W粉末的形貌结构对板状晶硬质合金的组织与性能的影响

采用W+Co+C(碳黑)为原料制备板状晶硬质合金,研究了不同形貌结构的氧化钨所制备的W粉末形貌结构对板状晶硬质合金组织、性能的影响。结果表明,不同于蓝钨制备的高温中颗粒W粉呈类球状或斜方十二面体结构,黄钨制备的W粉末颗粒呈多面体等轴状,更易于通过球磨获取扁平化程度高的W粉末,制备出板晶化程度高,板状晶的长、径比大,晶粒的取向性好的板状晶硬质合金。     

纳米强化片状W/Co/C复合粉末的制备与烧结体性能

采用高效球磨细氧化钨、扁平片状W粉、碳黑、钴及适量晶粒长大抑制剂等为原料,通过碳辅助氢还原制备质量分数20％纳米钨强化片状W/Co/C复合粉末,于低压真空烧结炉中在1 410℃的温度下一次碳化烧结,制备了含片状晶WC-10％Co(质量分数)硬质合金,研究了质量分数20％纳米W的引入对合金烧结致密化及其性能的影响.对不同...     

矿用硬质合金WC晶粒均匀性及板状形貌异常长大的控制

针对矿用硬质合金对微观结构均匀性的要求,以WC-Co硬质合金为研究对象,研究了WC原料、球磨工艺、钴含量、碳含量、添加剂、烧结温度等因素对WC晶粒均匀性的影响,制备了14组合金试样,通过对烧结后合金的微观结构观察,分析研究了以上因素对WC晶粒均匀性的影响。其中重点分析了硬质合金微观组织中WC晶粒呈板状形貌异常长大的原因。研究结果表明:球磨过程中产生的细小WC数量越多,越易于出现板状晶;硬质合金中板状晶的出现与钴含量、烧结温度、抑制剂、球磨时间、WC原始粒度都有密切关系;WC粒度增加、钴含量降低、球磨时间减少、烧结温度降低和添加抑制剂均可提高WC晶粒的均匀性并降低合金中出现板状晶的可能性。     

W粉粒径和烧结温度对一步法制备WC-10%Co硬质合金组织性能的影响

等离子球磨“碳化烧结一步法”制备WC-Co硬质合金有利于板状晶WC的形成和形态控制。本文进一步研究了等离子球磨W-C-Co复合粉末的组织演变,着重考察原始W粉粒径和烧结温度对WC-10%Co硬质合金组织、性能的影响。结果表明,等离子球磨使W颗粒显著呈片状,并增加其中位错等缺陷,提高粉末中的变形储能,同时增加了W/C反应界面,均有利于WC板状晶的生成;随着原始W粉粒径增加,等离子球磨所制备的层片状聚集体的片径越大,其生成的板状WC晶粒也越大,板状WC晶粒的定向排列程度也越高;随着烧结温度增加,WC晶粒的长径比和板状WC晶粒的定向排列程度有所提高。当原始W粉粒径为2.5μm、烧结温度1 440℃时,所制备的WC-10%Co硬质合金样品垂直于压制方向截面的横向断裂强度、硬度和断裂韧性分别为3 542 MPa、14.896 GPa、16.73 MPa·m^1/2;平行于压制方向截面的硬度和断裂韧性为13.975 GPa、15.06 MPa·mm^1/2。     

微波反应烧结制备WC-Co硬质合金工艺性能

以W粉、Co粉和碳黑为原料,通过球磨、压制成形及微波反应烧结制备WC-6Co硬质合金。采用XRD、SEM、密度计和维氏硬度计等研究微波反应烧结温度、升温速率、保温时间和W粉粒度4个因素对硬质合金组织与性能的影响。结果表明:选用粒度为1.3μm的W粉为原料,当温度大于1100℃时,W即可被C完全碳化生成WC;当温度为1300℃时合金致密性较好,维氏硬度(HV_(30))与断裂韧性(W_k)分别为1999N/mm~2和8.51MPa/m~(1/2),继续提高温度至1400℃时合金性能无明显变化。烧结温度越低、升温速率越大、保温时间越短,合金残留孔隙越多,导致维氏硬度与断裂韧性性能下降。当微波反应烧结温度为1300℃、升温速率100℃/min和保温时间10 min时制备的WC-6Co硬质合金微观组织均匀和综合性能最佳。选用粒度为27.0μm的W粉为原料按照最佳工艺烧结制备出WC-6Co硬质合金,并与平均粒度1.3μm的W粉制备的合金进行对比发现粗W粉颗粒制备的合金中存在W_2C,微波反应烧结工艺参数与W粉平均粒度相关。     

