Development of a high-performance laser-guided deep-hole boring tool:: Optimal determination of reference origin for precise guiding

A laser-guided deep-hole boring tool using piezoelectric actuators was developed to prevent hole deviation. To extend the depth of controllable boring further, the following were improved. The tool’s guiding error, caused by misalignment of the corner cube prism and the mirror in the optical head from the spindle axis, was eliminated using an adjustment jig that determined the reference origins of the two position-sensitive detectors (PSDs) precisely. A single-edge counter-boring head is used instead of the double-edge head used up to now. The former was thought to be better in attitude control than the latter. A new boring bar, which was lower in rigidity and better in controllability of tool attitude, was used. Experiments were conducted to examine the performance of the new tool in detail and to determine its practical application, using duralumin (A2017-T4) workpieces with a prebored 108-mm diameter hole. The experiments were performed with a rotating tool–stationary workpiece system. Rotational speed was 270 rpm and feed was 0.125 mm/rev. Tool diameter was 110 mm. As a result, controlled boring becomes possible up to a depth of 700 mm under the stated experimental conditions. 700 mm is the maximum machinable length of the machine tool. The tool can be put to practical use.     

Development of a practical high-performance laser-guided deep-hole boring tool: Improvement in guiding strategy

In this study, a practical laser-guided deep-hole boring tool with a diameter of 110 mm is fabricated with a view to preventing hole deviation. Thus far, it has not been possible to control and guide the boring tool at all times during the boring process because current tool guiding approaches are not sufficiently reliable. This paper describes improvements in the following three main aspects of boring tool operation: (1) the method of impressing voltage to piezoelectric actuators used for controlling the tool position and inclination; (2) speed of actuator response; and (3) guiding strategy. After the improvements are incorporated, boring experiments are carried out using duralumin workpieces to examine the performance of the new boring tool. The experimental results show that the tool can be controlled and guided at all times. Further, the guiding accuracy of the boring tool is within a range of ±20 μm for two lines on both sides along the guiding axis, and the holes are bored along the guiding axis within a straightness range of ±25 μm, even when prebored hole having a thin part on one side of the hole wall is used.     

Development of a laser-guiding-type deep small-sized hole-measurement system: Measurement accuracy

In this study, a system for measuring small-sized holes with a 17–21 mm diameter and 1000 mm length was constructed. The system comprises a laser interferometer to detect hole accuracy, a probe connected to a measurement bar, and an optical apparatus for detecting the probe attitude (position and inclination). The probe was supported by supporting pads. A steel workpiece with 18 -mm diameter and 800 mm length was used for the performance test. During the experiment, errors were found in terms of hole deviation and roundness profile. Further experiments, using new experimental apparatus and analysis, revealed the causes of errors: electrical noise that increased with time, two periodic stylus swings in the longitudinal direction of the hole per rotation of the measurement unit, and the excessive spring force pushing the tip of the stylus, causing a large frictional force with the hole wall, etc. If these errors are corrected, high accuracy in the measurement of hole deviation and roundness can be achieved.     

基于响应曲面法的大型锥形件缩口成形工艺设计及多几何参数优化

提出一种适用于大型锥形件的缩口成形方法,通过主应力法对该缩口成形时的轴向缩口力与标准直壁锥形件的缩口力进行对比,得出了最佳成形方案。并基于Deform和响应曲面法讨论了该成形模具中缩口凹模母线弦高χ、内壁直空比l/h和毛坯壁厚S₀、变壁厚尺寸λ分别对缩口件高度和缩口成形力的影响,得到了两个响应变量分别关于四个自变量的回归预测模型,优化出凹模内直空结构和毛坯的最佳几何结构参数,最后通过物理试验得到验证。结果表明：当χ=6.9 mm、l/h=0.3、S₀=29.5 mm、λ=4.8 mm时,毛坯在缩口过程中未发生失稳,实时最大缩口力为1 920 kN,测量缩口件高度为1 108 mm,与模型预测结果误差均小于10%,说明了该工艺方案中缩口凹模和毛坯结构参数的可行性,其成形工艺及模具结构形式将为大型锥形产品的缩口成形提供理论指导。     

特殊深孔的推镗滚压加工

车用、工程机械和矿用支架液压缸长径比大,大多属特殊深孔,而内孔的加工是关键工序,对此,提出推镗-滚压组合加工工艺。设计专用镗滚挤压组合刀具,前面作粗镗扩,中间精铰镗,后面滚挤压和修圆的作用。滚挤压强迫表面金属产生弹塑性变形,在工件表面形成冷作硬化层,既提高工件的尺寸精度,又提高表面质量和耐磨性,且一次装夹,一次加工成型,生产率高,质量稳定,废品率低。     

