不同比例LA/ALA对HepG2细胞炎症因子的影响

选取植物油中典型的多不饱和脂肪酸亚油酸(LA)和α-亚麻酸(ALA)为原料,分为7个不同摩尔浓度配比实验组(组1,LA;组2,10∶1 LA/ALA;组3,5∶1 LA/ALA;组4,1∶1 LA/ALA;组5,1∶5 LA/ALA;组6,1∶10 LA/ALA;组7,ALA)体外评估不同比例n-6/n-3 PUFAs对HepG2细胞炎症因子的影响。结果表明:60μmol/L各实验组均可降低HepG2细胞产生的促炎因子TNF-α和IL-6水平,提高抗炎因子IL-10和抗炎介质LXA4水平,其中组4(1∶1 LA/ALA)作用最显著。     

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对结肠癌细胞HCT116抗增殖作用

目的:研究n-3多不饱和脂肪酸在结肠癌细胞内的代谢与转化,深入探究脂肪酸代谢调节因子LTB₄、PGE₂、LXA₄对结肠癌细胞HCT116的毒性作用。方法:选用结肠癌细胞HCT116为研究对象,采用不同浓度n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(ALA、EPA、DHA)和阳性药物5-氟尿嘧啶(以下简称5-FU)处理细胞,检测细胞存活率、细胞凋亡、细胞脂滴聚积、细胞脂肪酸组成变化,研究代谢因子LTB₄、PGE₂、LXA₄表达水平及其对细胞增殖影响。结果:ALA、EPA、DHA和5-FU对HCT116细胞的生长具有显著的抑制作用和诱导凋亡作用(p<0.05),ALA(200 μmol/L)、EPA(160 μmol/L)、DHA(120 μmol/L)诱导凋亡率分别为7.9%、21.8%、29.2%。ALA、EPA、DHA促进HCT116细胞内脂滴积聚状态,提高不饱和脂肪酸比例,降低LTB₄积累,提高LXA₄/PGE₂比率,使癌细胞趋向于抗炎状态。结论:n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(ALA、EPA、DHA)可通过促进抗炎因子LXA₄分泌,抑制促炎因子LTB₄生成,进而对HCT116细胞产生杀伤作用。     

DHA脂质体对脂代谢的改善作用

为了探究DHA脂质体对脂代谢的调节作用.首先利用游离脂肪酸诱导HepG2细胞,DHA脂质体干预后检测甘油三酯(TG),胆固醇(TC)含量,RT-PCR检测脂肪酸合成酶(FAS),固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(SREBP-1)的mRNA表达.其次将雄性C57BL/6J小鼠(6周龄)随机分为对照组(C)、模型组(M)、DHA脂乳...     

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对小鼠糖脂代谢影响及机制

目的:基于Toll样受体4(TLR4)/髓样分化因子(MyD88)/NF-κB通路探讨n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 PUFAs)改善小鼠糖脂代谢的机制。方法:40只SPF级C57BL/6雄性小鼠适应性喂养1周,随机分为4组:正常对照组、高脂猪油组(富含饱和脂肪酸)、高脂大豆油组(富含n-6多不饱和脂肪酸)和高脂亚麻籽油组(富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸),持续饲喂9周后进行葡萄糖耐量实验,全自动生化分析仪测定血脂血糖相关指标,ELISA试剂盒测定相关炎症因子,RT-PCR检测各组小鼠脂肪组织中TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路相关基因表达水平。结果:与其他高脂组相比,高脂亚麻籽油组能显著降低血糖水平,提高血清胰岛素水平,降低血清甘油三酯(TG)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)水平(P0.05);同时能下调TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路相关基因及炎症因子TNF-α、IL-6及IL-8的表达量。结论:n-3 PUFAs能够抑制高脂引起的小鼠糖脂代谢紊乱,抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路所介导的炎症反应可能是其作用机制。     

