超临界水堆子通道分析

超临界水堆作为6种第4代未来堆型中唯一的水冷堆,具有一些独特的特点,受到了广泛重视。本工作以上海核工程研究设计院的常规压水堆子通道程序为基础,开发编制了适用于超临界水堆的子通道程序,并对典型带有慢化剂水棒的超临界水堆燃料组件进行了模拟计算,得到了堆芯子通道内的温度、燃料棒包壳温度、表面传热系数等参数的分布规律。此外,研究了不同超临界流体换热关系式对计算结果的影响,结果显示,各传热关系式的计算结果存在一定差异。     

Multi-dimensional analysis of two-phase flow inside subchannels of nuclear fuel assembly

In subchannel analysis, the conservation equations are solved for each channel in a complex fuel bundle, where the effects of fluid exchange between each subchannel are considered. The fluid exchange is commonly referred to as that caused by cross flow. Void drift is considered to be phenomenon resulting from attaining a hydrodynamic equilibrium state. Its mechanism has not been clarified, and the transport due to void drift is therefore estimated through empirical models in conventional subchannel analyses. Therefore, mechanistic model for the void drift phenomenon is required to apply the subchannel analysis to a variety of fuel bundle geometry. In this study, multi-dimensional analysis using two-fluid model was applied to two-phase flow inside a geometry simulating fuel bundle subchannels, for the purpose of clarifying the void drift mechanism. The comparison between the results of the numerical analysis and the experiment confirmed that the reliability of the numerical method used in this study. In this paper, a mechanistic model based on the Stanton number, which expresses the void diffusion coefficient based on the Lahey's proposal, was proposed.     

Matrix calculation of radiant heat transfer in LWR fuel bundles under accident conditions

A computer code was developed for calculating the radiant heat transfer in a LWR fuel bundle under accident conditions. The calculation method is a modular one: a fuel bundle or its part is divided into unit cells, each of which is composed of a coolant subchannel surrounded by several segments of solid or imaginary faces. The view factor matrix in each cell is expanded over the whole bundle using the concept of ‘boundary face’ between cells, and the resultant heat transfer equations are simultaneously solved for solid wall temperatures. The geometrical flexibility of this method is suitable for treating various simulation experiments for accidents. The method is also effective for repeated calculations of the radiant heat transfer reflecting state or material property changes when analyzing fuel rod behaviour under accident conditions.     

Thermal-hydraulic performance analysis of a subchannel with square and triangle fuel rod arrangements using the entropy generation approach

The present paper discusses entropy generation in fully developed turbulent flows through a subchannel,arranged in square and triangle arrays. Entropy generation is due to contribution of both heat transfer and pressure drop. Our main objective is to study the effect of key parameters such as spacer grid, fuel rod power distribution,Reynolds number Re, dimensionless heat power ω, lengthto-fuel-diameter ratio λ, and pitch-to-diameter ratio ξ on subchannel entropy generation. The analysis explicitly shows the contribution of heat transfer and pressure drop to the total entropy generation. An analytical formulation is introduced to total entropy generation for situations with uniform and sinusoidal rod power distribution. It is concluded that power distribution affects entropy generation.A smoother power profile leads to less entropy generation.The entropy generation of square rod array bundles is more efficient than that of triangular rod arrays, and spacer grids generate more entropy.     

Single phase transport within bare rod arrays at laminar, transition and turbulent flow conditions

A theoretical analysis has been performed to study molecular and turbulent transport phenomena between subchannels of infinite bare rod arrays at laminar, transition and turbulent flow conditions. For this investigation, the theoretical approach of Ramm and Johannsen for predicting turbulent momentum and heat transfer in rod bundles has been extended to evaluate three-dimensional temperature fields. Results are presented enabling the prediction of the onset and growth of laminarization in typical subchannels of square and triangular rod arrays. These results are further applied to interpret the characteristic effects of variations in Reynolds number, Prandtl number or geometric spacing on integral exchange parameters as the thermal mixing flow rate and mixing length scale. These results are of particular significance relative to the explanation of recent data from tracer-type mixing experiments and also exhibit the importance of secondary flow effects on turbulent intersubchannel energy transport. In view of these findings, the physical relevance of current correlations derived from integral-type experiments to numerically predict exchange coefficients for use in lumped parameter subchannel analysis codes is discussed.     