小直径深孔冷板流道枪钻加工工艺参数研究

小直径深孔冷板流道的加工精度直接影响深孔冷板的散热效率和使用寿命.文中采用正交实验法对深孔流道的枪钻加工工艺进行了研究,通过分析刀具转速、进给量及冷却液流量对深孔流道中心线偏差的影响规律,优化了工艺参数.试验结果表明,小直径深孔冷板流道中心线偏斜≤0.9 mm/m,可满足深孔冷板的精度要求.     

The effect of starting hole geometry on borehole quality and tool life of twist drills

This paper reports about the relationship between starting hole geometry and twist drill performance, which is determined by the location error and diameter of the drilled borehole as well as the tool life of the employed twist drills. The experimental results lead towards the conclusion that the type of starting hole has a significant effect on borehole quality. This, however, is not as commonly assumed attributed to a variation in the location error of the different starting holes themselves, but to how a starting hole allows the subsequent twist drill to engage in the cutting process. Although twist drills that drill straight into the workpiece material achieved the longest tool life due to a gentle engagement, a deep starting hole (‘pilot hole’) results in the most satisfying overall twist drill performance.     

Precision evaluation of surface form error of a large-scale roll workpiece on a drum roll lathe

This paper presents on-machine evaluation of surface form error components of a large-scale roll workpiece, including the out-of-roundness, the out-of-straightness, the taper angle and the diameter deviation, on a drum roll lathe. A pair of capacitive-type displacement probes is mounted on the carriage slide to target the two sides of the roll workpiece mounted on the spindle, which has a length of 2000 mm, a diameter of 320 mm and a mass of 350 kg. The outputs of the probes are employed to accurately evaluate the surface form error components through separating the influences of the motion errors of the spindle and the carriage slide of the lathe. It has been difficult to apply the reversal error-separation method for measurement of the out-of-roundness component of such a large workpiece because it is difficult to reverse the workpiece with respect to the spindle on the lathe due to its large size and heavy mass. An improved reversal operation technique, in which the spindle is rotated with respect to the stationary roll workpiece being held by a crane, is therefore proposed to solve this problem. Measurement uncertainty analysis is carried out to verify the reliability of the new technique for on-machine evaluation of the out-of-roundness component. The out-of-straightness component and the taper angle component of the roll workpiece are then evaluated by using a previously developed method. A simple and effective algorithm for evaluation of the diameter deviation component is also presented.     

空气中微细电火花沉积与去除可逆加工技术研究

论述了一种新的电火花加工方法。它使用通用的电火花成形加工机床,利用常见的电极材料,在空气介质中,通过脉冲放电在工件表面上沉积生长电极材料,再通过反转极性和适当的轨迹控制对所生成的沉积材料进行有选择的去除加工,进而实现材料的生长与去除可逆加工。通过对电火花加工理论的研究,预测和论证了实现这一新加工方法的可能性和实现条件。通过试验成功地将钢、铜和钨三种电极材料沉积到工件上,形成直径为 100~240 mm、高度为1 000~2 500 mm的微小圆柱体。并对沉积物进行了选择去除,实现了在同一设备上的可逆电火花加工。对沉积材料的致密性、硬度及其与工件的结合强度等进行了系统的分析,表明沉积物组织致密、坚硬,可以满足功能材料的要求。     

SIMULATION OF HOLE FLANGING PROCESS ON HEAVY CYLINDERS AND PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION

The forming mechanism of hole flanging on a thick-wall heavy cylinder forging is simulated by DEFORM3D. The cylinder is 4 390 mm in diameter and 390 mm in thickness. The results show that the compound deformation with bending and expanding happens in the process of hole flanging. The diameter of pre-hole of the workpiece is one of the key parameters in the process of hole flanging. The optimal diameter is obtained for reverse-conical hole of average diameter 40 mm by simulation of hole flanging process on 5 pre-holes with different diameters and 3 pre-holes with different shapes. The results can provide the scientific base for engineering application of the process.     