伊拉兔肌内磷脂n-3多不饱和脂肪酸体外抗肿瘤功效及作用机理

根据之前的研究成果体外模拟伊拉兔肌内磷脂n-3 多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs） 的组成,并研究其功能特性。结果表明：采用噻唑蓝法对复合n-3 PUFAs作用的敏感细胞进行筛选,证实伊拉兔 肌内磷脂n-3 PUFAs在30～180 μmol/L剂量范围对HepG2、MV3和A375肿瘤细胞的生长均有抑制作用,且HepG2细 胞对复合肌内磷脂n-3 PUFAs的敏感度最高;HepG2的细胞形态及数量变化与复合n-3 PUFAs呈现明显的时效和量 效关系;采用膜联蛋白V-异硫氰酸荧光素和碘化丙啶双染法对肿瘤细胞进行凋亡检测,证实伊拉兔肌内复合磷脂 n-3 PUFAs的凋亡作用;进一步研究发现,复合n-3 PUFAs及其单体（α-亚麻酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳五烯酸和 二十二碳六烯酸）均能够引起HepG2细胞内氧化应激的改变,它们通过显著上调细胞内丙二醛的累积量以及活性氧 的相对荧光强度水平,同时下调超氧化物歧化酶的活力实现对HepG2细胞的诱导凋亡作用,其中二十二碳六烯酸在 非酶促氧化反应中发挥主要作用,这是肌内磷脂n-3 PUFAs诱导HepG2细胞凋亡的机制之一。     

中国母乳多不饱和脂肪酸组成、特点与其满足婴儿膳食营养素摄入量的比较分析

脂肪是母乳的重要组分,母乳中的脂肪酸是母乳脂肪中变化较大的常量营养素,尤其是多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),在婴儿营养、免疫及神经认知功能上发挥着重要作用。旨在为更科学合理的母乳喂养提供营养策略,综述了中国母乳中n-6 PUFA、n-3 PUFA、亚油酸(LA)、α-亚麻酸(ALA)、花生四烯酸(ARA)、二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)的含量以及LA/ALA比值,并根据0～6月龄婴儿PUFA的参考摄入量,分析中国母乳中PUFA的组成及特点。我国母乳成熟乳中LA含量偏高,ARA含量相对稳定,ALA和DHA含量偏低且波动范围大,LA/ALA比值在4.25～33.44之间。可通过膳食干预改善母乳中PUFA组成,提高母乳喂养婴儿生长发育所需的PUFA含量。     

煎炸花生油中的总极性组分对脂质代谢的影响

花生油在煎炸过程中发生一系列化学反应,产生了氧化甘油三酯、聚合甘油三酯和游离脂肪酸等极性大于甘油三酯的极性组分。用煎炸花生油的极性组分处理人肝癌细胞(HepG2),通过油红染色评估细胞内脂肪的含量,通过RT-PCR测量与脂质合成密切相关的基因(SREBP-1c、FAS、ACC、HMGCR)的mRNA相对表达含量评估脂质代谢情况。结果表明:随着极性组分的增多,细胞内脂肪含量明显增多;在极性组分质量浓度为2. 0 mg/mL时,SREBP-1c、FAS、ACC的mRNA水平分别增加为对照组的2. 95±0. 08(P 0. 05)、3. 24±0. 16(P 0. 05)、1. 77±0. 18(P 0. 05)倍,表明花生油中的极性组分会上调脂质合成相关基因的表达,进而导致HepG2细胞的脂质聚积。研究结果说明煎炸花生油中的极性组分在细胞层面导致脂质代谢紊乱。     

虾青素对高脂HepG2细胞及高脂膳食饲喂C57BL/6J小鼠血脂代谢的影响

为研究虾青素对油酸诱导高脂HepG2细胞及高脂膳食饲喂C57BL/6J小鼠血脂代谢的影响。本实验建立油酸诱导HepG2细胞脂肪堆积体外模型,采用油红O对胞内脂滴染色测定脂滴含量,同时测定正常组、高脂组及虾青素组细胞内甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)浓度。通过高脂膳食饲喂C57BL/6J小鼠,测定正常组、高脂组及虾青素干预组小鼠血清中TC、TG及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平;苏木精和伊红染色观察肝组织形态学变化;应用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应检测肝脏中脂肪调控相关基因mRNA表达水平;应用气相色谱检测粪便中短链脂肪酸的排泄量。结果表明:虾青素能够显著抑制油酸诱导的HepG2细胞脂肪堆积,显著降低胞内TG、TC浓度(P0.05);与高脂组相比,给予虾青素后,小鼠的TC和TG水平均显著降低(P0.05);苏木精和伊红染色结果表明虾青素干预组脂肪变性程度明显减轻;同时虾青素干预后总短链脂肪酸的含量显著增加,且肝脏中脂肪合成相关基因SREBP-1C和FAS表达水平显著下调(P0.05)。结论:虾青素通过降低HepG2细胞中脂滴含量、调节血脂水平、提高粪便中短链脂肪酸的含量,改善肝脏病理状态,调控肝脏中脂肪合成相关基因的表达,对血脂代谢起到调节作用。     

