基于卡尔曼滤波的烟气NOx浓度融合测量方法

烟气中NO_x浓度的快速准确测量对提高燃煤电厂脱硝系统效率、降低氮氧化物排放具有十分重要作用。针对目前燃煤电厂烟气连续监测系统（Continuous emission monitoring systems,CEMS） NO_x浓度测量存在较大滞后和采样管路吹扫过程中无法进行有效测量等问题,结合CEMS测量和软测量技术各自的特点,提出基于卡尔曼滤波与数据融合技术的NO_x浓度测量方法。阐述了基于卡尔曼滤波的烟气NO_x浓度融合测量方法的原理和特点,并利用燃煤电厂的历史数据对该方法进行了验证。结果表明：通过合理地选择融合测量参数,基于卡尔曼滤波的数据融合测量方法能有效克服CEMS测量滞后问题,并具有较快的测量响应速度和较高的测量精度。当CEMS测量失效时,融合测量依然能够根据软测量值对NO_x浓度进行估计,提高了NO_x浓度测量系统的可靠性。     

NUSIMEP-7微粒比对分析

为提高含铀微粒中铀同位素比值的测定水平,欧盟联合研究中心 “标准物质和测量研究所” 定期组织微粒分析技术的国际比对。中国原子能科学研究院微粒分析实验室于2010年参加了“核特征的实验室间测量评价计划”（NUSIMEP-7）,旨在准确测量含铀微粒中同位素比值。本研究测量了单同位素、双同位素沉积碳片上含铀微粒的²³⁵U/²³⁸U、²³⁴U/²³⁸U、²³⁶U/²³⁸U,结果表明,90%以上的测量数据在“满意数值”范围内。     

MC-ICP-MS两步静态法测量U-Th同位素

本研究建立了多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱（MC-ICP-MS）两步静态法测量U-Th同位素的分析步骤和数据处理流程。对于U同位素,第一步用二次电子倍增器（SEM）测量²³⁴U,同时用法拉第杯测量²³³U、²³⁵U、²³⁶U和²³⁸U;第二步用SEM测量²³⁶U,同时用法拉第杯接收²³³U、²³⁴U、²³⁵U和²³⁸U。对于Th同位素,第一步用SEM测量²²⁹Th;第二步用SEM测量²³⁰Th,同时用法拉第杯接收²²⁹Th和²³²Th。U和Th的测量均通过两个步骤的多次循环采集同位素数据。该方法的关键在于采用SEM与法拉第杯测量的²³⁶U_SEM/²³³U_FC比值（经过质量歧视校正）与²³⁶U/²³³U真值的比较以校正SEM与法拉第杯的相对增益。本研究采用两步静态法重复分析了U同位素的国际标准样品Harwell uraninite（HU-1）。测量结果表明,HU-1的δ²³⁴U平均值为（-0.48±1.92）‰,误差为单次测量结果的标准偏差（±2σ,n=55）。该结果与国内外不同实验室发表的数据在误差范围内一致。此外,本研究将两步静态测试法与SEM跳峰扫描法分别用于分析次生碳酸盐岩实验室标准样品的U-Th同位素和²³⁰Th/U年代（SB-530、SB-8600、SB-108K、SB-240K、SB-335K和SB-435K）。对比实验结果表明,MC-ICP-MS两步静态法测量U-Th同位素行之有效,²³⁴U/²³⁸U和²³⁰Th/²³⁸U比值的分析精度可分别达到1‰~2‰和1‰~3‰,然而该方法的可靠性还需要更多国际标准样品的检验。     

真空渗碳铼带用于痕量铀同位素比的测量

离子化效率低是制约热电离质谱（TIMS）准确测量痕量铀同位素比的主要因素之一。对铼带进行渗碳处理能够增强铀的离子化效率,从而提高TIMS测量痕量铀的能力。本研究采用简易的渗碳装置,在不同条件下对铼带进行渗碳处理。采用全蒸发法测量痕量铀样品的离子化效率及同位素比,对比不同渗碳条件对离子化效率及质量歧视系数的影响。较优的渗碳条件为：苯蒸气压0.1 Pa,渗碳电流2.5 A,渗碳时间1 h。采用这种铼带对10 pg铀样品的离子化效率可达0.25%,约是双带法的5倍。对于10 pg样品,²³⁵U/²³⁸U测量的外精度在1%以内,²³⁴U/²³⁸U、²³⁶U/²³⁸U测量的外精度小于5%。渗碳铼带还能够实现对1~2 pg铀样品的测量,对1 pg的CRM020A、2 pg的IRMM184样品,²³⁵U/²³⁸U测量的外精度小于1%,²³⁴U/²³⁸U测量的外精度小于5%。     

