机械行业工人肌肉骨骼损伤的调查

选择机械行业８７９名工人作为观察组,另选年龄、性别、工龄相近的９４６名行政管理人员作为对照组,通过询问调查及体验,观察组人员肌肉骨骼损伤的检出率显著高于对照组（Ｐ０．０１）,且随着工龄延长而升高。体验的各种指标阳性率显著高于对照组（Ｐ０．０１）。患有肌肉骨骼损伤的观察组工人中有９０．３％的人认为长期固定的作业姿势是造成肌肉骨骼损伤的原因。提示：长时间固定的作业姿势是肌肉骨骼损伤的一个危险因素。     

中小学教师工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患及其危险因素的研究

目的为了解中小学教师工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患现状,探讨其发生的危险因素,制定针对性预防措施提供科学依据。方法对某市7所中小学教师进行工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患的横断面调查。结果在时间段为过去1 a内,肌肉骨骼疾患患病率颈部最高(42.0%),依次为肩(35.9%),腰(38.4%),背(29.2%);肌肉骨骼损伤的患病率高中教师明显高于初中和小学教师,其中身体的9个部位患病率的差异均有统计学意义;颈、肩部位患病率女性高于男性。工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患的危险因素:长时间坐位、站立、同一姿势,长时间保持扭转姿势,没有东西可以倚靠,没有充足的休息时间,每周课时≥14 h。结论教师的职业因素与肌肉骨骼损伤发生具有很强的相关性。     

基于OWAS方法的选煤厂工人肌肉骨骼损伤分析

探讨选煤厂拣矸作业中危险姿势对工人肌肉骨骼损伤的影响。通过问卷调查和工作姿势分析系统（OWAS）对工人不良作业姿势重复出现的比例以及身体损伤状况进行评估与分析。结果显示工人背部和颈部出现不良作业姿势的比例、危害和损伤程度较高。这与疲劳自觉症状调查和OWAS系统分析所得出的结果基本一致。采取恰当的轮岗方式,增加座椅以及防护装备可有效降低工人肌肉骨骼的损伤程度,同时会更好的提高工作表现并减少工伤事故的发生。     

公安刑侦人员神经行为功能状况调查

对５３ 名公安刑侦人员和５２ 名夜大学生进行神经行为功能测试。结果：观察组困惑迷茫及数字译码得分显著低于对照组（ Ｐ０ ．０５） ;工龄分组中,８ 年工龄组的简单反应时、有力好动测试高于≤４ 年工龄组,数字跨度得分则低于≤４ 年工龄组（ Ｐ０ ．０５） 。提示,刑侦人员情感状态比较稳定,但视觉感知、记忆及手部反应能力降低,随着工龄的增加,即时听记忆及注意力集中程度也降低,视觉反应时值延长     

坐姿工作者躯干慢性肌肉骨骼损伤工效学分析

躯干慢性肌肉骨骼损伤(CMI)是坐姿体位工作人群的一类与工作有关疾病．为了研究坐姿体位与颈椎病、肩颈痛和下背痛的联系，文章调查分析了709名坐姿体位、836名坐立交替体位和648名站立体位工作人员躯干CMI患病情况，调查结果表明，坐姿体位人群肩颈和下背部CMI患病率比其他2种体位人群明显升高，不同坐姿体位间患病率也存在差异。结果提示长期坐姿工作是躯干CMI患病危险因素之一，不同坐姿体位对CMI发病也会产生较大影响。     

网店从业人员MSDs的职业病研究

旨在研究MSDs职业病在网店从业人群中的分布情况和影响因素,并给出相应改善建议。研究采用肌肉骨骼疾患调查表,发现样本的年患病率高达94.7%,其中以颈部和肩部患病率最高。因此,需从人体工效学角度科学地设计办公间的布局和人机界面,合理调整工作姿势,尽量保持高频率的工间休息,并结合有氧运动、柔韧练习等运动疗法,以缓解和治疗MSDs。     

全身振动对卡车司机消化系统危害调查研究

文章对８６名卡车司机接触全身振动对消化系统的影响进行了调查研究，发现当卡车ａｚ轴、ａｘ轴振动加速度值与世界标准化组织《全身振动评价标准》（ＩＳＯ—２６３１）相比有７３．５％和１６．６％超过ＩＳＯ—２６３１—１９７８年“疲劳——减效界限”；１１．７％和３．３％超过“暴露极限”标准时，卡车司机胃炎、胃及十二指肠溃汤的患病率明显高于对照组，差别有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