高脂日粮中n-6、n-3脂肪酸配比对小鼠机体抗氧化能力及血脂的影响

为了了解不同n-6、n-3系多不饱和脂肪酸配比对小鼠机体抗氧化能力和血脂的影响,通过测定饲喂6周不同饲料C57小鼠血浆中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)和致动脉粥样硬化指数(A11并进行统计分析.实验结果表明,从改善血脂、提高机体抗氧化能力来看,n-6、n-3不饱和脂肪酸比例10:1组效果好于5:1组,若添加抗氧化剂LA,有利于改善机体脂质过氧化产生的不良影响,对预防动脉粥样硬化会起到积极的作用.     

南极磷虾油、鱼油与花生四烯酸油对骨质疏松症小鼠脂质代谢的影响

目的：比较南极磷虾油、鱼油和花生四烯酸油对去卵巢骨质疏松小鼠脂质代谢的影响。方法：对8 周龄健康雌性C57BL/6J小鼠部分进行双侧去卵巢手术,建立绝经后骨质疏松症模型;部分不进行去卵巢手术,仅进行开腹腔与缝合的假手术,作为假手术组（生理盐水）。将造模成功的小鼠分为模型对照组（生理盐水）、南极磷虾油组（150 mg/kg mb）、鱼油组（80 mg/kg mb）和花生四烯酸油组（140 mg/kg mb）。连续灌胃12 周后取材,测定骨密度,血清和肝脏中的总胆固醇、甘油三酯水平,肝脏中脂质合成相关基因表达水平等相关指标。结果：两种n-3多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA）油脂南极磷虾油和鱼油能极显著降低骨质疏松小鼠体脂比（P＜0.01）,改善血脂及肝脏脂质水平,显著或极显著下调肝脏中脂质合成关键基因SREBP-1c、FAS、ACC、SCD1的mRNA表达（P＜0.05、P＜0.01）;而n-6 PUFA油脂花生四烯酸油会升高血脂水平并上调肝脏中脂质合成关键基因的表达。结论：两种n-3 PUFA均能够显著改善骨质疏松小鼠脂代谢紊乱,且南极磷虾油效果更好;而n-6 PUFA花生四烯酸油则加剧脂代谢紊乱。     

Endogenous production of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in mammalian cells

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are important components of mammalian diets, and the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA on human development and cardiovascular health have been well documented. Caenorhabditis elegans is one of the few animals known to be able to produce linoleic (LA, 18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic (ALA, 18:3n-3) essential fatty acids. These essential PUFA are generated by the action of desaturases that successively direct the conversion of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) to PUFA. The cDNA coding sequences of the C. elegans Delta(12) and n-3 fatty acid desaturases were each placed under the control of separate constitutive eukaryotic promoters and simultaneously introduced into HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells by adenoviral transduction. Phospholipids from transduced cells showed a significant decrease in the ratios of both MUFA:PUFA and n-6:n-3 fatty acids relative to control cultures. The fatty acid profile of transduced cellular phospholipids revealed significant decreases in MUFA and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), and increases in LA, ALA, and eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3). The fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols derived from transduced cells was similarly, but less dramatically, affected. These results demonstrate the functionality of C. elegans fatty acid desaturase enzymes in mammalian cells. Expression of these desaturases in livestock might act to counterbalance the saturating effect that rumen microbial biohydrogenation has on the fatty acid profile of ruminant products, and allow for the development of novel, land-based dietary sources of n-3 PUFA.     