分析温室气体及CO2碳同位素比值的傅里叶变换红外光谱仪

改进了傅里叶变换红外分析仪（FTIR）的硬件设计以实现温室气体及CO₂碳同位素比值的多组分、高精度、连续自动测量。首先,对FTIR分析仪测量系统进行了设计和理论分析,引入了温度和压力监控系统以及全密封气路干燥系统。然后,讨论了光谱的定量分析过程。最后,设计了标准气体对比测量实验。实验结果表明：分析仪测量CH₄,CO,CO₂和δ¹³CO₂值的标准偏差分别为0.01×10^-6,0.011×10^-6,0.239×10^-6和0.572‰,与常规FTIR测量系统相比,其检测的标准不确定度分别提高了6.3,8.45,10.54和14.73倍,其系统误差分别提高了2.88,1.93,4.67和4.66倍;对比分析仪与同位素质谱仪对δ¹³CO₂值的测量结果,标准偏差分别为0.572‰和0.171‰,二者测量的标准不确定度相近。所设计的温室气体及CO₂碳同位素比值FTIR分析仪能够满足多组分、高精度、连续自动测量的需要。     

基于EPF10k的虚拟与AT89C52智能共享等精度计数系统

以复杂可编程逻辑器件实现系统计数,采用等精度测量技术,借助PC/AT89C52对30mV～50V、1Hz～100MHz的周期信号,虚拟/智能地完成8×10-6精度的频率/周期测量,同时采用闸门测量技术完成脉宽、占空比的测量,仿真与实验效果好,介绍了系统集成思想与设计方案。     

基于AVR微处理器的高精度转速测量装置研制

传统的M/T测速方法在测量转速时,存在误差大的问题。采用AVR嵌入式ATmega128微机处理器作为控制核心,提出一种转速检测自动修正控制算法,此算法低速时也能完成0～±2000r/min的高精度实际转速测量。研制出集测量、转换、显示及反馈功能于一体转速测量装置,通用于交、直流电动机的转速测量中,具有检测时间短、测量精确度高、寿命长及通用性强等特点。     

特种设备检验检测机构中仪器设备的检定/校准结果确认

为了有效地判定委托外部检定、校准的检测设备的结果能否满足被测参数要求,保证测量设备状态的有效性、测量结果的准确性和良好的溯源性,检验检测机构制定检定/校准结果确认管理制度,对计量部门出具测量设备的检定、校准证书、检测报告的所有测量设备的检定、校准/检测结果进行确认。     

科技新成果信息

PG-1型钳式用电状况监测记录仪该仪器采用模拟—数字复合乘法器、数字移相器积分型A/D及单片处理器等微电子技术。可对单/三相(三相三线、三相四线)电力线路的电压、电流、有功功率、无功功率、频率等参数实现直接测量,并由单片机完成对单/三相功率因数、视在功率、设定时间内的平均电压、平均电流、平均功率等参数的计算。电压、电流测量准确度:1.5％量程;有功功率测量准确度:2.0％量程;无功功率测量准确度:3.0％量程,频率测量准确度:0.03Hz。     

小型14C加速器质谱仪实验条件研究

本文基于小型化¹⁴C专用加速器质谱仪（GXNU-AMS）进行了系统介绍及实验条件研究,包括束流引出调试、剥离气体与电荷态的确定、束流传输调试及本底排除调试。该仪器由中国原子能科学研究院与广西师范大学合作研制,在广西师范大学进行安装调试。仪器采用单极静电加速,最大工作电压为230 kV。仪器的测量精度为0.5%,测量灵敏度为¹⁴C/¹²C≈1.0×10^-14（测量本底4万年）,可满足生命科学、考古学等领域的测量要求。     

Automated setup and fixture planning system for box-shaped parts

The topic of the research is related to the domain of computer-aided manufacturing process planning. This paper deals with the problem of setup and fixture planning for the machining of box-shaped parts on the horizontal machining centres. The setup and fixture planning involves the definition of setups, the setup sequence and conceptual design of fixtures for each setup. The central topic of this research is the automation of the conceptual design of fixtures. This topic is interconnected with the setup planning, and accordingly, the aim of the author has been the integrated handling of tasks of setup and fixture planning and the finding of solution in an integrated system. Based on the workpiece model, the developed system automatically determines the setup sequence, the content of setups and the conceptual solution of fixture for each setup. The paper presents the problems of fixture solutions and the partial tasks of workpiece holding, the typical solution of partial tasks and the conditions of their application and finally offers a new method, which makes the integrated handling of tasks of setup and fixture planning and finding solution in an integrated system possible.     