VDT作业职业卫生与工效学的研究

以461名VDT作业者和226名不接触VDT的办公室人员(对照组)为对象．进行了健康检查及VDT作业环境的卫生和工教学调查．结果表明：VDT组眼睛、中枢神经和肌肉骨骼系统症状的发生率明显高于对照组；角膜莹光素染色阳性率明显高于对照组．且作业前后有显著差别：晶状体混浊率显著高于对照组：作业1年后视力下降人数较就业前明显增多；眼睛调节近点、闪烁融合频率和明视持久度视觉疲劳指标作业后明显变化．IgA水平明显低于对照组；神经行为功能也受到一定影啊；立体视觉、视野、色觉及自细胞总数和分类在两组人员无显著差别；作业环境噪声、照度和空气离子敦不符合标准或建议值。桌椅设备和人体测量结果比较，说明有待工教学设计上的改善。     

共聚物电解质MA－Na_2／AA－Na水溶液的粘度特性

对共聚物电解质ＭＡ－Ｎａ２（顺丁烯二酸钠）／ＡＡ－Ｎａ（丙烯酸钠）水溶液ηＳＰ／Ｃ（比浓粘度）与浓度的关系、中性盐及溶液ｐＨ对ηＳＰ／Ｃ的影响进行了研究。结果表明，稀释ＭＡ－Ｎａ２／ＡＡ－Ｎａ溶液时，ηＳＰ／Ｃ急剧上升，而稀释含中性盐（ＫＣｌ或ＣａＣｌ２）的ＭＡ－Ｎａ２／ＡＡ－Ｎａ溶液体系时（中性盐含量保持０．０１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ），ηＳＰ／Ｃ的变化却不大。添加极少量（＜０．０５％）中性盐，可使ＭＡ－Ｎａ２／ＡＡ－Ｎａ溶液体系的ηＳＰ／Ｃ大幅度下降，当中性盐浓度大于０．０５％时，ηＳＰ／Ｃ趋于稳定。溶液ｐＨ＝８时，ηＳＰ／Ｃ最高，ｐＨ＜８或ｐＨ＞８时，ηＳＰ／Ｃ迅速降低。     

接触低浓度一氧化碳工人行为功能改变

文章选择接触一氧化碳（ＣＯ）工人６１人为观察组（另选５６人作为对照组）进行了ＷＨＯ推荐的神经行为核心测试组合（ＷＨＯ－ＮＣＴＢ）研究。结果表明：接触组在情感状态、简单反应时、数字跨度、手工敏捷度、数字译码和视觉保留等项目的标准得分显著低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），并且在简单反应时和手工敏捷度两项指标上存在剂量－反应关系。提示长期反复接触ＣＯ可对中枢视觉系统功能状态产生不良改变。     

木工上半身肌肉负荷影响的差异性定量研究

目的在特定实验任务中,对专业木工和初学者木工的表面肌电图信号进行差异性分析,为木工提供合理的工作策略指导其减少工作相关肌肉骨骼疾患(WMSDs)的发病率。方法本研究模拟木工的工作任务,测定21名专业木工和21名初学者木工的4块前臂肌肉(肱桡肌、尺侧腕伸肌、尺侧腕屈肌、桡侧腕屈肌),3块肩部肌肉(前部三角肌、中部三角肌、后部三角肌)和斜方肌的表面肌电信号(sEMG)差异,并以经验水平、工作任务和肌肉类别为对比项对表面肌电信号的平均值和峰值统计学分析。结果专业木工和初学者木工之间sEMG的均值和峰值无显著性差异,初学者木工8块肌肉都表现出较高的肌肉活动水平;从局部肌肉的sEMG均值和峰值来看,木工工作任务对前部三角肌和后部三角肌造成较大肌肉负荷;经验水平、工作任务和肌肉类别对专业木工和初学者木工上半身的肌肉负荷的影响有显著差异。结论经验对木工的肩膀肌肉负荷有较大缓解作用,对降低木工工作时的肌肉疲劳度和损伤风险度具有积极作用。     

