果,可为舰艇毁伤和防护提供参考。     

Hybrid S2/Carbon Epoxy Composite Armours Under Blast Loads

Civil and military structures, such as helicopters, aircrafts, naval ships, tanks or buildings are susceptible to blast loads as terroristic attacks increases, therefore there is the need to design blast resistant structures. During an explosion the peak pressure produced by shock wave is much greater than the static collapse pressure. Metallic structures usually undergo large plastic deformations absorbing blast energy before reaching equilibrium. Due to their high specific properties, fibre-reinforced polymers are being considered for energy absorption applications in blast resistant armours. A deep insight into the relationship between explosion loads, composite architecture and deformation/fracture behaviour will offer the possibility to design structures with significantly enhanced energy absorption and blast resistance performance. This study presents the results of a numerical investigation aimed at understanding the performance of a hybrid composite (glass/carbon fibre) plate subjected to blast loads using commercial LS-DYNA software. In particular, the paper deals with numerical 3D simulations of damages caused by air blast waves generated by C4 charges on two fully clamped rectangular plates made of steel and hybrid (S2/Carbon) composite, respectively. A Multi Materials Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (MMALE) formulation was used to simulate the shock phenomenon. For the steel plates, the Johnson-Cook material model was employed. For the composite plates both in-plane and out-of-plane failure criteria were employed. In particular, a contact tiebreak formulation with a mixed mode failure criteria was employed to simulate delamination failure. As for the steel plates the results showed that excellent correlation with the experimental data for the two blast load conditions in terms of dynamic and residual deflection for two different C4 charges. For the composite plates the numerical results showed that, as expected, a wider delamination damage was observed for the higher blast loads case. Widespread tensile matrix damage was experienced for both blast load cases, while only for 875?g blast load fiber failure damage was observed. This agrees well with the experimental data showing that the composite panel was not able to resist to the 875?g blast load.     

钢筋混凝土隔离墙抗爆性能数值模拟研究

为了研究钢筋混凝土隔离墙在爆炸荷载作用下的动态响应和抗爆性能,采用LS-DYNA有限元软件建立9 m跨度隔离墙结构简化模型,模拟了不同药量和爆炸距离下隔离墙的动态响应。将模拟结果与经验超压公式计算结果和已有试验结果对比,验证了爆炸荷载和材料参数选取的合理性,分析了结构的破坏过程、冲击波作用规律、墙面荷载分布规律和结构变形情况。结果表明:建立的数值模拟可以较好地模拟爆炸冲击波与结构的相互作用;墙面冲击波压力衰减速率与药量和爆炸距离密切相关,墙面压力衰减幅度可达97.8%。在相同药量时,随着爆炸距离增加,墙体底部压力减小,顶部冲量增加;墙体结构由小变形转变为结构整体的较大变形;比例距离小于0.376■时,墙体底部容易发生剪切破坏。模拟结果可以为抗爆隔离墙的设计提供依据。     

Numerical simulations of blast loads and structural deformation from near-field explosions in air

Numerical simulations of air blast loading in the near-field acting on deformable steel plates have been performed and compared to experiments. Two types of air blast setups have been used, cylindrical explosive placed either in free air or in a steel pot. A numerical finite element convergence study of the discretisation sensitivity for the gas dynamics has been performed, with use of mapping results from 2D to 3D in an Eulerian reference frame. The result from the convergence study served as a foundation for development of the simulation models. Considering both air blast setups, the numerical results under predicted the measured plate deformations with 9.4-11.1%. Regarding the impulse transfer, the corresponding under prediction was only 1.0-1.6%. An influence of the friction can be shown, both in experiments and the simulations, although other uncertainties are involved as well. A simplified blast model based on empirical blast loading data representing spherical and hemispherical explosive shapes has been tested as an alternative to the Eulerian model. The result for the simplified blast model deviates largely compared to the experiments and the Eulerian model. The CPU time for the simplified blast model is however considerably shorter, and may still be useful in time consuming concept studies.All together, reasonable numerical results using reasonable model sizes can be achieved from near-field explosions in air.