鱼油补充对中老年人群炎性衰老及相关疾病有益作用的研究进展

鱼油富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸（n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3 PUFA）,特别是人体必需脂肪酸二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid, DHA）和二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA）。DHA和EPA在体内可以衍生出具有抗炎作用的二十碳体,如前列腺素（prostaglandins, PGs）、血栓素（thromboxanes, TX）、消退素（resolvins, Rv）、白三烯（leukotrienes, LTs）和其他氧化衍生物等。且鱼油补充有助于人体炎性衰老相关因子（血清 IL-6、IL-1、TNF-α及 CRP）水平的降低,并对炎性衰老相关疾病具有积极预防效果。本文系统介绍了DHA、EPA二十碳体的衍生及与二十碳四烯酸（arachidonic acid, AA）衍生的关系。同时基于鱼油补充与人体炎性衰老相关因子的关系,总结了膳食鱼油在改善中老年人群心血管疾病、类风湿关节炎、认知障碍及2型糖尿病的作用。已有数据显示,鱼油在降低炎性衰老因子,血脂异常改善和类风湿性关节炎症状减轻方面具有积极的临床效果。但是,在认知功能障碍和2型糖尿病改善方面,尚缺乏充分的治疗或者预防作用相关证据。     

食源性抗炎活性肽的研究进展

生物活性肽是蛋白质降解后产生的具有一定生理调节功能的多肽,其生物学功能体现在抗菌、抗氧化、抗炎、降血压、免疫调节等方面。其中,抗炎活性肽可通过调控细胞因子的分泌、炎性介质的合成参与机体炎症反应,从而发挥生理调节功能。慢性炎症与心血管、糖尿病等疾病的发生有直接联系。与传统抗炎药物相比,食源性抗炎活性肽具有安全、无副作用的特点,可为预防机体炎症提供新的方法。本文综述食源性抗炎活性肽的制备、炎症调节及其参与的信号通路,以期为食源性抗炎活性肽类的科学研究及产品研发提供参考。     

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对结肠癌细胞HCT116抗增殖作用

目的:研究n-3多不饱和脂肪酸在结肠癌细胞内的代谢与转化,深入探究脂肪酸代谢调节因子LTB₄、PGE₂、LXA₄对结肠癌细胞HCT116的毒性作用。方法:选用结肠癌细胞HCT116为研究对象,采用不同浓度n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(ALA、EPA、DHA)和阳性药物5-氟尿嘧啶(以下简称5-FU)处理细胞,检测细胞存活率、细胞凋亡、细胞脂滴聚积、细胞脂肪酸组成变化,研究代谢因子LTB₄、PGE₂、LXA₄表达水平及其对细胞增殖影响。结果:ALA、EPA、DHA和5-FU对HCT116细胞的生长具有显著的抑制作用和诱导凋亡作用(p<0.05),ALA(200 μmol/L)、EPA(160 μmol/L)、DHA(120 μmol/L)诱导凋亡率分别为7.9%、21.8%、29.2%。ALA、EPA、DHA促进HCT116细胞内脂滴积聚状态,提高不饱和脂肪酸比例,降低LTB₄积累,提高LXA₄/PGE₂比率,使癌细胞趋向于抗炎状态。结论:n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(ALA、EPA、DHA)可通过促进抗炎因子LXA₄分泌,抑制促炎因子LTB₄生成,进而对HCT116细胞产生杀伤作用。     

DHA/EPA摄入比例对小鼠氧化应激和炎症的影响

目的:研究DHA/EPA比例对高脂膳食小鼠肝脏氧化应激和炎症因子表达的影响。方法:将40只雄性apo E-/-小鼠随机分为4组并给予高脂膳食,同时用葵花籽油、紫苏油、鱼油和藻油等调节膳食中n6/n3 PUFA的比例为4:1或DHA/EPA的比例(2:1、1:1和1:2)。12周后,用商业试剂盒或实时荧光定量PCR法检测小鼠血清或肝脏组织的氧化应激水平或炎症因子表达变化。结果:DHA/EPA替代植物来源的n3 PUFA-ALA并不能减少血清脂质过氧化产物MDA生成及提高血清和肝脏的SOD活性;与补充ALA相比,DHA/EPA为1:1时小鼠血清GSH含量显著升高(P0.05),DHA/EPA比例为1:1和1:2时小鼠肝脏的GSH水平显著升高(P0.05);DHA/EPA比例2:1可显著降低血清及肝脏的促炎因子表达。结论:在高脂膳食及膳食n6/n3 PUFA比例4:1的条件下,补充DHA/EPA比植物来源的ALA更能提高抗氧化能力和降低炎症水平,且当DHA/EPA比例1:1时抗氧化能力最好,而当DHA/EPA比例2:1时抗炎能力最强。     

