拥塞控制端算法的实验研究

利用网络模拟软件NS-2对最近提出的端算法HSTCP、STCP、BIC-TCP、H-TCP和Fast-TCP进行了实验研究,从收敛性、稳定性、协议内公平性、RTT公平性、TCP友好性和带宽利用率等方面来比较它们的性能.     

一种新的TCP/AQM模型的高带宽拥塞控制算法

TCPs/AQMs算法在多种环境下的组合研究已十分广泛,但主要采用TCP Reno与各种AQMs算法在低带宽下的组合。利用显示反馈的思想,提出一种以H-TCP/BLUE为基础模型的高带宽拥塞控制算法,称为H-TCP*/BLUE*。仿真结果表明,新的组合算法比基础算法提高了带宽利用率、RTT公平性和友好性。     

一种卫星网络中RTT公平性增强算法

为解决卫星网络中由于链路长时延、网络拓扑动态变化等造成的TCP连接RTT不公平性问题,给出了一个卫星网络中RTT不公平性增强方案TCP Riff。TCP Riff中引入了参考连接RTT的概念,通过一个基准RTT,使得异构RTT的TCP连接窗口的增长,继而传输速率的增长独立于连接的RTT,从而获得了很好的RTT公平性。NS仿真实验表明TCP Riff明显地减少对长RTT连接的性能差异,并且,在出现拥塞和链路差错情况下,相对于TCP标准版本具有明显的吞吐量优势,以及良好的公平性和友好性。值得提出的是TCP Riff没有破坏TCP协议端到端的语义,并且与其他TCP增强方案是兼容的。     

高速网络STCP拥塞控制算法的改进

STCP(ScalableTCP)算法是个典型的积式增加积式减少的适合高速网络的拥塞控制算法。该算法具有很高的吞吐量,但是RTT公平性和TCP友好性较差。提出一种改进的STCP算法,简称NSTCP,通过添加公平因子,减轻了RTT不公平性;通过估计当前网络带宽、调整高速TCP和传统TCP的转换模式提高了算法的友好性。仿真实验证明NSTCP算法提高了这两个方面的性能。     

FAST TCP公平性改进研究

FAST TCP是一种适用于高带宽长延迟的新型TCP拥塞控制协议,它能充分利用网络带宽,但存在比较严重的RTT不公平性.对FAST TCP的RTT不公平性进行了研究,通过仿真试验和数学分析,在原有算法中添加一个公平因子,从而显著改善其公平性和友好性.     

基于RTT自适应的无线TCP改进算法

针对TCP Reno在无线环境下的性能恶化问题,在研究分析TCP Reno拥塞控制算法问题的基础上,提出一种基于RTT自适应的改进算法.该算法实现了丢包区分的拥塞窗口与慢启动门限调整,减轻了传统TCP由于无法区分拥塞丢包与误码丢包、盲目将拥塞窗口减半带来的性能下降.分析了该算法的可行性,并通过NS仿真对其吞吐量、带宽利用率、公平性等指标进行评估.仿真结果表明,相对TCP Reno,改进算法实现了无线环境下的TCP性能改善,同时具有一定的友好性与公平性.     

一种新型的端到端TCP拥塞控制机制

拥塞控制机制是决定TCP协议性能的重要因素。传统拥塞控制机制在卫星网络中运用时会导致TCP性能的大幅下降。本文提出了一种新的适应于卫星网络大延时特点的端到端拥塞控制机制,通过观察连续的不同长度的数据包的RTT的变化来确定网络带宽和适宜的拥塞窗口。实验结果证明,这种新机制在吞吐量、公平性、友好性方面均好于当前主流的端到端拥塞控制机制。     

一种新的固定速率分层组播拥塞控制协议

提出了一种新的固定速率分层组播拥塞控制算法FLMCC。组播会话中的每层按照固定速率发送数据包。各接收端根据估计的期望速率累计订购数目不等的层，从而获得不同的吞吐量。为准确估计期望速率并实现TCP友好性，各接收端采用在接收端实现的窗口机制，即在每层独立维护拥塞窗口，利用GAIMD算法调整窗口，并根据窗口值计算期望速率。为测量RTT，采用了一种精确测量和粗略测量相结合的策略；为避免RTT精确测量时产生的反馈内爆问题，采用了基于随机定时器机制的反馈抑制策略。协议实现简单。仿真表明，算法具有良好的TCP友好性、响应性和协议内公平性，且链路利用率高。     

HSTCP的RTT不公平现象及分析

传统的TCP在高速网络中丢失恢复时间长和丢失支持率低,不能充分利用网络带宽,难以实现大数据量传输。HSTCP（HighSpeed TCP）等高速TCP方案通过修改拥塞控制机制具有在高丢失率环境中TCP友好性和在低丢失率的环境中高扩展性等特点,但是通过实验发现存在严重的RTT（Round Trip Time）不公平性问题。对HSTCP中RTT不公平现象用模型进行了分析。     

高带宽延时网络中一种协同式拥塞控制协议

提出一种协同工作式的TCP(transmission controlprotocol)拥塞控制改进协议C3P(cooperant congestion control protocol),通过C3P源端检测RTT(roundtri ptime)延时信息和路由器反馈的1bit显式预测信息来判断网络拥塞状态,自适应地调节拥塞窗口.仿真实验表明,C3P协议能够有效地适应这种高带宽延时网络的传输特性,以保证网络获得更优的链路利用率、TCP友好性以及流与流之间的公平性.     