Computer aided manufacturing planning for mass customization: part 2, automated setup planning

Setup planning plays a crucial role in CAPP to ensure product quality while maintaining acceptable manufacturing cost. The tasks of setup planning include identifying manufacturing features and corresponding manufacturing processes, determining the number of setups, part orientation, locating datum and process sequence in each setup, and selecting machine tools and fixtures. An automated setup planning technique and system has been developed based on not only the tolerance analysis, but also the manufacturing resource capability analysis. The automated setup planning is divided into two levels: setup planning in single part level and in machine station level. Algorithms for setup generation and process sequencing have been developed and a case study of setup planning is presented.     

An integrated fixture planning system for minimum tolerances

Fixture planning is an important aspect of process planning. The steps involved in automatic fixture planning are manufacturing feature recognition, setup planning and fixture configuration planning. In the present work, an integrated setup and fixture planning system is developed for minimum tolerances at critical regions using a data exchanged part model as an input. A platform-independent STEP-based automatic feature recognition system that can recognize both design and manufacturing features, including intersecting features is implemented. An automatic setup planning module is developed for generating setup plans for complete machining of a given component. A fixture planning module is developed applying the criteria of uniqueness, stability, accessibility and tolerance minimization. A case study is presented to demonstrate the capabilities and integration between the various modules of the system.     

微型超纯水控制系统设计

针对微型超纯水生产设备的控制系统，就设计中的单片机系统配置、控制系统的输入输出接口、单片机系统软件程序设计、系统参数设置及窗口显示等设计内容进行了论述，并提出了超纯水生产设备控制系统较详细的设计方案。     

A hardware-and-software package for multichannel studies of sound transmission in the human respiratory system

A setup for multichannel studies of sound vibration transmission in the human respiratory system is described. Accelerometers are used as sensors for recording signals on the surface of the chest. The setup records signals from 14 acoustic sensors. The studied frequency range is 80–1000 Hz. A program for visualizing signals, recorded on the chest surface, is designed. The setup is intended to record both natural respiratory sounds and artificial sounding signals transmitted to the chest surface. The advantage of the setup is the use of widespread universal devices.     

一种基于最优库存的非完全柔性制造系统的调度模型

对象是只有一台不可靠（ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ－ｐｒｏｎｅ）机器的非完全柔性制造系统,该系统能生产多种产品,但在同一时刻只能生产一种产品,并且当由生产一种产品向生产另一种产品切换时,引入了ｓｅｔｕｐ时间及其成本。决策变量是ｓｅｔｕｐ开始时间和生产计划。本文基于非完全柔性制造系统的特点,考虑正常生产情况下,建立了考虑ｓｅｔｕｐ时间及成本的流率控制最优化模型。并给出了有限时域上寻优的动态规划算法的充分必要条件。     

System for automatic gauge block length measurement optimized for secondary length metrology

This paper presents a contactless system for automatic gauge blocks calibration based on combination of laser interferometry and low-coherence interferometry. In the presented system, the contactless measurement of the absolute gauge block length is done as a single-step operation without any change in optical setup during the measurement. The optical setup is combined with compact gauge block changer with a capacity of 126-ga blocks, which makes the resulting system fully automatic.The paper also presents in detail a set of optimization steps which have been done in order to transform the original experimental setup into the automatic system which meets secondary length metrology requirements. To prove the measurement traceability, we conducted a set of gauge block length measurement comparing data from the optimized system and the established reference systems TESA NPL A.G.I. 300 and TESA–UPC operated in Czech Metrology Institute Laboratory.     

The measurement setup for real-time biomechanical analysis of rowing on an ergometer

This paper presents the development and evaluation of the measurement setup for a real-time biomechanical analysis of rowing on an ergometer. The setup consists of a measurement system and a system for data processing. The measurement system consists of a Concept2 rowing ergometer instrumented by force sensors, incremental encoders and an optical system for measuring the kinematics. The measurement data is used as an input to a dynamic model which calculates the rower’s body joint loadings. Real-time data processing and analysis provide real-time feedback on rowing performance and technique to the user. For the evaluation of assessment methodology, five top-level rowers and five non-experts newly introduced to rowing participated in an evaluation experiment. The noticeable distinctions between the measured parameters in the experts and non-experts were measured. The results show that this measurement setup can be successfully used for detailed characterization of rowing technique.     

The MPD test beam setup for testing detectors with the Nuclotron beams

A new specialized MPD Test Beam setup was mounted at the extracted beam of the Nuclotron at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research to carry out methodical research and test detectors produced for the MPD experiment at the NICA accelerating facility. The setup is described in detail. The results of the testing of fast detectors for the MPD time-of-flight system are presented as an example of the operation of the setup.     

R22及其替代工质管内相变换热实验系统的比较研究

从系统组成、实验工况、管型及测量精度等方面,对．R22及其替代工质的各种管内相变实验系统进行了比较研究,提出并建立了适用自然替代工质R290和混合替代工质R404A的强化管内相变换热实验研究系统。