Short communication: Decreasing the dietary ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids increases the n-3 concentration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in weaned Holstein heifer calves

Utilization of nutrients to improve overall heifer health is of interest because of the importance of replacement heifers to the dairy industry. The objective of our study was to compare the effect of supplementation of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (FA) on FA concentrations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of Holstein calves. Twenty-seven Holstein heifer calves (107 ± 2.6 d of age; 142.6 ± 6.5 kg of body weight) from the university research and teaching herd were randomly assigned to a common TMR supplemented with 1 of 3 treatments: Ca salts of flaxseed FA (Virtus Nutrition, Corcoran, CA) containing 35% 18:3 n-3 (N3), Ca salts of soybean FA (Virtus Nutrition) containing 50% 18:2 n-6 (N6), or a 50:50 mix of N3 and N6. Treatments were supplemented with FA at 4% of dietary dry matter and fed for 30 d. Feed intake was recorded daily, and body weight, wither height, and body condition score were measured weekly throughout the study. On d 28 heifers were vaccinated with a Pasteurella vaccine and the temperature response to the vaccine was recorded. Blood was collected on d 0 and 28 for PBMC isolation. After total lipid extraction and FA methyl ester preparation, FA composition of PBMC was measured. We observed no effect of treatment on body weight gain, body condition score change, or wither height change. Heifers receiving the N3 diet had a lower temperature response to Pasteurella challenge compared with both the mix and N6 diets. Heifers consuming the N3 diet had a greater content of total n-3 FA, α-linolenic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid in PBMC compared with heifers fed the N6 and mix diets. Heifers receiving the N3 diet also had a lower content of total n-6 FA, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid in PBMC than heifers fed the N6 and mix diets. In conclusion, our study determined that feeding weaned female Holstein heifers a diet high in n-3 FA increased concentrations of n-3 FA in PBMC.     

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的药理作用

目的综述n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的药理作用。方法对国内外有代表性的文献加以归纳总结。结果与结论n-3多不饱和脂肪酸具有调血脂,降胆固醇,抑制血小板聚集,抗氧化,影响中枢神经系统和调节免疫功能的作用。     

Differential effects of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on prostaglandin F2alpha production by bovine endometrial cells

Recent studies have implicated n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the reduction of eicosanoid production in the bovine uterus. The objective of this study was to determine whether the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C_20:5, n-3) on PGF_2α production by bovine endometrial (BEND) cells is influenced by the quantity of linoleic acid (C_18:2, n-6) in the incubation medium. Confluent BEND cells were incubated in the absence (control) or presence of 100 μMof EPA for 24 h. After incubation, cells were rinsed and then stimulated with phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu; 100 ng/mL) for 6 h. Additional sets of culture dishes were treated with a combination of EPA and increasing n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios for 24 h and then challenged with PDBu for 6 h. The PDBu stimulated PGF_2α secretion and upregulated steady-state concentrations of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta mRNA within 6 h. Preincubation of BEND cells with EPA for 24 h decreased PGF_2α response to phorbol ester, but had no detectable effects on prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta mRNA abundance in PDBu-stimulated BEND cells. The inhibitory effect of EPA on PGF_2α production was reverted in BEND cells treated with an increasing n-6-to-n-3 fatty acid ratio. Findings indicate that the net inhibition of endometrial PGF_2α bioynthesis by n-3 fatty acids may vary depending on the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in the uterus.     

Effects of altering the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acids on spontaneous luteolysis in lactating dairy cows