含板状WC晶粒硬质合金制备方法的研究

以市售W粉,Co粉和石墨粉末为原料,采用普通工艺制取WC-12wt%Co合金。合金显微组织正常,含有大量板状WC晶粒。研究表明,使用板状W颗粒粉末、提高烧结温度和延长烧结时间都有助于合金中板状WC晶粒的形成。     

原料粉末对SPS烧结W10Ti合金组织及性能的影响

分别采用两类粉末为原料:一类粉末是将球磨前后的W和钛源Ti或TiH_2进行机械混合,另一类粉末是将未球磨的W粉和钛源TiH_2粉进行机械合金化。之后选用SPS烧结技术(spark plasma sintering)来制备W-10Ti合金。通过XRD、SEM、纳米压痕等检测手段研究了原料粉末对W-10Ti合金组织及性能的影响。结果表明:较未球磨W粉,采用球磨W粉所制备的WTi合金组织中无纯钛相,且富钛相含量减少了44%,同时合金的纳米硬度提高了55.7%。细小、均匀的TiH2粉末有利于获得富钛相较少、均匀、细小的微观组织,用其制备的WTi合金致密度高达100%。相比使用Ti粉来制备W-10Ti合金,TiH2粉制备的合金电导率、纳米硬度和弹性模量分别提高了7%、46%和34%。而采用机械合金化粉末所制备的合金中条状的富钛相增多,组织更为细小,且该合金的韧性较好,但其致密度及纳米硬度均较低,分别仅为96.8%和2.8 GPa。因此,SPS烧结使用的粉末状态是制备高性能WTi合金的关键因素。     

EFFECTS OF SIZE COMBINATION AND CONTACTING STATE OF RAW POWDER PARTICLES ON SPARK PLASMA SINTERED ULTRAFINE CEMENTED CARBIDES

本文采用亚微米WC粉和纳米Co粉、亚微米WC粉和高能球磨后具有纳米晶组织的微米级Co粉这两种具有不同粒径匹配的混合粉末作为原料粉末，利用放电等离子烧结（SPS）技术制备超细晶WC-10Co硬质合金。对不同原料粉末的SPS过程及烧结试样的显微组织和性能进行了系统的对比分析。实验结果表明，以两种混合粉末为原料均获得了平均晶粒尺寸在200nm以下的超细硬质合金材料，其中，采用亚微米WC粉和高能球磨的微米级Co粉利用SPS技术制备的材料相对密度达到98%以上，硬度达到HRA94.5，断裂韧性达到13.50MPa•m1/2，表明具有优良的综合性能。而采用亚微米WC粉和纳米Co粉利用SPS技术制备出的超细晶硬质合金的组织均匀性和性能较差。根据SPS技术的特殊烧结机理，对采用不同粒径匹配和结合状态的WC和Co混合粉末的SPS致密化机制进行了分析。     

SPS制备含钼WC-6Co硬质合金的工艺性能

以Mo粉、Co粉和自主研发的WC-6Co复合粉为原料,通过球磨、SPS制备Mo添加量为1%(质量分数)的细晶WC-6Co硬质合金。利用XRD、SEM、XPS、维氏硬度计和电化学工作站等研究SPS烧结温度、保温时间对合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明:随着SPS烧结温度的升高和保温时间的延长,WC-6Co-1Mo合金相对密度和断裂韧性持续增加,维氏硬度先增大然后略有下降。当烧结温度为1250℃、保温时间为5min时,制备的合金综合性能最佳。与相同工艺制备的WC-6Co和WC-6Co-4Mo合金进行对比,发现添加适量Mo能够有效抑制WC晶粒的长大,提高合金的硬度和韧性,但相对密度减小;同时,也能够增强合金在HCl溶液的耐腐蚀性能。     