Investigation and optimization of the internal cylindrical surface lapping process of 440c steel

A new lapping method is proposed for internal cylindrical surfaces finishing. Regression analysis and artificial neural network (ANN) were used for modeling this lapping process and predicting the effects of parameters of rotational speed of the lapping tool (ω), the length of the lapping tool (L) and difference in external diameter of the lapping tool and internal diameter of the workpiece (D) on the material removal rate (MRR), out-of-cylindricity (C) and surface roughness (Ra) of the lapped holes. Comparison of the results of the regression and ANN models with the values obtained from the experiments indicates that the MRR, Ra and C are more accurately predicted using ANN models. MRR, Ra and C of the lapped holes have been optimized using genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The results show that the highest MRR, which is equal to 2029 μg/min, has been achieved at ω of 400 rpm, D of 0.1 mm and L of 45 mm. The lowest Ra of the lapped hole is 64 nm which has been obtained at ω of 100 rpm, D of 0.1 mm and L of 20.82 mm. The minimum C of the lapped hole is 3 μm, which was obtained at ω of 212 rpm, D of 0.1 mm and L of 28.3 mm. The most important problem in the lapping process is the low MRR which causes increased cost and production time. Therefore, in the lapping process, the selection of conditions, that in addition to the production of pieces with geometric accuracy and surface roughness needing a high MRR, is very important. In this study, MRR, Ra and cylindricity of the lapped holes was optimized using multi-objective PSO (MOPSO) algorithm and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA II), and the Pareto optimal solutions were obtained. Comparison of the results obtained from NSGA II and MOPSO shows that both of these algorithms can achieve optimal Pareto front with the same accuracy, but the time required to reach the MOPSO algorithm to the optimal Pareto front is 25 % less than the NSGA II.

     

基于三坐标测量臂的大尺寸模板精度测量

本文重点研究工件尺寸大于其测量范围的零件测量方法,巧妙应用蛙跳算法实现了大尺寸凹凸模定位销、型腔孔柱定位尺寸及各型腔孔柱圆柱度、分形面的平面度等精度的综合测量。通过对凹凸模的测量结果进行形状和重合精度对比表明:凹凸模的定位销直径一致性较高,凹模的型腔孔直径较凸模柱的直径均匀,部分孔柱的重合精度较差,对中性最大偏差达到3.039mm。因此,需要改善该凸模的加工方法和夹具定位设计方案,提高其与凹模的重合精度。     

MICRO ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING DEPOSITION IN AIR

A new deposition method is described using micro electrical discharge machining (EDM) to deposit tool electrode material on workpiece in air. The basic principles of micro electrical discharge deposition (EDD) are analyzed and the realized conditions are predicted. With an ordinary EDM shaping machine, brass as the electrode, high-speed steel as the workpiece, a lot of experiments are carried out on micro EDD systematically and thoroughly. The effects of major processing parameters, such as the discharge current, discharge duration, pulse interval and working medium, are obtained. As a result, a micro cylinder with 0.19 mm in diameter and 7.35 mm in height is deposited. By exchanging the polarities of the electrode and workpiece the micro cylinder can be removed selectively. So the reversible machining of deposition and removal is achieved, which breaks through the constraint of traditional EDM. Measurements show that the deposited material is compact and close to workpiece base, whose components depend on the tool electrode material.     

大尺寸直径非接触光电检测系统研究

提出了一种基于激光位移测头的大尺寸直径光电测量系统，可用于直径达φ52200mm的大尺寸工件的非接触测量。文章详细论述了测量系统结构、工作原理及同轴度测量方法，并对影响测量精度的主要误差来源进行了分析，结果表明测量精度达0．02mm。     

The Effect of Cutting Parameters on Workpiece Surface Roughness in Wire EDM

In this study, the variation of workpiece surface roughness with varying pulse duration, open circuit voltage, wire speed and dielectric fluid pressure was experimentally investigated in Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM). Brass wire with 0.25 mm diameter and SAE 4140 steel with 10 mm thickness were used as tool and workpiece materials in the experiments, respectively. It is found experimentally that the increasing pulse duration, open circuit voltage and wire speed, increase the surface roughness whereas the increasing dielectric fluid pressure decreases the surface roughness. The variation of workpiece surface roughness with machining parameters is modelled by using a power function. The level of importance of the machining parameters on the workpiece surface roughness is determined by using analysis of variance (ANOVA).     

