餐桌上的橄榄和橄榄油

由欧盟提供资金、意大利全国橄榄种植集团（S．C．a．r．l．）与意大利外贸委员会（ICE）联合主办的“餐桌上的橄榄和橄榄油”巡回宣讲计划顺利结束。此次以“走遍中国——推介油料精品的历史、文化及营养价值”为主旨的巡回宣讲活动。[第一段]     

麦角甾醇在灵芝孢子油鉴别与质量评价中的应用

建立了灵芝孢子油中麦角甾醇含量测定的HPLC法,并探讨了其在鉴别灵芝孢子油与食用植物油等方面的应用。采用高效液相色谱法对灵芝孢子油及菜籽油、大豆油、玉米油、葵花籽油、花生油和橄榄油中麦角甾醇含量进行了测定。结果发现,菜籽油等6种植物油中均未检出麦角甾醇,而灵芝孢子油中麦角甾醇含量较高,麦角甾醇具有专属性,可作为特征指标,用于鉴别灵芝孢子油与菜籽油、大豆油、玉米油、葵花籽油、花生油和橄榄油。10个不同品牌灵芝孢子油中麦角甾醇含量在(0.65~2.79)mg/g之间,灵芝孢子油中麦角甾醇含量较高且差异较大,麦角甾醇可作为一个质量评价参数,用于灵芝孢子油真伪鉴别及质量评价。     

美味橄榄油，健康添活力——国际油橄榄理事会在华举办橄榄油品鉴体验会

<正>特级初榨橄榄油和初榨橄榄油是纯天然食品,具有独特的橄榄果香和丰富的口感,突显了原汁原味,无论是清炒蔬菜还是肉类料理都非常合适,他们是时尚健康用油,长期食用更有益于身体健康。在日益追求美味与健康的今天,特级初榨橄榄油和初榨橄榄油在餐桌上占据着愈来愈重要的位置。橄榄油,是指采集油橄榄鲜果利用机械冷榨、经过过滤等处理除去异物后得到的油脂。市场上常见的有三种橄榄油:特级初榨橄榄     

厨房里的问与答

1．怎样辨别橄榄油的优劣？ 答：挑选橄榄油要首选特级初榨橄榄油。这种油通常是冷榨（标签上会标明ColdPressed或ColdEXtraCted）的。冷榨法是将油橄榄果通过机械进行直接压,这种方法提取的橄榄油,天然纯正,营养成分不会受到任何破坏。还有一种方法是精练法（Refined）,这种方法实际上是化学浸出法,橄榄果中的色素及其他营养成分会受到严重破坏。生产工艺在产品标签上不一定可以看到,所以在挑选橄榄油时可通过观、闻、尝三种方法判断优劣。     

国际橄榄理事会的定位和使命及相关标准

国际橄榄理事会(IOC)是国际政府间组织,致力于橄榄油和食用橄榄领域工作,旨在实现橄榄生产的现代化、协调橄榄政策、改善国际贸易监管、保护橄榄行业质量以及促进橄榄油和食用橄榄的消费量.IOC每年会对实验室和品评小组授予认可,这些实验室和品评小组必须满足IOC认可的橄榄油物化检测实验室和初榨橄榄油感官分析实验室的标准.IO...     

《2015年国际橄榄油和食用橄榄协定》解析

《2015年国际橄榄油和食用橄榄协定》（International Agreement on Olive Oil and Table Olives, 2015）是国际商品协定的一种,由联合国于2015年10月9日在日内瓦万国宫谈判后通过。基于此组建的国际橄榄理事会（International Olive Council）是全球橄榄贸易领域的权威组织。该协定最早版本于1959年首签,2015年第六版有效期至2026年12月31日。本文介绍协定内容并就以下方面进行解释：国际橄榄理事会的工作目标,橄榄油和食用橄榄的有关名词术语,成员理事会的组成方式和行政机构,各成员国在理事会的参与份额计算方式。截止2020年成员国方面的变动为伊拉克退出,增加巴勒斯坦、格鲁吉亚两个国家,文中所列成员参与份额为2020更新的数据。另外2021年毛里塔尼亚有望同意签署2015年版本协定,正式加入该组织。了解和熟悉国际橄榄油和食用橄榄协定是中国橄榄油行业融入世界贸易外循环的前提条件。作为国际大宗初级产品的主要进口和出口国,本文介绍的橄榄油和食用橄榄协定的一般原则与组织方式值得借鉴,我国应当在其它初级产品贸易规则的标准制定方面掌握主动,发出更多中国声音,为完善全球治理做出中国贡献。     