Objectives were to evaluate the effects of altering the dietary ratio of omega-6 (n-6) to omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids on the profile of fatty acids and expression of genes related to the prostaglandin biosynthesis on endometrial tissue, uterine secretion of PGF_2α, and timing of spontaneous luteolysis in dairy cows. Multiparous lactating Holstein cows (n = 45) were blocked based on milk yield and, within each block, assigned randomly to 1 of 3 dietary treatments at 14 d postpartum for 90 d. Diets were supplemented with a mixture of Ca salts of fish, safflower, and palm oils to create 3 different ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids, namely R4, R5, and R6, which resulted in 3.9, 4.9, and 5.9 parts of n-6 to 1 part of n-3 fatty acids, respectively. Blood was sampled every 2 h from d 16 to 23 of the estrous cycle and assayed for concentrations of progesterone and the PGF_2α metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF_2α (PGFM). In a subsequent estrous cycle, endometrial tissue was collected for biopsy on d 8 and endometrial fatty acids profile and gene expression were quantified. The proportion of arachidonic acid of the endometrial fatty acids increased as the dietary ratio n-6 to n-3 fatty acids increased (R4 = 9.05, R5 = 11.64, and R6 = 13.41%). On the other hand, proportions of eicosapentaenoic (R4 = 2.85, R5 = 2.14, and R6 = 2.02%) and docosahexaenoic (R4 = 3.30, R5 = 1.57, and R6 = 1.08%) decreased as the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in the diet increased. Increasing the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acids increased mRNA expression of estrogen receptor 1, oxytocin receptor, cyclooxygenase 2, prostaglandin E and F synthases, and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein in endometrium, but decreased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and insulin-like growth factor-1. The changes in endometrium gene expression caused by dietary treatments were associated with changes in the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids in the endometrium. As the ratio increased from R4 to R6, the number of PGFM pulses (R4 = 5.6, R5 = 4.3, and R6 = 3.8 ± 0.6 pulses; least squares means ± standard error of the means) decreased, but the amplitude of the greatest PGFM pulse increased (R4 = 226, R5 = 267, and R6 = 369 ± 38 pg/mL). Luteolysis by d 23 of the estrous cycle was observed in 79.6% of the cows (R4 = 11/14; R5 = 13/15; and R6 = 11/15) and day of spontaneous luteolysis did not differ among treatments (R4 = 20.8; R5 = 21.1; and R6 = 21.0 ± 0.4). Three pulses of PGFM was the best predictor of luteolysis in dairy cows. Collectively, supplying the same quantity of fatty acids in the diet of lactating dairy cows, but altering the ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids, influenced the endometrial fatty acids profile and gene expression and altered the pattern of prostaglandin synthesis; however, the changes were not sufficient to alter the length of the estrous cycle.     

不同n-6/n-3PUFA比率对载脂蛋白E缺失小鼠脂质成分的影响

目的探讨不同n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)饮食对载脂蛋白E缺失(apolipoprotein E deficient,apo E-/-)小鼠血脂水平及脂质成分的影响,以冀为高脂血症患者的日常膳食提供参考。方法 8周龄雄性apo E-/-小鼠随机分为5组(n=12),在基础鼠粮基础上添加紫苏籽油和红花油,使n-6/n-3 PUFA比率为:组1 1.28,组2 5.03,组3 9.98,组4 68.26,总脂肪量5%,对照组饮食基础鼠粮,干预6周后检测血清脂质水平,气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析血清和肝脏组织中脂肪酸组成。结果与其余各组相比,组4血清甘油三酯(TG)水平升高;与对照组相比,4种饮食干预均显著降低血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇酯(LDL-C)水平,其中组3饮食降低程度最大;组4与组1相比,血清和肝脏组织中n-6脂肪酸分别增加了28%和48%,花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)分别增加了118%和122%,亚油酸(linoleic acid,LA)分别增加了19%和29%;总n-3 PUFA分别降低了39%和44%,二十碳五烯酸(EPA)分别降低了63%和65%。结论随着饮食中n-6/n-3 PUFA比率的增加,血清和肝脏组织中n-6 PUFA含量增加,n-3 PUFA含量降低。n-6/n-3 PUFA比率9.98饮食可最大程度降低血清LDL-C水平,可作为高脂血症患者的日常膳食参考。     

Estimation of daily exposure to 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals in Korean foods containing n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids

4-Hydroxy-2-alkenals are cytotoxic aldehydes generated from the oxidation of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The compounds have shown various biological effects via Schiff base adducts or Michael addition adducts at levels higher than physiological ones. To assess human exposure to 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals in the diet, 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals in vegetable oils, fish and shellfish were monitored using GC/MS/SIM. 2001 National Health and Nutrition Survey (2002) data were employed for the dietary intake pattern. The Korean daily exposure to 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals, excluding a possible one from fried food, was 4.3 µg day^-1, constituted of 1.6 µg 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) and 2.7 µg 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). It was calculated that Koreans could be additionally exposed to more than 11.8 µg day^-1 4-hydroxy-2-alkenal from fried foods. Thus, the combined exposure would be 16.1 µg day^-1, which corresponds to 0.3 µg kg^-1 body weight day^-1 for a 60 kg Korean adult. In spite of the biological toxicity of 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals, the risk for human could not be quantified due to the lack of a virtually safe dose of the compounds. However, considering the basal level of 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals in many tissues, the present value from the diet may not pose a significant risk for human health.     