低聚半乳糖体外抗炎活性及其构效关系

以脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7为体外炎症模型,以促炎症细胞因子白介素-1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)和炎症介质NO为指标,考察低聚半乳糖(GOS)的体外抗炎活性,并从聚合度的角度探究GOS抗炎活性的构效关系。结果表明,GOS能显著降低促炎症细胞因子(IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α)和炎症介质NO的分泌,表现出良好的体外抗炎活性。不同聚合度的GOS在调控促炎症细胞因子与炎症介质分泌能力上差异显著,较高聚合度的GOS表现出更强的体外抗炎活性。     

气相色谱法测定鱼油中的二十碳五烯酸、 二十二碳六烯酸和二十二碳五烯酸

目的通过优化鱼油中二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)、二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)和二十二碳五烯酸(docosapentaenoic acid,DPA)的测定条件,建立鱼油中EPA、DHA和DPA气相色谱定量检测分析方法。方法采用正己烷处理样品,经色谱柱(Agilent,Elite-WAX,30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm)分离鱼油中的EPA、DHA、DPA甲酯标准品,并进行定量检测。结果 EPA浓度在0.36~3.6 mg/m L、DHA浓度在0.37~3.7 mg/m L、DPA浓度在0.16~1.62 mg/m L的范围内与峰面积的线性良好,相关系数r0.999。在80%、100%、120%添加水平下,EPA、DHA和DPA的检出限分别为0.01%、0.03%、0.009%,EPA、DHA和DPA的回收率分别为96.2%、96.4%、95.7%。结论气相色谱法灵敏度高、准确、重现性好,适用于鱼油中EPA、DHA和DPA的含量测定。     

酶法富集小黄鱼内脏鱼油中EPA和DHA甘油酯

目的：以小黄鱼内脏精炼鱼油为原料,通过脂肪酶选择性水解法富集二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA）甘油酯和二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid,DHA）甘油酯。方法：采用气相色谱峰面积外标法定量测定EPA和DHA甘油酯总含量。通过单因素和响应面试验,考察反应时间、pH值、反应温度、加酶量等因素对富集效果的影响。结果：确定最佳工艺条件为反应时间4 h、pH 8.0、反应温度30 ℃、加酶量1.0%,在此条件下,EPA和DHA甘油酯总含量为21.65%,且4 个因素对EPA和DHA甘油酯富集的影响依次增强。结论：富集后鱼油理化指标和感官评价均优于精炼鱼油,EPA和DHA甘油酯总含量是富集前的1.74 倍,获得了天然的EPA和DHA甘油酯。     

膳食添加深海鱼油对机体内EPA和DHA质量分数的影响

为了研究体内EPA和DHA随膳食补充的变化规律,根据能量平衡原则,设计不同EPA和DHA组成的合成饲料,分为ω-3组,ω-6组和对照组(Ctl组)进行小鼠饲养实验,同时进行深海鱼油膳食补充人体实验,研究机体对EPA和DHA吸收效率。结果表明,饲养前后,在ω-3组中血液总脂肪酸EPA和DHA的质量分数分别增加9.1倍和1.99倍。饲养后ω-3组与ω-6组相比,肝脏总脂肪酸中EPA和DHA的质量分数分别增加66倍和3倍;附睾脂肪垫总脂肪酸中EPA和DHA的质量分数分别增加8.1倍和4.9倍。饲养后ω-3组与Ctl组相比,肝脏总脂肪酸中EPA和DHA的质量分数分别增加35倍和3.5倍;附睾脂肪垫总脂肪酸中EPA和DHA的质量分数分别增加8.1倍和5.8倍。人体补充深海鱼油后,血液总脂肪酸中EPA的质量分数上升4.4倍,而DHA的质量分数上升1.4倍。因此在膳食中富含或缺乏EPA时,机体内EPA的质量分数会快速升高或降低,而DHA则相对稳定,EPA比DHA更容易受到膳食脂肪酸的影响。     

气相色谱法测定鱼油软胶囊中二十碳五烯酸和 二十二碳六烯酸的柱前衍生化方法改进

目的建立柱前衍生-气相色谱法测定保健食品中二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)含量的分析方法。方法鱼油软胶囊经皂化后用1%的硫酸-甲醇甲酯化,用气相色谱法测定,FID检测器检测,色谱柱为DB-FFAP(30 m×0.25 mm,0.25μm),进样口温度250℃,检测器温度260℃,柱温215℃,直接进样,外标法定量。结果 EPA和DHA在0.05~5 mg/mL范围内线性良好(r_(EPA)=0.9999,r_(DHA)=0.9999),EPA和DHA的回收率分别为93.1%~102.3%和92.2%~103.9%,EPA和DHA的相对标准偏差均小于3%。结论该方法操作简便、快捷,避免了有毒试剂的使用,定量准确,重现性好,适合大批量样品的快速检测。     

二十碳五烯酸生物活性及药理作用研究进展

二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)属ω-3系列多不饱和脂肪酸,是人体内的微量生物活性物质和必需的高度不饱和脂肪酸。EPA具有降血脂、降低心血管疾病风险、抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化应激、稳定斑块及稳定细胞膜等作用,是重要的辅助治疗药物和保健品原料。目前EPA相关的临床试验有300多例,涵盖了心血管疾病、癌症、糖尿病及其他代谢类疾病等。     