便携式激光拉曼光谱法快速鉴别橄榄油掺假

目的采用便携式激光拉曼光谱仪,建立激光拉曼光谱对橄榄油进行快速鉴别的方法。方法对橄榄油样品进行光谱扫描及基线校正后,以1440 cm-1作为参考波数,对拉曼光谱数据进行归一化处理。结果对80余份橄榄油样品进行统计分析,发现75%的样品在1265 cm-1的拉曼光谱强度值低于540。特级初榨橄榄油中掺加果渣油,会使1265 cm-1和1650 cm-1的特征峰增强,1525 cm-1处的精细结构变小直至消失。结论拉曼光谱具有便捷、快速、无损分析的特点,可作为橄榄油真伪鉴别在线初步筛查的工具。     

海底椰煲鸡

橄榄油是从橄榄果中榨取出来的一种淡黄色透明液体，被誉为“液体黄金”，富含易于被皮肤吸收的脂溶性维生素A、D、E、K、F。与其它植物油相比。橄榄油的粘性较强，这种粘性使皮肤可将之很好的吸附，防止皮肤水分蒸发，进而滋润营养肌肤，消除及延缓皱纹出现，减缓皮肤老化进程。橄榄油是皮肤保养佳品。夏季涂抹橄榄油，可防紫外线对皮肤的伤害，避免晒红、脱皮；冬天用橄榄油擦脸、唇和手脚，可滋润保护皮肤，防防肌肤干裂。     

橄榄木酚素及其生物活性研究进展

橄榄木酚素包括松脂醇和1-乙酰氧基松脂醇,是存在于橄榄油中的主要酚类化合物。橄榄木酚素是构成特级初榨橄榄油内源性抗氧化体系的重要脂质伴随物之一。对橄榄木酚素的生物合成与代谢途径,含量、分布及稳定性,吸收代谢,体外抗氧化活性,生物活性进行了综述,提出橄榄木酚素研究存在的问题,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为橄榄油提质制取和木酚素相关健康产品研发提供理论指导。     

基于多元素含量分析结合化学计量学技术的橄榄油等级鉴别方法

基于多元素含量分析结合化学计量学技术对特级初榨橄榄油和精炼橄榄油进行等级鉴别。结果表明,采用主成分分析可成功区分特级初榨橄榄油和精炼橄榄油,建立可靠的橄榄油等级鉴别的正交偏最小二乘法判别分析模型,结果与主成分分析一致,且各等级橄榄油组内聚类效果明显;聚类分析也有效鉴别了两种等级橄榄油。筛选出区分两个等级橄榄油的8 种特征性元素,分别为Al、Fe、Cu、Ba、V、Sc、La、Zn。因此,采用多元素含量分析结合化学计量学技术可用于特级初榨橄榄油和精炼橄榄油的鉴别。     

近红外光谱法用于橄榄油的快速无损鉴别

通过近红外光谱仪采集各种食用油与掺杂的初榨橄榄油的数据,运用聚类分析法对各种食用油进行聚类分析,结合主成分分析法对橄榄油的掺杂与否进行定性判别。结果表明,聚类分析和主成分分析法都有很好的定性鉴别能力,主成分分析法的鉴别模型预测未知样本的正确率达到100%。该方法快速、无损、简便,为橄榄油掺杂的定性鉴别提供了一种新的选择。     

Storage-time effects on olive oil DNA assessed by Amplified Fragments Length Polymorphisms

In this study Amplified Fragments Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) analysis was applied on DNA extracted from different monovarietal olive oils. The aim was to study how the length of storage after milling of the oil can affect the use of DNA as an analyte for molecular traceability. Results, all assessed by statistical analyses, showed that the authentication of olive oil with molecular methods should be performed within a month from olive oil production. After this period, a significant decrease of quality of DNA extracted from olive oil was observed, with a consequent loss of information, that can affect the reliability of the results.     

