1-MCP对佛手瓜低温贮藏品质影响的主成分分析和综合评价

以绿皮无刺佛手瓜为研究试材,探索不同质量浓度1-MCP(450,900,1 350 n L/L)处理对佛手瓜果实低温贮藏品质变化的影响。以低温贮藏(9℃,相对湿度95%)为对照,分别测定了各处理果实贮藏期间呼吸强度、Vc、叶绿素含量、硬度、总酚、失重率等品质指标。采用主成分分析法对各项品质指标进行分析,建立佛手瓜果实低温贮藏品质的综合评价模型,并采用该模型对果实贮藏期间的品质变化规律进行评价。结果表明:3组不同浓度1-MCP处理对佛手瓜果实贮藏期间的品质均有不同程度的保持作用。贮藏至第15天,对照组果实综合品质开始急剧下降,而1-MCP处理可使果实品质开始下降的时间推迟15 d,其中900 n L/L的1-MCP处理对果实品质的保持效果最佳。     

主成分分析法在冬枣果实贮藏特性分析中的应用

在常温贮藏条件下,测定冬枣果实可溶性固形物、Vc、有机酸、可溶性糖、叶绿素含量及呼吸速率、失重率、果实硬度,应用主成分分析法分析果实贮藏过程中这8个指标的综合变化情况,确定了代表果实品质指标94.83%综合信息的2个重要主成分,列出了2个重要主成分的函数式,构建了综合评价模型。结果表明:鄂北冬枣果实可贮藏12 d,果实品质较好,以后果实综合指标迅速下降,与实际情况相近。该分析法可用于评判冬枣果实的贮藏特性及最佳贮藏寿命。     

不同品种猕猴桃果实品质比较与综合评价

为科学评价贵州省六盘水市猕猴桃果实品质,建立猕猴桃品质综合评价模型,以六盘水不同品种猕猴桃为试材,采用国标和农业标准对猕猴桃的外观品质和内在品质指标进行测定和比较,同时对品质指标进行聚类分析,并运用主成分分析法对其品质进行综合评价。结果表明,不同品种猕猴桃品质指标存在差异性和相关性,其中Fe差异最大,纵径差异最小。主成分分析表明,猕猴桃14个品质指标简化为3个主成分,累积方差贡献率为95.890%,可代表猕猴桃果实品质95.890%的信息量。根据聚类分析,14项猕猴桃品质指标可划分为4类,结合相关性和主成分分析结果,确定了糖酸比、可溶性固形物含量、Vc含量和Fe四项核心品质指标,可用来衡量猕猴桃品质的优劣。综合评价结果显示:红阳和东红品质较好,适合作为鲜食品种栽培;翠香和徐香品质较差,适合作为加工品种栽培。     

因子分析法评价低温灭菌羊肉煮制品贮藏过程中的品质变化

本文研究了间歇式微波灭菌、超高压灭菌、巴氏灭菌三种低温灭菌方法对羊肉煮制品品质在常温贮藏过程中的影响。测定了羊肉煮制品在灭菌前后的常温贮藏过程中(0周、2周、4周)的pH、菌落总数、TVB-N、TBA、红度值、硬度、弹性、胶黏性、和咀嚼性。以此九个指标与刚熟制未灭菌羊肉煮制品相应指标的差值的绝对值作为羊肉煮制品品质变化的原始指标,通过因子分析法,对原始指标降维,从而达到用2~3个综合指标对羊肉煮制品贮藏过程中品质打分,分数越高代表变化越大,即代表品质越差。结果表明第一主成分可以解释不同灭菌方法和不同贮藏期的产品与原产品质量综合差异的76.71%,而且第一主成分主要是代表TVB-N、TBARS、pH、菌落总数等指标,因此命第一主成分为化学因子;第二主成分可以解释不同灭菌方法和不同贮藏期的产品与原产品综合质量差异的11.89%,而且第二主成分主要代表的是红度值、硬度、弹性、胶黏性、咀嚼性等指标,因此命第二主成分为物理因子。第一主成分和第二主成分可以解释产品综合质量差异的88.59%(>80%),因此可以用两个综合指标(物理因子、化学因子)来评价三种灭菌方法对羊肉煮制品品质在常温贮藏过程中的变化。     

