考虑支护结构位移影响的非极限土压力计算模型及应用

针对经典朗肯与库伦土压力理论不能计算有位移影响的土压力问题,通过分析土压力与位移的非线性关系,在支护结构发生任意位移的状态下,建立了土体松弛应力和挤压应力的似双曲正切函数模型,推导出考虑位移影响下的非极限土压力计算公式,并对模型的合理性进行了验证。实例应用结果表明,计算值与实测值吻合较好,模型合理、有效。     

基于现场试验的钢管桩分层土p-y 曲线研究

基于江苏某海上风电项目2 m直径钢管桩水平单调加载试验,实测获得桩身弯矩、桩身位移随深度变化规律——桩身最大弯矩位于泥面以下3倍桩径深度附近,桩身弯矩与位移零值点随水平荷载增加逐渐下移。基于现场试验推算浅层土反力随位移变化关系,揭示分层土中土反力受土层厚度与地基反力系数的综合影响。综合m法和双曲线法p-y曲线,考虑分层土的地基反力系数、弹簧节点影响范围、深度及桩径等因素对地基土初始刚度的影响,在此基础上该文提出双曲线法,并与m法、API规范法、双曲线法等进行比较。结果表明:m法只考虑了线弹性变形,在计算桩基的水平小变形时与实测结果接近;API规范p-y曲线计算结果偏于保守;双曲线法p-y曲线计算水平位移值偏小,结果偏于危险;该文提出的双曲线法计算结果与实测值吻合良好。     

边坡下涵洞顶部垂直土压力三维数值计算

针对边坡下涵洞顶垂直土压力计算理论尚无系统研究的现状,为得到边坡下涵洞顶垂直土压力的变化规律,采用三维数值模拟计算方法,较为系统地研究了边坡下涵洞顶垂直土压力,以明确坡率、坡高、填土高度对洞顶土体垂直土压力的影响。结果表明,土压力系数均大于1,应力集中现象明显;土压力系数随填土高度的增加呈先增后减的趋势;随着坡高的增加,土压力系数呈非线性增大趋势,但在填土高度大于一定值后土压力系数趋于稳定;在一定填土高度范围内,坡率越大土压力系数越大,超过这个范围土压力系数差异很小。     

基于实测数据的海上风电大直径桩p-y 曲线研究

对砂土的小直径桩实测p-y(水平抗力-水平位移)曲线进行分析计算。分析桩土参数对实测p-y曲线的影响,并选用合理的标准化参数对各p-y曲线进行归一化,选用双曲线拟合归一化曲线。分析目前土体极限抗力的研究成果,选取合理的双曲线模型参数。由双曲线模型推得大直径(4~6 m)单桩的实测p-y曲线,通过软件ABAQUS和SACS对实例进行对比分析,证明双曲线模型以及参数选取的有效性及适用性。由双曲线模型得到的大直径p-y曲线形式简单,同时计算过程较简化。通过参数的选取,可充分考虑桩径和施工效应等因素的影响,普适性较好,可广泛用于工程中水平受载海上风电基础大直径桩的p-y曲线分析。     

挡墙地震主动土压力计算及其影响因素分析

鉴于Mononobe-Okabe理论应用于实际工程地震土压力计算时仅适用于无粘性土,在Mononobe-Okabe理论的基础上,分析了墙后土体的应力状态,推导了粘性和无粘性土地震主动土压力及主动土压力系数计算表达式,并结合算例分析了不同情况下土压力的分布特性。同时指出土压力的大小及分布主要与墙背土体参数和破裂面倾角假定有关,土压力合力作用位置随墙背摩擦角增大而上移,随地震角的增大而下移。     

K_0固结状态下土样的一种制备方法及其确定

为了获得K_0固结状态下的土样并测试其K_0值,利用模型槽测试系统制备了重塑K_0固结状态土样,以模型槽内固结土样为例,对其天然密度、含水率、重度等物理指标进行了测试分析,并采用经验公式法、K_0固结仪、三维土压力盒原位测试三种方法分别测试了土的静止侧压力系数K_0。结果表明,通过原位测试测得的K_0系数比较准确,其他两种方法均对土体有扰动而引起误差。另外,三维土压力盒测得的两个水平方向上的应力并不完全相同,由此表明两个水平方向尺寸对K_0值存在影响。     