一种适用于流媒体传输的无线TCP友好速率控制机制

综合无线错误丢包以及拥塞丢包事件的统计特征,基于丢包区分,本文提出一种适用于流媒体传输的无线TCP友好速率控制(Wireless TCP-Friendly Rate Control,WTFRC)方程并建立实用的速率控制机制.该机制包括服务器或者代理发送端和用户接收端两部分,分别负责往返传输时间(Round-Trip Time,RTT)估计、发送速率估计调整和丢包区分、丢包率(Pack-et Loss Ratio,PLR)统计、接收速率估计.仿真结果验证了该机制能够获得较高的吞吐量和较平缓的发送速率,并具备较好的TCP友好特征.     

Evaluation of Advanced TCP Stacks on Fast Long-Distance Production Networks

With the growing needs of data intensive science, such as high energy physics, and the need to share data between multiple remote computer and data centers worldwide, the necessity for high network performance to replicate large volumes (TBytes) of data between remote sites in Europe, Japan and the U.S. is imperative. Currently, most production bulk-data replication on the network utilizes multiple parallel standard (Reno based) TCP streams. Optimizing the window sizes and number of parallel stream is time consuming, complex, and varies (in some cases hour by hour) depending on network configurations and loads. We therefore evaluated new advanced TCP stacks that do not require multiple parallel streams while giving good performances on high speed long-distance network paths. In this paper, we report measurements made on real production networks with various TCP implementations on paths with different Round Trip Times (RTT) using both optimal and sub-optimal window sizes.We compared the New Reno TCP with the following stacks: HS-TCP, Fast TCP, S-TCP, HSTCP-LP, H-TCP and Bic-TCP. The analysis will compare and report on the stacks in terms of achievable throughput, impact on RTT, intra- and inter-protocol fairness, stability, as well as the impact of reverse traffic.We also report on some tentative results from tests made on unloaded 10 Gbps paths during SuperComputing 2003.     

基于TFRC的RTP报文研究与应用

介绍了RTP/RTCP协议的最新发展趋势--基于TFRC的RTP报文,它是在原有的RTP协议(RFC 3550)的基础上进行了扩展,使其支持TCP友好速率控制(TFRC).TCP友好速率控制(TFRC)是一个基于单播流的拥塞控制,经常用来消除网络拥塞.它根据当前的网络状况、往返时间、丢失分组情况等计算出TCP友好速率.还简要介绍了往返时间(RTT)、吞吐率方程的计算方法,并以oRTP为基础,分析其中的数据结构,简单实现了基于TFRC的RTP报文.     

Impact of background traffic on performance of high-speed TCP variant protocols

This paper examines the effect of background traffic on the performance of existing high-speed TCP variant protocols, namely BIC-TCP, CUBIC, FAST, HSTCP, H-TCP and Scalable TCP. We demonstrate that the stability, link utilization, convergence speed and fairness of the protocols are clearly affected by the variability of flow sizes and round-trip times (RTTs), and the amount of background flows competing with high-speed flows in a bottleneck router. Our findings include: (1) the presence of background traffic with variable flow sizes and RTTs improves the fairness of most high-speed protocols, (2) all protocols except FAST and HSTCP show good intra-protocol fairness regardless of the types of background traffic, (3) HSTCP needs a larger amount of background traffic and more variable traffic than the other protocols to achieve convergence, (4) H-TCP trades stability for fairness; that is, while its fairness is good independent of background traffic types, larger variance in the flow sizes and RTTs of background flows causes the protocol to induce a higher degree of global loss synchronization among competing flows, lowering link utilization and stability, (5) FAST suffers unfairness and instability in small buffer or long delay networks regardless of background traffic types, and (6) the fairness of high-speed protocols depends more on the amount of competing background traffic rather than its rate variability. We also find that the presence of high-speed flows does not greatly reduce the bandwidth usage of background Web traffic.     

Neural network prediction model for a real-time data transmission

Both the real-time transmission and the amount of valid transmitted data are important factors in real-time multimedia transmission through the Internet. They are mainly affected by the channel bandwidth, delay time, and packet loss. In this paper, we propose a predictive rate control system for data transmission, which is designed to improve the number of valid transmitted packets for the transmission of real-time multimedia over the Internet. The one-step-ahead round-trip delay time and packet loss are predicted using a prediction algorithm and then these predicted values are used to determine the transmission rate. A real-time multimedia transmission system was implemented using a TCP-friendly algorithm, in order to obtain the measurement data needed for the proposed system. Neural network modeling was performed using the collected data, which consisted of the round-trip time (RTT) delay and packet loss rate (PLR). In addition, the performance of the neural network prediction model was verified through a validation process. The transmission rate was determined from the values of RTT delay and PLR, and a data transmission test for an actual system was performed using this transmission rate. The experiment results show that the algorithm proposed in this study increases the number of valid packets compared with the TCP-friendly algorithm.     

一个TCP友好的可靠组播拥塞控制算法

设计一个基于主动节点的可靠组播拥塞控制协议FACC.该协议属于单速率、接收者启动的速率控制算法.FACC采用了较为准确的TCP吞吐量模型来计算发送速率,保证了TCP公平性.同时,FACC在主动节点上执行一个拥塞控制参数的过滤算法,避免反馈信息闭塞问题.仿真实验表明该FACC可有效地工作,具有较好的TCP公平性和稳定的发送速率.