基于主成分和聚类分析的不同品种猕猴桃鲜食品质评价

为评价陕西省中华和美味2种猕猴桃中主栽品种和新品种猕猴桃的鲜食品质,以红阳、脐红、金艳、翠香、徐香、海沃德6个主栽品种及农大金猕、农大郁香2个新品种为原料,对其可溶性固形物、干物质、可溶性糖、可滴定酸、蛋白质、氨基酸、V_C、挥发性风味物质含量及果肉硬度、色泽等品质指标进行比较分析,并用主成分分析和聚类分析对8个品种猕猴桃品质进行鲜食品质评价。结果表明:主栽品种脐红、翠香、红阳和新品种农大金猕果实中各营养成分物质含量相对较高,挥发性物质种类多、含量高,果香浓郁,品质较好。综合品质主成分分析提取的4个主成分因子,累计方差贡献率达85.916%。8个品种猕猴桃的鲜食品质差异明显,按照品种聚类可分为5类,综合品质优劣排序为农大金猕、脐红、翠香、红阳、农大郁香、海沃德、徐香、金艳。脐红、翠香、红阳是主栽品种中品质较优良的品种,而新品种农大金猕综合品质优于现有主栽品种。该研究为猕猴桃种植、贮藏、消费过程中优良品种的选择提供了参考。     

不同产地红心猕猴桃品质的主成分及聚类分析

为科学评价不同产地红心猕猴桃果实品质，建立红心猕猴桃品质评价体系，采用国标和农业标准方法测定11个产地果实外观品质和内在品质等16项指标，分析其品质指标的相关性，利用主成分和聚类分析法对红心猕猴桃的品质做出综合评价。结果表明，不同产地红心猕猴桃果实外观品质和内在品质均存在差异，其中微量元素差异较大，变异系数均大于20%，纵径差异最小，变异系数仅为6.66%。主成分分析表明，16项指标简化为6个主成分，累积方差贡献率为90.950%。利用相关性和主成分分析相结合，从16项品质指标中筛选出评价红心猕猴桃品质的6项核心品质指标，即纵径、糖酸比、维生素C、Co、Sr和Ba。根据聚类分析，11个产地红心猕猴桃可划分为4类，与主成分分析判定结果一致。11个产地红心猕猴桃中，奉新品质最好，其次是苍溪、周至和松桃，西峡品质最差。     

1-MCP处理对猕猴桃贮藏保鲜效果的影响

以上海主栽猕猴桃品种红阳猕猴桃为试材,探讨不同浓度1-MCP处理对猕猴桃低温贮藏期间内部品质、感官品质及生理生化的影响.结果表明:适宜浓度的1-MCP处理显著抑制了果实的呼吸强度,减缓了其衰老进程;可保持较高的果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量,显著抑制果实可滴定酸、Vc含量的下降,并抑制贮藏期间果皮和果肉叶绿素的降解,有效防止果肉组织的褐变度.较好地保持膜细胞完整性.其中以浓度为750 nL/L的处理效果最好,贮藏至第80天,果实好果率高达96.67%,可溶性固形物19.18%,Vc含量109.09 mg/100 g.     

温度波动对贮藏猕猴桃品质劣变的影响

以“红阳”猕猴桃为试材,采用低温贮藏方式,分别设定3 个不同温度波动区间处理：对照猕猴桃在2 ℃贮藏,处理组温度波动范围为3 ℃（2～5 ℃）和5 ℃（2～7 ℃）下循环处理72 h（12 h 交替运行）,处理后贮藏于2 ℃条件下,通过测定猕猴桃的失重率、果实硬度、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物含量等指标,探究温度波动对猕猴桃品质变化的影响。结果表明：在猕猴桃贮藏过程中,温度波动处理提高了多酚氧化酶活性并使过氧化物酶活性高峰提前。温度波动处理对猕猴桃在贮藏前期的品质有较大影响,加快了猕猴桃硬度和维生素C 的下降,提高可溶性固形物含量和相对电导率,加剧透明化,引起猕猴桃各方面品质参数的衰变,致使整体走向衰败现象。贮藏过程中温度波动越大,对猕猴桃的品质参数变化影响越大,不利于猕猴桃的贮藏和保鲜。综上,温度波动处理对猕猴桃贮藏品质及生理代谢影响明显,降低果实抗氧化性以及加快细胞膜降解,加速了猕猴桃整体品质下降。     