A Cost-Efficient and Simple Plant Oil DNA Extraction Protocol Optimized for DNA-Based Assessment of Product Authenticity

DNA-based assays offer precision in ascertaining the species/cultivar origin of agro-food products. Yet, obtaining DNA of sufficient quality and quantity is the main challenge while performing DNA-based food authentication analyses. The aim of the present work was to standardize a cost-efficient, easy-to-apply, yet effective plant oil DNA isolation protocol that allows reliable downstream PCR-based analyses. Because capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation of species/cultivar discriminating genomic fragments is a widely adopted approach in food genomics, a CE system was utilized in order to assess the performance of the proposed cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB)-based protocol. A plastid intergenic spacer and a nuclear olive gene were used as targets in order to evaluate the amplificability of DNA extracted with the CTAB-based protocol. The plastid barcode not only allowed assessing the reproducibility of PCR amplifications from the extracted oil DNA samples (olive, hazelnut, corn, rapeseed, cottonseed, and soybean oils) but also proved successful in discriminating all tested oil crop species based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms. Moreover, the barcode assay proved successful in correctly identifying the tested olive oil: cottonseed oil blends as admixtures of the two oil species. Thus, it was also feasible to demonstrate the potential of the barcode sequence as a discriminatory analyte to detect adulteration in plant oils. In addition, application of a CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence) assay designed to genotype a nuclear SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) marker resulted in the successful identification of the two single-cultivar olive oils included in the study. As a result of the present work, it was feasible to standardize a reliable and cost-efficient DNA extraction protocol that works well with both unrefined (olive and hazelnut) and refined (corn, rapeseed, cottonseed, and soybean) oils.     

Comparison of the Frying Performance of Olive Oil and Palm Superolein

Abstract: Deep‐fat frying is an important method of food preparation in which foods are immersed in hot oil. Repeated use of frying oils is a common practice, and in the presence of atmospheric oxygen it produces various undesirable reactions in used oils. Stable frying oils usually require low linolenic acid (LnA < 3%), increased oleic acid (OA > 40%), and decreased linoleic acid (LA < 50%). The aim of this study was to establish the behavior of palm superolein (PSO) (OA 45%; LA 12.5%; LnA 0.2%) and olive oil (OO) during repeated, discontinuous deep frying of French fries. The behavior of the oils under controlled heating conditions was also studied by maintaining all of the process variables the same as those in deep frying, except that there was no food in the oil. The PSO selected to be tested in this study may represent an alternative to OO as a frying medium. Although PSO presented a faster increase in some oxidation indices, such as free fatty acid and total polar compounds, for other indicators, PSO showed better behavior than OO (less formation of C8:0 and lower peroxide value). Practical Application: The super palm olein selected for use in this study can be suggested as a suitable replacement for olive oil for frying and cooking purposes because it provides higher oxidative stability besides the beneficial effects of olive oil on human health. In fact, several studies have indicated that palm oil exhibits similar frying performance to high‐oleic oils, with the advantages of greater availability in the market and a lower price.     

Single-laboratory validation of a GC/MS method for the determination of 27 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oils and fats.

A protocol for the measurement of 27 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in vegetable oils by GC/MS has undergone single-laboratory validation. PAHs were measured in three oils (olive pomace, sunflower and coconut oil). Five samples of each oil (one unfortified, and four fortified at concentrations between 2 and 50 microg kg(-1)) were analysed in replicate (four times in separate runs). Two samples (one unfortified and one fortified at 2 microg kg(-1)) of five oils (virgin olive oil, grapeseed oil, toasted sesame oil, olive margarine and palm oil) were also analysed. The validation included an assessment of measurement bias from the results of 120 measurements of a certified reference material (coconut oil BCR CRM458 certified for six PAHs). The method is capable of reliably detecting 26 out of 27 PAHs, at concentration <2 microg kg(-1) which is the European Union maximum limit for benzo[a]pyrene, in vegetable oils, olive pomace oil, sunflower oil and coconut oil. Quantitative results were obtained that are fit for purpose for concentrations from <2 to 50 microg kg(-1) for 24 out of 27 PAHs in olive pomace oil, sunflower oil and coconut oil. The reliable detection of 2 microg kg(-1) of PAHs in five additional oils (virgin olive oil, grapeseed oil, toasted sesame oil, olive margarine and palm oil) has been demonstrated. The method failed to produce fit-for-purpose results for the measurement of dibenzo[a,h]pyrene, anthanthrene and cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene. The reason for the failure was the large variation in results. The likely cause was the lack of availability of (13)C isotope internal standards for these PAHs at the time of the study. The protocol has been shown to be fit-for-purpose and is suitable for formal validation by inter-laboratory collaborative study.     