纳米晶W粉和W-Ni-Fe预合金粉的制备

采用高能球磨法制备纳米晶W粉和W-Ni-Fe预合金粉，研究了不同的球磨材质包括硬质合金球(CCB)、钨球(TAB)和球磨转速、球料比及球磨时间等条件对球磨后粉末性能的影响。利用XRD，TEM和EDX分析球磨后粉末的晶粒尺寸、晶格畸变、形貌、结构变化及颗粒成分变化。结果表明：高能球磨法可制得10nm～80nm的W粉和W-Ni-Fe预合金粉，纳米级颗粒含量达80％以上。相同材质的钨球制得的纳米粉末综合性能较好。球磨过程中，粉末保持颗粒状结构，纳米级粉末颗粒形状最终趋于等轴化。     

Effect of Cu on the microstructures and properties of WC-6Co cemented carbides fabricated by SPS

The aim of this work is to study the effect of Cu on sintering temperature, densification, microstructure and mechanical properties of WC-6Co cemented carbides fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). Fine grained WC powders with an average size of 1.2 μm, were investigated. Microstructures, hardness, fracture toughness and wear resistance of WC-6(Co/Cu) cemented carbides were measured and observed using SEM, mechanical property test. The results show that the sintering temperature of WC-6Co cemented carbides can be decreased obviously with Cu added; addition of Cu reduced grain size to 0.85 μm, but led to lower density. The adding amount of Cu should be controlled within a certain range, and the samples adding the appropriate proportion of Cu can obtain higher hardness and wear resistance.     

超细硬质合金WC-8Co-0.8(Cr_3C_2/TaC)的组织与性能

以超细WC-8Co硬质合金为研究对象,混合添加晶粒长大抑制剂Cr3C2/TaC。结果表明,合金在添加0.8wt%Cr3C2/TaC时的TRS达到3675MPa,而在添加0.5wt%和1.0wt%Cr3C2/TaC时的TRS降到2120MPa;Cr3C2/TaC在很大程度上影响了合金烧结时的致密化,WC-8Co-0.8wt%(Cr3C2/TaC)压坯在1400℃下完全致密化需要的烧结时间为60分钟;而同类普通WC-8Co-0.8wt%(Cr3C2/TaC)的压坯,由于没有超细粉末的高表面能,烧结60分钟后密度只能达到理论密度的98.8%;TaC和Cr3C2对W在γ相中的固溶度具有相反的作用。     

Effects of fine WC particle size on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WC-8Co cemented carbides with dual-scale and dual-morphology WC grains

Dual-scale and dual-morphology WC grained WC-8Co cemented carbides comprising triangular or hexagonal fine WC grains and plate-like coarse WC grains were synthesized by vacuum sintering using Co, flaky graphite, WC, and coarse W as the starting materials. The effects of fine WC particle sizes on microstructure, relative densities, and mechanical properties of the dual-scale and dual-morphology WC grained cemented carbides were investigated. The results revealed that the growth of plate-like coarse WC grains was further promoted with the decrease in the particle size of the added fine WC; hence, their aspect ratio increased. In addition, added fine WC led to the separation of plate-like coarse WC grains so as to break their oriented arrangement and prevent their face contact; hence, plate-like coarse WC grains were completely covered by the Co binder phase. Moreover, the addition of smaller particle size of fine WC contributed to more uniform Co binder phase. When 0.4-μm WC powders was added, the aspect ratio of plate-like coarse WC grains was greater than that of plate-like WC grained cemented carbides without the addition of fine WC. The dual-scale and dual-morphology WC grained cemented carbides by adding 0.4-μm fine WC exhibited good comprehensive mechanical properties, with a transverse rupture strength of 3645 MPa, a Rockwell hardness of 91.5 HRA, and a fracture toughness of 12.3 MPa∙m^1/2.     