基于流固共轭传热的两相流动数值模拟及燃料子通道CHF预测研究

为对过冷沸腾两相流动进行准确模拟,并探索临界热流密度（CHF）预测方法,本文基于共轭传热和两相CFD分析的方法,通过流固界面耦合,建立流固共轭传热两相流动耦合求解的数值模型。首先通过典型燃料棒栅元过冷沸腾两相流动的模拟,验证数值模型的正确性。随后对燃料子通道内两相流动进行模拟,并在两相流动模拟的基础上,通过准瞬态的方法,建立与CHF试验过程非常近似的CHF预测方法,将加热壁面的温度飞升作为CHF判定的标准,实现对燃料组件子通道CHF的数值预测。研究表明,本文建立的数值模拟方法,可为燃料组件或其他换热系统的CHF预测奠定基础,为燃料组件的设计提供新的辅助手段。     

On the transport mechanisms in simulated heterogeneous rod bundle subchannels

Experimental results are presented on fully developed turbulent flow through simulated heterogeneous rod bundle subchannels. The emphasis of this study is on the universality of the cross-gap turbulence convection transport with respect to symmetric versus asymmetric subchannels. The flow passage was formed by a rod asymmetrically mounted in a trapezoidal duct. The Reynolds number based on the equivalent hydraulic diameter and bulk average axial velocity is 26 300. The measurements include mean axial velocities, r.m.s. values of the fluctuating velocity components and the energy density spectra. The results demonstrate the existence of an unusual region near the asymmetric rod-to-wall gap characterized by high levels of axial turbulence intensity with a remarkably different type of distribution compared with a normal boundary layer. It is also shown that the strength of the cross-gap transport is subchannel geometry dependent. The distributions of wall shear stress and turbulence kinetic energy indicate that mean convection by secondary flow is also an important transport mechanism that should be taken into account in the analysis of momentum/heat transfer in rod bundle subchannels.     

Prediction of Transient Boiling Transition in BWR Fuel Rod Bundles by Subchannel Analysis Program MENUETT

Transient CHF (critical heat flux) tests of a 4 X 4 rod bundle were analyzed by the subchannel analysis program MENUETT. MENUETT is based on a non-equilibrium, five equation, two-phase flow model and is available both for steady state and transient analyses. Turbulent mixing and void drift effects are taken into account to calculate cross flows in fuel rod bundles. The tendency of calculated subchannel mass fluxes and qualities agreed with experimental data. By using a critical quality correlation obtained from steady state CHF data, the position of the earliest boiling transition could be predicted regardless of non-uniform axial heat flux distributions. This transition occurrence time was predicted within a difference of 0.1～0.3 s from the experimental time. MENUETT applicability was confirmed for transient calculations predicting thermalhydraulic behavior in bundles.     

5×5花瓣形燃料棒束组件内单相流动与换热特性数值模拟研究

相较于传统圆柱形燃料棒,花瓣形燃料棒具有安全裕量高等优点,研究其在压水堆运行工况下的热工水力特性具有重要意义。本文通过STAR-CCM+对5×5花瓣形燃料棒束组件进行数值模拟研究,计算并分析了组件内二次流速度、温度、换热系数等关键热工参数,获得了入口流速、螺旋节距对组件内部流动与换热特性的影响规律。计算结果表明：花瓣形燃料棒的螺旋结构可增强冷却剂的横向流动,同一高度上燃料棒表面温度分布具有周期性,增大入口流速可增强燃料棒的表面换热,消除温度分布的不均匀性。此外,螺旋节距大于750 mm,燃料棒换热性能与无扭转的燃料棒相差不大,甚至更低。     