Surface topography and roughness in hole-making by helical milling

Helical milling is used to generate holes with a cutting tool traveling on a helical path into the workpiece in which the diameter of the hole can be adjusted through that of the helical path. Based on an improved Z-map model, a 3D surface topography simulation model is established to simulate the surface finish profile generated after a helical milling operation using a cylindrical end mill. The surface topography simulation model incorporates the effects of the relative motion between the cutting tool and the workpiece, in which the effect of the insert runout error of the cutting tool is considered. Furthermore, the roughness parameters are deduced from simulations of the 3D surface topography. The experimental result shows that the proposed simulation algorithm can predict well the surface roughness in a helical milling operation. The surface topography simulation model is used to study the effects of cutting conditions such as the tangential feedrate, the diameter of the cutting tool and the hole, the insert runout error of the cutting tool, as well as the revolution of the cutting tool around the axis of the hole on the surface finish profile. It is found that the surface quality can be improved by optimization of the cutting conditions. As a result, the proposed model will be helpful in determining the cutting conditions to meet surface finish requirements in helical milling operation.     

Development of micropin fabrication process using tool based micromachining

A micropin fabrication process has been developed based on micromachining technology. One group of micromachining technology is microturning. It has the capability to produce three dimensional features on the micro scale. This paper deals with the CNC microturning process. Basically two types of microturning processes are used: straight microturning and taper microturning. Experiments were performed using a programmable multi-purpose miniature machine tool developed for tool based micromachining. NC codes were generated using Borland C++ Builder 6.0. Brass bars of 6 mm diameter have been machined to fabricate the micropin with carbide cutting tools. Work materials were clamped on the spindle which has the facility of three-axis movements. Unlike the conventional processes, the cutting tool has no movement. A step cutting process was applied to eliminate workpiece deflection in the microturning process. Finally a micropin was fabricated with 2 mm length. The larger and smaller diameter of the pin are 475 μm and 276 μm, respectively.     

Ti6Al4V钛合金枪钻加工轴线直线度误差试验研究

针对某大型飞机轴类零件深孔加工粗糙度差、轴线偏差和切屑不易控制等问题,进行了Ti6Al4V钛合金枪钻加工试验,测试了枪钻加工深孔的轴线偏差、孔径误差和加工表面完整性,并分析了产生偏差的主要原因。从而优化了Ti6Al4V钛合金枪钻加工工艺参数,得到了Ti6Al4V钛合金17深孔枪钻加工最佳工艺参数,最终实现了860mm深孔的枪钻加工,使得最终综合误差控制在0.2mm以内,表面粗糙度Ra小于1.6μm。     

Electrochemical Drilling of Inconel Superalloy with Acidified Sodium Chloride Electrolyte

The performance of modern air engine components such as turbine rotor and stator assemblies depends on a very large number of small holes, with diameters and aspect ratios in the range of 1–4 mm and 40–200, respectively. These high-temperature components are made of difficult-to-machine superalloys such as inconel. Shaped tube electrolytic machining (STEM) appears to be the preferred technique for drilling cooling holes in turbine blades. A review of the literature shows that the dynamics of STEM for deep hole drilling have not been sufficiently investigated. Guidelines for the selection of operating parameters such as voltage, electrolyte flowrate, and tool feedrate are not available. The objective of the present investigation has been to optimise the operating parameters of STEM such as voltage and tool feedrate using high-speed steel (HSS). The optimised parameters have then been used for drilling holes in inconel. Experiments show that good holes can be obtained by a combination of low voltage and comparatively high feedrate which results in low values of equilibrium inter-electrode gap. A good, uniform hole with an aspect ratio of 11 was obtained in inconel at voltage and tool feedrate of 17 V and 1.0 mm min _1 , respectively. Results also point to the need for using dummy workpieces above and below the workpiece for obtaining uniform hole diameter, specifically at the ends.     

Micro-electrodischarge machining using water as a working fluid—I: micro-hole drilling

Micro-electrodischarge machining (medm) using water as a working fluid is systematically studied to find its characteristics. As a result, the unique advantages of high removal rate, low electrode wear and consequently higher working efficiency, without formation of carbonaceous materials are found under optimum experimental conditions, as compared with the case when kerosene is used. This was achieved by the choice of suitable combinations of electrode and workpiece materials and electrode polarity. Use of a tungsten electrode with straight polarity is exceedingly good with respect to high removal rate and low electrode wear. This makes it possible to obtain a non-tapered straight micro-hole around 0.1 mm in diameter with a certain anticipative working gap. The advantageous properties of this machining method are effectively utilized to drill deep micro-holes with a ratio of depth to diameter of the order of 10–17 as in the case of 2.9 mm depth and 0.17 mm diameter, which is superior to the limits achievable with both electrodischarge drilling (edd) using kerosene and mechanical drilling with a micro-drill.