4种不同涂膜处理对软枣猕猴桃贮藏品质的影响

目的 探究不同涂膜处理对采后软枣猕猴桃贮藏品质的影响。方法 以烟台“丰绿”软枣猕猴桃为实验材料,用褐藻酸钠、褐藻寡糖、壳聚糖、壳寡糖4种涂膜剂对采摘后的软枣猕猴桃进行涂膜处理,对其贮藏期间相关品质指标及果实形态变化进行检测分析。结果 在20℃贮藏过程中,与对照组相比, 4种处理在一定时间内均能抑制软枣猕猴桃果实质量损失率和软化程度,减少可溶性固形物、维生素C含量的下降,有效控制果实腐烂率。在贮藏过程中可使软枣猕猴桃果实保持较高水平的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶活力。结论 综合分析,成熟的软枣猕猴桃在20℃贮藏环境中,褐藻寡糖涂膜处理保鲜效果最优,更有利于果实的贮藏。     

CO2伤害对软枣猕猴桃风味品质的影响

为明确CO₂伤害对软枣猕猴桃风味品质的影响,本研究以“龙成二号”软枣猕猴桃为试材,采用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用技术,以不粘贴气调元件为CK组,粘贴气调元件为 TR 组（环境稳定时O₂含量为11.22%～15.55%,CO₂含量为9.00%～11.93%）,研究软枣猕猴桃贮藏期间挥发性成分变化情况,并测定了相关品质指标。结果表明:CK 组可以维持果肉翠绿的颜色,保持果实新鲜的清香风味;TR组加快果实叶绿素含量的下降使得末期果肉黄化严重,贮藏45 d 时表现出CO₂伤害症状,同时抑制TSS升高,提高末期TA含量,加速V_C的消耗;此外,通过电子鼻分析发现果实新鲜度拐点较CK组提前15 d;60 d果实主要特征挥发性成分2-己烯醛和己醛相对含量下降至检测线以下,而乙醇相对含量达到36.78%,果实新鲜的青草风味消失,发酵味异味明显,风味发生较大改变。综上,TR组引起果实CO₂伤害,降低营养品质,破坏原有风味,不利于维持软枣猕猴桃贮藏期品质。     

The objective definition of eating quality in rockmelons (Cucumis melo)

From a set of 12 factors thought to be related to eating quality, only percentage soluble solids and penetrometer estimates of flesh firmness were useful in deriving a predictive equation. A practical grade standard might be 10% minimum solids with upper and lower limits for flesh firmness of 2.0 and 1.0 kg force.     

梨质地变化规律与动力学模型

为了研究梨在采后贮藏过程中质地变化规律以对可食用期评估,实验测定了‘黄金’、‘玉冠’和‘丰水’3 个品种梨在贮藏过程中泰勒（Magness-Taylor,MT）硬度、果肉硬度、果肉弹性率和感官总体可接受度的变化,并建立了质地参数变化的动力学模型。结果表明：MT硬度、果肉硬度、果肉弹性率总体上均随贮藏时间延长逐渐降低,但果肉弹性率对贮藏时间变化的灵敏性优于MT硬度和果肉硬度,且果肉弹性率与感官总体可接受度的相关性更强;采用零级和一级动力学模型、Logistic模型和威布尔模型对各质地参数拟合,结果均是威布尔模型的拟合结果最佳;通过威布尔模型和感官评定,得到‘黄金’、‘玉冠’和‘丰水’梨的MT硬度分别低于14.762、10.411 N和7.255 N,果肉硬度分别低于8.215、7.438 N和5.181 N,果肉弹性率分别低于4.571、5.572 N/mm和3.609 N/mm后不具备商品价值,不建议食用。研究结果可为梨的贮藏和食用提供指导依据。     