Prediction of the single-phase turbulent mixing rate between two parallel subchannels using a subchannel geometry factor

This paper presents a simple method for predicting the single-phase turbulent mixing rate between adjacent subchannels in nuclear fuel bundles. In this method, the mixing rate is computed as the sum of the two components of turbulent diffusion and convective transfer. Of these, the turbulent diffusion component is calculated using a newly defined subchannel geometry factor F^* and the mean turbulent diffusivity for each subchannel which is computed from Elder's equation. The convective transfer component is evaluated from a mixing Stanton number correlation obtained empirically in this study. In order to confirm the validity of the proposed method, experimental data on turbulent mixing rate were obtained using a tracer technique under adiabatic conditions with three test channels, each consisting of two subchannels. The range of Reynolds number covered was 5000–66 000. From comparisons of the predicted turbulent mixing rates with the experimental data of other investigators as well as the authors, it has been confirmed that the proposed method can predict the data in a range of gap clearance to rod diameter ratio of 0.02–0.4 within about ±25% for square array bundles and about ±35% for triangular array bundles.     

数值反应堆堆芯通道级三维热工水力程序CorTAF开发及初步验证

堆芯是核动力系统的核心部件,其完整性是反应堆安全运行的重要前提。传统核反应堆堆芯热工水力分析方法无法满足未来先进核动力系统的高精度模拟需求。本文依托开源CFD平台OpenFOAM,针对压水堆堆芯棒束结构特点建立了冷却剂流动换热模型、燃料棒导热模型和耦合换热模型,开发了一套基于有限体积法的压水堆全堆芯通道级热工水力特性分析程序CorTAF。选取GE3×3、Weiss和PNL2×6燃料组件流动换热实验开展模型验证,计算结果与实验数据基本符合,表明该程序适用于棒束燃料组件内冷却剂流动换热特性预测。本工作对压水堆堆芯安全分析工具开发具有参考和借鉴意义。     

Pressure drop and heat transfer in gas-cooled rod bundles

Extensive experimental and analytical investigations of fluid flow and heat transfer in gas-cooled rod bundles have been carried out. Different bundle geometries with partially or fully roughened rod surfaces were tested in a carbon dioxide loop. An advanced and comprehensive measuring control and instrumentation are important design features of this experiment. Comprehensive thermal hydraulic subchannel analysis computer codes have been developed in order to assist fuel element design calculation for gas-cooled reactors. The experiments, codes and their verification procedure are described and the results of comparisons between measured and calculated pressure and temperature distributions are given.     

International Solvent Extraction Conference ISEC ′90

The supercritical-water-cooled power reactor (SCPR) is expected to reduce power costs compared with those of current LWRs because of its high thermal efficiency and simple reactor system. The high thermal efficiency is obtained by supercritical pressure water cooling. The fuel cladding surface temperature increases locally due to a synergistic effect from the increased coolant temperature, the expanded flow deflection due to coolant density change and the decreased heat transfer coefficient, if the coolant flow distribution is non-uniform in the fuel assembly. Therefore, the SCPR fuel assembly is designed using a subchannel analysis code based on the SILFEED code for BWRs.

The SCPR fuel assembly has many square-shaped water rods. The fuel rods are arranged around these water rods. The fuel rod pitch and diameter are 11.2 mm and 10.2 mm, respectively. Since coolant flow distribution in the fuel assembly strongly depends on the gap width between the fuel rod and the water rod, the proper gap width is examined. Subchannel analysis shows that the coolant flow distribution becomes uniform when the gap width is 1.0 mm. The maximum fuel cladding surface temperature is lower than 600°C and the temperature margin of the fuel cladding is increased in the design.     