多不饱和脂肪酸对小鼠3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖和分化的影响

本文利用MTS比色分析法、细胞形态学分析法及诱导分化法结合油红染色比色分析法研究了α-亚麻酸(alpha-linolenic acid,ALA)、亚油酸(linoleic acid,LA)对3T3-L1前脂肪细胞增殖及分化的影响。MTS结果显示,在一定浓度范围内ALA、LA均能呈剂量依赖关系和时间依赖关系的抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞的增殖,且ALA抑制增殖作用强于LA;细胞形态学分析结果显示,ALA、LA在高浓度时均显示出细胞毒性作用;倒置显微镜观察和油红染色检测结果显示,ALA、LA、ALA/LA混合脂肪酸(1:1,n/n)在12.5~200μmol/L浓度范围内均能浓度依赖式的抑制3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化,且ALA抑制分化作用强于LA,但当浓度100μmol/L时,ALA/LA混合脂肪酸(1:1,n/n)的抑制分化作用强于同浓度的ALA,当浓度为200μmol/L时,比较ALA/LA摩尔比为1:4、1:2、1:1的混合脂肪酸抑制分化效果发现,比值为1:1的略强但相互之间效果差异不明显。     

Production response of multiparous Holstein cows treated with bovine somatotropin and fed diets enriched with n-3 or n-6 fatty acids

Multiparous cows (n = 59) were blocked by expected calving date and previous milk yield and assigned randomly to treatments to determine the effects of bovine somatotropin (bST; Posilac, Monsanto Animal Agricultural Group, St. Louis, MO) and source of dietary fat on production responses. Diets were provided from calving and included whole, high-oil sunflower seeds [SS; 10% of dietary dry matter (DM); n-6:n-3 ratio of 4.6] as a source of linoleic acid (18:2) or a mixture of Alifet-High Energy and Alifet-Repro (AF; Alifet USA, Cincinnati, OH; 3.5 and 1.5% of dietary DM, respectively; n-6/n-3 ratio of 2.6) as a source of protected n-3 fatty acids. Diets contained 181 versus 188 g of crude protein and 183 versus 186 g of acid detergent fiber/kg of DM and 1.54 versus 1.66 Mcal of net energy for lactation at the actual DM intake for SS versus AF, respectively. Cows received 0 or 500 mg of bST every 10 d from 12 to 70 d in milk (DIM) and at 14-d intervals through 280 DIM. The 2 × 2 factorial combination of diet (SS or AF) with or without bST administration resulted in treatments designated as SSY, SSN, AFY, and AFN, respectively. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using mixed model procedures to determine the effects of diet, bST, and their interactions. Yield of 3.5% fat-corrected milk was not altered by diet, but was increased by 4.0 ± 1.9 kg/d from 12 to 70 DIM and by 5.1 ± 1.2 kg/d from 12 to 280 DIM by bST. Treatment did not affect DM intake or energy balance (EB) nadir. There was an interaction of bST and diet on EB because AF decreased the impact of bST on overall EB and allowed AFY cows to reach a positive EB earlier than SSY cows. Gross feed efficiency adjusted for body weight change was greater for bST-treated cows (1.03 vs. 1.15 ± 0.03 kg of fat-corrected milk/Mcal of net energy for lactation). Circulating insulin-like growth factor-I concentrations were increased by bST (85 vs. 125 ± 8 ng/mL). Body weight, body condition score, and backfat thickness were reduced by bST, but differences between treated and nontreated cows did not differ by 280 DIM. Results indicate cows responded to bST administration in early lactation, but the magnitude of the response was greater after 70 DIM. Source of dietary fat had a minimal effect on most production measurements, but relative to SS, AF decreased the impact of bST on overall EB. Results support the premise that bST administration prolongs the delay in postpartum tissue replenishment.     

制备富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的磷脂

以Novozym435为工具酶，在正己烷体系里，使大豆粉末磷脂和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸EPA与DFIA发生酸解反应，制备了结构化磷脂。探讨了温度、时间、加酶量（基于磷脂质量）、底物浓度（磷脂／正己烷）、加水量（基于酶质量）、底物摩尔比（多不饱和脂肪酸／磷脂）对结构化磷脂制备的影响，得出较优条件为：温度50℃、时间60h、加酶量15％、底物浓度20％、加水量3％、底物摩尔比5：1。在此条件下接到磷脂上的EPA和DHA的含量之和可达21．56％。