可见/近红外漫反射光谱无损检测甜柿果实硬度

该研究的目的是建立可见/近红外漫反射光谱无损检测甜柿果实硬度的数学模型,评价可见/近红外漫反射光谱无损检测甜柿果实硬度的应用价值。果实硬度采用果皮脆性、果皮强度和果肉平均硬度作为评价指标。在可见/近红外光谱区域(400～2 500 nm),采用改进偏最小二乘法,对比分析了不同导数处理、不同散射及标准化处理的甜柿果实硬度定标模型。结果表明,对于果皮强度和果皮脆性,采用最小偏二乘法、一阶导数处理和标准多元离散校正处理建立的定标模型预测效果较好,RP2分别为0.858和0.862,SEP分别为0.094和0.157,RPD分别为2.47和2.63。对于果肉平均硬度,采用改进偏最小二乘法、一阶导数处理和标准正常化和去散射处理建立的定标模型预测效果较好,RP2为0.82,SEP为0.063,RPD为2.35。因此,可见/近红外漫反射光谱无损检测技术可用于甜柿果实硬度的无损检测。     

Temporal variation in muscle fibre area,gaping, texture,colour and collagen in triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L)

Diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon were reared for 32 months in seawater, from October 1998 to January 2000. During this period of time, four samplings were taken to study differences in quality traits and chemical components in the flesh between diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon. Season was found to be the dominant factor explaining the variation in flesh quality traits in both triploid and diploid fish. Ploidy affected the majority of investigated variables while body size had lesser impact. Triploid Atlantic salmon had fewer small muscle fibres and up to 23% larger mean cross‐sectional muscle fibre area than diploids. Triploids also displayed more gaping, softer fillet texture, lower post mortem end pH, darker (L value) and redder (a value) flesh colour, and more soluble and less insoluble collagen compared with diploid fish. No effect of ploidy was found on crude chemical composition. Furthermore, a negative relationship was found between gaping score and muscle fibre area, and a weak positive correlation was found between fibre density and texture firmness. However, when body size and sampling time was included in the statistical model, this relationship between gaping and fibre area became very weak, and the relationship between texture and fibre area was completely negated. This suggests that intra‐species variation in both texture and gaping is more related to season and body size than to average muscle fibre area size. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

The effect of postharvest calcium application on tissue calcium concentration, quality attributes, incidence of flesh browning and cell wall physicochemical aspects of peach fruits

The effects of postharvest calcium applications on cell wall properties and quality attributes of peach fruits (Prunus persica L. Batsch, cv. ‘Andross’) after harvest or cold storage up to 4 weeks were determined. The fruits were immersed in deionised water or in different calcium sources (calcium chloride, calcium lactate and calcium propionate) at two calcium concentrations (62.5 and 187.5 mM Ca). Calcium concentration profiles in fruits (peel and flesh), in cell wall and in pectin fractions were determined. The calcium content in the peel increased up to 2.7-fold, whereas flesh calcium increased up to 74%, 1 day after immersion. The increase of flesh calcium was accompanied by increase of cell wall calcium, which corresponded to a significant increase of calcium in the water-insoluble pectin fraction. However, calcium became saturated in the water-insoluble, but not water-soluble, pectin fraction with 62.5 mM Ca treatment. Treatment with 62.5 mM Ca salts was as effective as higher concentrations of calcium chloride maintaining tissue firmness during storage. Inversely, calcium lactate and calcium propionate at high concentrations (187.5 mM Ca) caused toxicity symptoms on the fruit surface, expressed as skin discoloration and superficial pitting, leading to additional chemical changes and reduced tissue firmness. Postharvest calcium applications limited the intense of chilling injury symptoms, expressed as flesh browning after 4 weeks cold storage. Peach fruits with severe flesh browning symptoms were characterized by reduced ethylene production, and reduced activities of the pectin modifying enzymes poly-galacturonase and pectin-methyl-esterase.     

EFFECTS OF HARVEST MATURITY ON BANANA QUALITY

Bananas (cv. Hochuchu) were harvested at 80, 90 and 100 days after inflorescence emergence for quality evaluation. At harvest, the 80-day sample had the highest flesh firmness and starch content, followed in order by the 90-day and the 100-day samples. The opposite was found for total sugars content. Titratable acidity in the 100-day fruit was significantly greater than those in the 80-day and 90-day fruits. No significant differences in flesh firmness, starch content, total sugars content and titratable acidity were noted among fruits of different maturity stages when ripe. Their eating quality was acceptable with the scores corresponding to like moderately to like very much.     