CFD analyses in tight-lattice subchannels and seven-rod bundle geometries of a Super Fast Reactor

This paper presents CFD analyses in heat unsymmetric subchannels and heat symmetric seven-rod bundle geometries of a Super Fast Reactor (Super FR) fuel assembly using STAR-CD. The purpose of CFD analyses in heat unsymmetric subchannels is to evaluate the effect of the power differences on the heat transfer in subchannels of the Super Fast Reactor. For heat symmetric seven-rod bundles, the effects of the gap clearance between the fuel rod and the assembly wall and the displacement of the fuel rod on the circumferential temperature distributions and Maximum Cladding Surface Temperature (MCST) are analyzed. The results show that larger power difference between fuel rods gives larger circumferential temperature difference of the hottest fuel rods. Considering cross flow between edge and ordinary subchannels, 1 mm gap between the fuel rod and the assembly wall is better for small MCST although the circumferential temperature difference in edge subchannel is large. MCST increases exponentially with the displacement. The relative error of displacement should be less than 1% if the allowable increment of MCST due to displacement is less than 6 °C.     

Modelling of azimuthal effects arising from interaction between clad deformation and heat transfer under LB LOCA conditions

The study of clad ballooning and the subchannel blockage arising from it is an important part of LWR safety research. A large amount of experimental data has been obtained over the years which has shown the importance of thermohydraulic effects on the clad ballooning process. Thus the distribution of clad strain, both azimuthally and axially within a fuel bundle are critically dependent on the detailed temperature distribution. Azimuthal clad temperature variations arise because of variations around the rod of pellet-clad gap, neutron flux, coolant temperature and surface heat transfer. They determine the pattern of straining but are also strongly influenced by it.A simple 3D computer model RODSWELL is being developed specifically to investigate the interactions between deformation and heat transfer. It is being used to identify the accident conditions potentially capable of producing significant subchannel blockage and to quantify the various parameters needed in the design of meaningful simulation experiments.     

快堆燃料组件热工流体力学计算研究

对于钠冷快堆,在燃料和包壳最高温度等设计限值下,为获得较高的堆芯出口温度,需深入分析燃料组件内的热工流体力学问题,准确预测组件内的冷却剂温度分布。本文在CRT模型和F.C.Engel等人工作的基础上,提出了ICRT压降关系式,用以计算冷却剂在湍流区、过渡流区和层流区的棒束压降;引入CRT模型和WEST对流传热模型,改进了SUPERENERGY子通道分析程序,并将改进程序与原程序计算结果进行了对比,结果表明：最热子通道出口温度略有降低,液膜温压略有增加;并用计算流体力学软件CFX对中国实验快堆单盒燃料组件活性段进行了三维数值模拟,将计算结果用CRT模型、ICRT压降关系式及改进后的SUPERENERGY子通道分析程序进行了验证,相互符合较好。     

An analytical method of evaluating the effect of rod displacement on circumferential temperature and heat flux distributions in turbulent flow through unbaffled rod bundles

An analytical method of evaluating the circumferential variations of temperature and heat flux fields inside and around a displaced fuel rod in triangular rod bundles in turbulent flow is presented with illustrative examples. The analysis consists mainly of the derivation of the simultaneous solutions of a set of heat conduction equations for fuel, cladding and coolant under the assumption of fully developed flow and heat transfer conditions. The local coolant velocity distribution, which is necessary for deriving the temperature field in coolant, is determined by solving the Navier-Stokes equation and the turbulent mixing of coolant is taken into consideration. The results show how the circumferential variations in the temperature and heat flux fields on the outer surface of the cladding increase the lower the ratio and the larger the fuel rod displacement due to thermal conduction and peripheral coolant flow velocity distribution.     

Heat transfer in turbulent longitudinal flow through unbaffled assemblies of fuel rods

A numerical analysis of heat transfer in turbulent longitudinal flow through assemblies of unbaffled fuel rods is presented. The solution applies to triangular or rectangular arrays of fuel rods with fully developed velocity and temperature profiles, for fluids with Prandtl number 1 and « 1. In the case of liquid metals, the thermal resistance of the cladding and bond are considered, but the turbulent heat transport component is neglected. For common liquids the circumferential turbulent heat transfer is considered. Results are compared in the range of dimensionless rod spacing of 1.0–1.6. Theoretical predictions and experimental results of other authors dealing with the problem show relatively good agreement.