农用运输车驾驶室人机界面的试验评价

应用机械系统人机界面优化匹配的试验评价方法，对农用运输车驾驶室人机界面进行了试验评价，给出了该人机界面的定量评价结果，指出了其中存在的不合理因素并提出了一些元、部件的合理布置建议。探讨了机械系统人机界面优化匹配试验评价方法在农用运输车驾驶室人机界面评价中的应用。     

连续键盘输入作业疲劳状况研究

目的本文分析军事领域连续键盘输入作业过程中操作者疲劳发生状况及特点。方法通过应用问卷调查方法,分析操作者疲劳发生趋势和主要症状;应用计算机仿真方法,评估操作者肌肉骨骼系统不适的具体发生位置。结果 (1)作业过程中操作者体力疲劳和脑力疲劳并存,且随着作业时间延长呈现出显著加重的单调趋势;(2)肌肉骨骼系统不适及疲劳主要集中在肩周、腕部、上臂及躯干部位。结论军事领域连续键盘输入作业特点决定了操作者疲劳是全面、单调显著加重的,且疲劳发生累计容易导致操作者肌肉骨骼系统损伤,因此,需要积极采取疲劳预防及对抗措施。     

Preventing home health nursing assistant back and shoulder injuries

BACKGROUND: Franklin County Home Health Agency (St Albans, Vermont) undertook a performance improvement project in 1996 to reduce employee injuries. A review of recent injuries led to the prevention of licensed nursing assistants' (LNAs') back and shoulder injuries as the first priority. Root causes of injuries were agency communication, employee training, patient home environment, nursing assistant body mechanics, and failure to use safety measures. Given that injury causality is complex and multifactorial, a variety of improvement strategies were implemented over the following two to three years. IMPLEMENTATION OF POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS: Short-term (a few months), mid-term (six months), and long-term (one year) potential solutions to the LNA back and shoulder injury problem were charted. Safety and health training was the major focus of the team's short-term plan. Risk management forms were to be used to identify and follow up on hazardous situations. RESULTS: Project plans that were successfully implemented included revision of LNA plans of care, standardization of the return-to-work process after injury, development of guidelines for identifying unsafe patient lifts and transfers, improved follow-up of employee reports of injury-risk situations in patient homes, improved body mechanics screening of new employees, and a stronger injury-prevention training program for current employees. A less successful initiative was aimed at collecting more data about injuries and causal factors. Employee injuries were gradually reduced from 4-10 per quarter to 0-3 per quarter. CONCLUSIONS: Injury prevention requires commitment, persistence, and patience--but not expensive improvements. Multiple interventions increase the chances of success when there are many root causes and lack of evidence regarding the effectiveness of various approaches.     

Occupational radiation exposure during removal of radioactive reactor components from GRR-1 pool

The aim of the study was to control occupational exposure during the removal of radioactive reactor components from a Greek research reactor pool. The method comprised the prediction of the radiation levels, the design of special shielding structures and the occupational dose assessment. Activation calculations were performed using the FISPACT code to predict the source term. Monte Carlo simulations using MCNP code were utilized to estimate the ambient dose equivalent rates. The results of the calculations were verified by measurements and were found to be in good agreement. Thermoluminescence dosemeter (TLD) and electronic personal dosemeter (EPD) were implemented to measure the radiation exposure of the workers. The total collective dose of 14 participating workers was 0.15 man mSv. The maximum individual effective dose was 0.02 mSv, and the maximum extremity equivalent dose was 0.09 mSv. The discussed method provides a useful tool enabling work planning during reactor decommissioning and renovation activities ensuring that exposures will be maintained ALARA.     

Head restraints--the neglected countermeasure

In a rear-end crash, if an occupant's head is unsupported it lags behind as the torso is accelerated forward. This causes the neck to change shape, first taking an s-shape and then bending backward in a 'whiplash' motion. This sudden differential movement of the head and torso can cause 'whiplash' injuries to the neck. This paper reviews methods to minimize the differential head/torso movement and reduce the resulting injuries, focusing on the necessary first step for prevention, which is a head restraint that is behind and close to the back of an occupant's head during the crash. The history of head restraints since the 1950s is reviewed, with particular attention to advanced restraint designs that are proving effective in reducing whiplash injury risk in dynamic tests using a new crash test dummy neck and a new neck injury criterion.