基于静力触探的黏土中桩基p-y曲线研究

将华能灌云海上风电场试桩试验实测数据与4种基于CPT测试的黏土p-y曲线方法的理论计算结果进行对比。对比显示：传统的p-y曲线因其原始试验的局限性会显著低估桩侧土体的极限土反力，使桩基设计偏于保守；而双曲线型的p-y曲线虽然高估桩侧土反力，但是对桩侧土体初始刚度预测较准。根据以上对比分析结果，采用Matlab回归函数进行模型集成，将传统型p-y曲线模型与双曲线型p-y曲线模型结合，提出一种基于CPT测试的适用于黏土的复合p-y曲线模型。最后通过与已有工程实例实测数据进行对比，验证了新提出方法的可靠性。该方法可为黏土中水平受荷桩基计算提供新途径。     

基于静载试验的海上风电钢管桩砂土p-y 曲线研究

基于福建某近海风电项目2根钢管桩基础水平静载试验,获得桩身弯矩和位移随深度变化规律:桩身最大弯矩位于泥面以下1D(桩径)深度附近,桩身位移在泥面下约7 m达到零值。通过实测p-y(地基土水平抗力-桩水平位移)曲线,讨论中粗砂地层的初始刚度和极限抗力随深度变化规律,并分别给出考虑桩径、埋深影响的修正公式,并在此基础上提出修正双曲线模型计算砂土的p-y曲线,并与API(American Petroleum Institute)规范及双曲线模型进行比较。结果表明API规范高估了p-y曲线的初始刚度而低估了极限抗力,计算结果在桩基变位较小时偏于危险,在桩基变位较大时偏于安全;双曲线模型同时低估了初始刚度和极限抗力,计算结果偏于保守;此外,对于泥面以下0.5D范围的中粗砂地层,各类方法均低估了p-y曲线的初始刚度和极限抗力,建议适当增加。     

半无限平面内非饱和土降雨入渗的水—力耦合数值分析

降雨入渗是非饱和土中水分迁移的重要因素。通过VG模型、渗流理论和弹性力学理论,推导出二维非饱土水—力耦合控制方程,利用COMSOL Multiphysics有限元软件对非饱和土渗流变形耦合控制方程组进行计算,研究了不同模型尺寸下土体中压力水头随时间的演化及变化规律,采用数值方法探索半无限非饱和土降雨入渗问题。结果表明,半无限渗流问题在一定条件下可作为有限尺寸的渗流问题;降雨入渗过程中水头水平向变化比竖向大;压力水头在非耦合情况下比耦合情况下入渗更快,但两者的压力水头分布无明显差异;降雨初期顶点位移就发生明显的变化。     

海上风电基础修正p-y曲线模型研究

单桩基础是海上风电基础中应用范围较广的基础形式,目前工程中在分析桩土相互作用及单桩位移时常采用API规范推荐的p-y曲线模型进行计算。随着桩土理论的不断发展和进步,现有的API规范推荐的p-y曲线模型在应用于大直径桩的分析和计算时,其结果低估了不同深度处土体的极限土抗力,高估了初始地基反力模量,因而降低了计算结果的准确性。该文针对该问题,分析了现有p-y曲线法中影响极限土抗力和初始地基反力模量的因素;通过建立桩土相互作用的有限元数值模型,对不同桩径和土体深度的计算模型进行分析和数据回归,引入修正系数来考虑大直径桩的尺寸效应,并讨论了不同因素影响指数的变化规律,最终建立了适用于大直径单桩基础的修正p-y曲线模型。最后通过与模型试验和现场试验的结果对比,修正后的模型对极限土抗力和初始地基反力模量的计算更加符合实际情况,从而验证了修正p-y曲线模型的可靠性与合理性。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.