Role of Co Content on Densification and Microstructure of WC–Co Cemented Carbides Prepared by Selective Laser Melting

WC–Co cemented carbides, well-known as the conventional tooling materials, have not been successfully produced by one step additive manufacturing processes such as selective laser melting(SLM) yet. The microstructure evolution as well as WC grain growth behavior has rarely been investigated in detail during SLM process. In this study, the WC–Co cemented carbides with different Co contents(12–32 wt%) were prepared by optimized SLM processes for comparative investigation of densification behavior, microstructure characterization and mechanical property. The increase in Co content in feedstock carbide granules can improve the densification behavior during SLM process. The SLM processed WC-12 Co shows larger average WC grain size and higher percentage of coarser WC grains as compared with both WC-20 Co and WC-32 Co. The microstructure characterization, combined with finite element simulation, shows the WC grain growth mechanisms include agglomeration and dissolution-deposition of WC during SLM process and agglomeration of WC is an important mechanism especially for WC–Co cemented carbides with Co content as low as 12 wt%. The comparison between horizontal(perpendicular to the SLM laser beam) and vertical(parallel to the SLM laser beam) cross sections of carbides shows that SLM process introduces a certain degree of microstructure and mechanical behavior anisotropy for WC-12 Co, WC-20 Co, and WC-32 Co.     

Effect of VC and NbC additions on microstructure and properties of ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbides

The nanocomposite WC-Co powders were prepared through planetary ball milling method. Effects of grain growth inhibitor addition and the vacuum sintering parameters on the microstructure and properties of ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbides were investigated using X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and mechanical property tester. The results show that VC and NbC additions can refine the WC grains, decrease the volume fraction of Co₃W₃C phase in ultrafine WC-10Co cemented carbides, and increase the hardness and fracture toughness of the base alloys. After sintering for 60 min at 1400 °C, the average grain size and hardness of ultrafine-grained WC-10Co-1VC cemented carbide are 470 nm and HRA 91.5, respectively. The fracture toughness of cemented carbide WC-10Co-1NbC alloy is over 7 MN·m^?3/2.     

WC – (Cu: AISI304) composites processed from high energy ball milled powders

Alternative binders to cobalt, based on stainless steel (SS, AISI304) and copper were investigated for tungsten carbide (WC) based cemented carbides. The binder content was fixed at 12 wt%, and the Cu:SS ratio varied in proportions of 0:1, 1:5, 1:2, 1:1, 1:0. High energy ball milling was applied to ensure high homogenization, nanometric particle size and mechanical alloying of binder elements in the powders' mixtures. To assess an adequate sintering route, wettability testing and constant heating rate dilatometry in vacuum were performed. The composites were analyzed in terms of their structural, microstructural and mechanical characteristics.The poor wettability of melted Cu on WC surfaces was increased by alloying it with SS and highly dense compacts could be successfully attained at reduced vacuum sintering temperatures with binders having a Cu:SS ratio equal to or lower than 1:2. The microstructures show secondary phases and significant grain coarsening during sintering, whereas the average grain size was kept in the nanometric range. The composites that attained almost full densification present high hardness, comparable to that of nanometric WC-12Co cemented carbides processed by similar routes, but lower toughness values.     

Consolidation and properties of ultrafine binderless cemented carbide by spark plasma sintering

Owing to the absence of metal binder, binderless cemented carbides have higher wear, corrosion, and oxidation resistance. WC-0.3VC-0.5Cr3C2 powders with an average particle size of 200nm and a little amount of active element were consolidated by spark plasma sintering. The sintered microstructure revealed that the average WC grain size was 0.24μm, which was almost consistent with the initial fine powder. The results of XRD showed that W2C phase was formed. Nearly complete densification of ultrafine binderless cemented carbide was achieved by sintering at 1400℃ for 120s under 50MPa. The resulting hardness and the fracture toughness were 28.18 GPa and 6.05MPa·m1/2, respectively.     

Tungsten carbide platelet-containing cemented carbide with yttrium containing dispersed phase

A fine and platelet tungsten carbide patterned structure with fine yttrium containing dispersed phase was observed in liquid phase sintered WC-20% Co-1%Y2O3 cemented carbide with ultrafine tungsten carbide and nano yttrium oxide as starting materials. By comparing the microstructures of the alloy prepared by hot-press at the temperature below the eutectic melting temperature and by conventional liquid phase sintering, it is shown that hexagonal and truncated trigonal plate-like WC grains are formed through the mechanism of dissolution-precipitation （recrystallization） at the stage of liquid phase sintering. Yttrium in the addition form of oxide exhibits good ability in inhibiting the discontinuous or inhomogeneous WC grain growth in the alloy at the stage of solid phase sintering.