常见植物油鉴别及掺伪的气相色谱新检测法

用气相色谱法分析测定了常见植物油脂酸组成与含量,对其有关实验条件进行了优选,获得常见植物油脂脂肪酸组成与含量正常值。测定模拟掺伪常见植物油脂脂肪酸组成与含量,获得掺伪常见植物油脂脂肪酸组成与含量的变化规律。建立了常见植物油油品的鉴别及其掺伪的气相色谱检测法,可快速鉴别常见植物油的种类,对常见植物油是否掺掺伪可作出快速判别,同时对掺伪植物油可作定性、定量分析。用本法对市场销售食用植物油进行抽检,共抽检了262件油样,检出掺伪芝麻油83件、掺伪菜油47件,掺伪花生油菜23件,掺伪橄榄油11件,掺伪量10%～95%不等。表明这种方法行之有效的。     

Quality analysis,classification, and authentication of liquid foods by near-infrared spectroscopy: A review of recent research developments

Nowadays, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) has become one of the most efficient and advanced techniques for analysis of food products. Many relevant researches have been conducted in this regard. However, no reviews about the applications of NIR for liquid food analysis are reported. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent research developments of NIR technology in the field of liquid foods, focusing on the detection of quality attributes of various liquid foods, including alcoholic beverages (red wines, rice wines, and beer), nonalcoholic beverages (juice, fruit vinegars, coffee beverages, and cola beverages), dairy products (milk and yogurt), and oils (vegetable, camellia, peanut, and virgin olive oils and frying oil). In addition, the classification and authentication detection of adulteration are also covered. It is hoped that the current paper can serve as a reference source for the future liquid food analysis by NIR techniques.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in olive oils on the Italian market.

The six olive oils and seven virgin olive oils which are most consumed in Italy were analysed for 28 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The aim was to evaluate whether a carcinogenic hazard for the general population can derive from the dietary intake of this food, which is consumed particularly highly in the Mediterranean area. The analytical method involved extraction by liquid-liquid partition, filtration on silica gel, clean-up by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel, and analysis by high-resolution gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The 3- and 4-ring PAHs which are most abundant in the environment were found in all samples, at individual levels up to ca. 40 micrograms/kg (for phenanthrene); no important difference was observed between olive oils and virgin olive oils. PAHs which are most suspected of being carcinogenic for humans were not detected (limit of detection, ca. 3 micrograms/kg). The average yearly intake of the detected PAHs through this food was estimated at ca. 0.56 mg per capita.     

AFLP molecular markers to identify virgin olive oils from single Italian cultivars

Olive oil traceability becomes instrumental to ensure the consumer’s protection, particularly for extra virgin olive oil, the quality of which is highly related to the cultivars employed. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the possibility of identifying the cultivar used to obtain the derived olive oil by the analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. To this purpose, ten virgin olive oils were prepared in the laboratory from ten different very common Italian cultivars and were then analysed using six AFLP primer combinations. The technique was optimised for fragmented DNA of oil in order to enhance the intensity of the bands in the AFLP patterns. The obtained results indicated a percentage of polymorphism ranging from 16% for Pst-AGC/Mse-AGT to 43% for Pst-AGC/Mse-ACA. The diversity index was comprised between 90.2% for Pst-AGC/Mse-AGT and 95.2% for Pst-AGG/Mse-AGG. One of the six primer combination analysed, namely Pst-AGG/Mse-AGG, was able to distinguish all the olive oil examined, and a similarity tree of the samples was elaborated.     

Elaboration of Four Olive Oil Certified Reference Materials: InterOleo-CRM 2006 Certification Study

The study for the elaboration and certification of four olive oil reference materials covering all the physical–chemical characteristics, defined in Commission Regulation (EC) 1989/2003, is reported herein. The different steps of the process, preparation of reference materials, homogeneity and stability studies, and characterization study have been carried out for 14 laboratories from five European countries. The certificate of analysis for these certified reference materials (CRMs) provide assigned values for concentrations of more than 50 parameters or characteristics of olive oils in compliance with the European legislation about the labeling of food products. The certified values and its corresponding uncertainties were obtained applying robust statistics to the raw data provided by the laboratories taking part in the interlaboratory study. The certificate is valid for a maximum period of 18 months from the elaboration date. These four CRMs are intended for use as a primary material for quality control and for validation of analytical methods for measurements in authentication and adulteration problems of olive oils.