Red wine polyphenols protect n−3 more than n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acid from lipid peroxidation

Moderate red wine consumption is associated with decreased risk for cardiovascular disease; however, the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of red wine polyphenols (WP) on the oxidizability of human plasma fatty acids, in particular those most involved in the inflammatory response — archidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The oxidizability of the major fatty acids of plasma was determined by measuring their loss gaschromatographycally during peroxidation kinetics induced by 2′-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine)-dihydrochloride. The capacity of WP to scavenge 1,1,diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals, and trap total peroxyl radicals in plasma (TRAP) was also measured. WP (1.75–5 μg/mL) inhibited DPPH, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals and increased TRAP in a dose-dependent manner. WP (1.75 μg/mL) significantly protected all plasma PUFA from peroxidation but the protection of EPA and DHA was higher than that of AA. These results suggest that the association of WP to apolipoproteins makes EPA and DHA less accessible to hydro-soluble radicals than AA, thus providing a biochemical rationale for future ‘in vivo’ studies on the benefits to health of moderate red wine consumption.     

EPA、DHA改善神经系统的几种间接机制研究进展

EPA、DHA是两种最受重视的ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸,其对包括大脑在内的神经系统的保护作用已经反复被证实,但对于其作用机制尚且了解不够深入和全面.除了本身作为神经细胞的磷脂的重要成分发挥直接作用,近年来发现EPA、DHA还通过各种间接机制发挥了强大的调节效应.重点综述了 EPA、DHA的各种衍生物在神经保护方面发挥效应的...     

不同类型n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对心血管疾病的防治作用及其机制研究进展

3种主要的食源性n-3多不饱和脂肪酸包括α-亚麻酸(ALA)、二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)。综述了ALA、EPA和DHA降低甘油三酸酯水平和血小板凝集,改善炎症和氧化应激指标以及改善血管和心脏血液动力学的功能,从而对动脉粥样硬化等心血管疾病起到防治作用。此外,总结了联合使用ALA、EPA和DHA防治心血管疾病的作用,并进行了展望。     

Effects of EPA and DHA on blood pressure and inflammatory factors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract

The present study aimed to clarify whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have differential effects on blood pressure and inflammatory mediators. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and Scopus updated to Apr. 2018. The mean changes in risk factors of chronic diseases were calculated as weighted mean difference (WMD) by using a random-effects model. Twenty randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The summary estimate showed that EPA intervention significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) (-2.6?mmHg; 95%confident interval (CI): -4.6, -0.5?mmHg), especially in subjects with dyslipidemia (-3.8?mmHg; 95%CI: -6.7, -0.8?mmHg). The pooled effect indicated that supplemental DHA exerted a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in subjects with dyslipidemia (-3.1?mmHg; 95%CI: -5.9, -0.2?mmHg). Both EPA (-0.56?mg/L; 95%CI: -1.13, 0.00) and DHA (-0.5?mg/L; 95%CI: -1.0, -0.03) significantly reduced the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), respectively, especially in subjects with dyslipidemia and higher baseline CRP concentrations. Given that limited trials have focused on EPA or DHA intervention on concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, further RCTs should be explored on these inflammatory factors. The present meta-analysis provides substantial evidence that EPA and DHA have independent (blood pressure) and shared (CRP concentration) effects on risk factors of chronic diseases, and high-quality RCTs with multi-center and large simple-size should be performed to confirm the present findings.     

n-3脂肪酸鸡蛋营养价值分析

n-3类脂肪酸健康功效明确,其中EPA和DHA对降低心血管疾病风险等方面有较强作用,但人群摄入量往往不足.研究表明,通过对母鸡饲料进行n-3脂肪酸强化能有效地增加蛋黄内EPA和DHA的含量,其中DHA强化鸡蛋比未强化鸡蛋含量高2.4～10倍.每人每天食用1～2个n-3脂肪酸鸡蛋可使得机体每日摄入的EPA和DHA达到膳食推荐量.而由于n-3脂肪酸的引入,相应的安全性评估也应加强,包括需从n-3脂肪酸的摄入量、n-3脂肪酸鸡蛋里的深海鱼污染物和胆固醇含量等几个方面进行评价.     

Health effects and metabolism of dietary eicosapentaenoic acid

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a long chain fatty acid of the n-3 series, is found in marine foods. Beneficial effects of these foods containing EPA on factors associated with cardiovascular disease risk and arterial thrombosis have been demonstrated. More recently, studies have suggested that EPA may also have a favourable effect on other human diseases such as arthritis, renal disorders, psoriasis and possibly also cancer. EPA is metabolized in a manner generally similar to that of arachidonic acid (AA) although some significant differences between the two are apparent. The metabolic fate of dietary EPA in human subjects is reviewed herein with inclusion of information from animal studies where human data is not available. The metabolism of EPA in the phospholipids of human platelets is emphasized to some extent. Effects of EPA on AA metabolism are also described.