EVALUATION OF TOMATO QUALITY DURING STORAGE BY ACOUSTIC IMPULSE RESPONSE

The aim of this research was to evaluate the ability of acoustic impulse response to monitor "Heatwave" tomato quality during storage. The tomato was excited and the response signal is captured using the film sensors. The results showed that acoustic impulse response parameters (dominant frequency, firmness index and elasticity coefficient) of "Heatwave" tomato decreased with storage time. The dominant frequency, firmness index and elasticity coefficient had no correlation with soluble solids contents or pH, but had a good correlation with compression force and puncture force. There was a better correlation between elasticity coefficient and compression force (or puncture force); hence, elasticity coefficient could be a better index of "Heatwave" tomato firmness. The acoustic impulse response is a potential factor in order to determine the firmness of "Heatwave" tomato.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Tomato firmness is an important characteristic because firmness of tomato flesh influences the mouth sensory feel. This results showed that acoustic impulse response parameters (dominant frequency, firmness index and elasticity coefficient) of "Heatwave" tomato decreased with storage time. The dominant frequency, firmness index and elasticity coefficient had not correlation with soluble solids contents or pH, but had a good correlation with compression force and puncture force. There were better correlation between elasticity coefficient and compression force (or puncture force), and hence elasticity coefficient could be a better index of "Heatwave" tomato firmness. The acoustic impulse response is potential to determine the firmness of "Heatwave" tomato.     

Texture variation in apricot: Intra-fruit heterogeneity, impact of thinning and relation with the texture after cooking

The rapid texture loss of apricot fruit during storage and transformation is a limiting factor for its commercialisation and use. Apricot flesh exhibits different tissue zones which differ in texture. To better understand texture in apricot fruit, we have studied (i) the intra-fruit heterogeneity of texture measured by puncture test (tissue firmness) (ii) the effect of thinning on whole fruit firmness (global firmness), measured by compression, and on tissue firmness and (iii) the evolution of texture upon steam cooking, on apricots of contrasted texture. Nine tissue zones were defined in fresh apricot fruits in order to study differences in texture from the peduncle to the pistil zones and from the external to the internal tissue. In the nine apricot varieties used, tissue firmness decreased gradually from the external to the internal tissue. However, from the peduncle to the pistil zone, the variation of texture seemed to be variety-dependent. Overall the textures measured for the nine tissue zones were highly correlated, indicative of the major differentiation between soft and firm fruits. However distinct heterogeneity patterns could be observed on axes 2 and 3 of a principal component analysis carried out on the textures of the nine zones. The effect of thinning on fruit firmness appeared variety-dependent. Tissue firmness of the raw apricots assessed by penetrometry explained about two-thirds of the variability of firmness of cooked apricots, versus only 40% for the compression test. High correlations between texture after cooking and prior to cooking were found for four (external equatorial, external pistil, median equatorial and median pistil) out of the nine tissue zones.     

X‐Ray Micro‐Computer Tomographic Method to Visualize the Microstructure of Different Apple Cultivars

Apples are appreciated for their texture with firmness acting as an indicator of quality. During prolonged storage, apples can soften and their texture can become undesirably mealy. Using an X‐ray microcomputer tomography (μ‐CT) scanner, the porosity (ratio of intercellular space [IS] to total volume) and the structural arrangement of the parenchyma tissue of 4 apple cultivars (Braeburn, Fuji, Golden Delicious, Jazz) stored under similar conditions for 100 d were visualized via the development of 2D and 3D images. The texture of the apples was also measured using a puncture test. The morphometric and textural measurements revealed that firm Jazz apples (flesh firmness: 29.84N) had a lower porosity (17%) compared to soft Golden Delicious apples (flesh firmness: 14.16N; porosity: 29.8%). In general, firm apples had a higher dry matter (%) and a lower porosity (%), while the reverse was true for softer apples. However, this was not an absolute trend as cultivar specific differences in the microstructural organization and consequent mechanical strength of the parenchyma tissue also influenced firmness. For example, although Fuji apples were firm (28.42N), they had a high porosity (29.3%) due to the presence of numerous small and compact IS. In comparison, soft Golden Delicious apples had a high porosity (29.8%) due to the presence of large, interconnected IS. Imaging technologies have the potential to provide a pictorial or graphical database showing the size range distribution of IS corresponding to different parenchyma tissue types and how they relate to apple texture and eating quality.