活化温度对无灰煤基活性炭结构及性能的影响

以无灰煤(HPC)为原料,KOH为活化剂,采用直接活化法制备无灰煤基活性炭(HAC),并在不同活化温度下探究HAC孔结构的衍化规律。结果表明:活化温度较低时,活化过程表现为无规则碳的烧失,同时微晶单元参与反应,片层明显减小,主要形成0.5 nm以下的微孔,以开孔作用为主。随活化温度的升高,KOH刻蚀微晶结构加剧,以扩孔作用为主,孔径大于0.5 nm的孔居多,同时发展超微孔和中孔。将HAC作为电极材料应用于水系双电层电容器(EDLC)时,其显示出优异的电化学性能,在电流密度为50 mA/g时的比电容达258.2 F/g,在电流密度为5000 mA/g时的比电容保持率在80%以上。研究还发现,EDLC的比电容随HAC电极中0.5 nm^1.5 nm微孔的增加而增大。     

酚醛树脂基活性炭材料的制备及其电化学性能

以酚醛树脂（PF）为原料,聚乙二醇（PEG）为造孔剂,采用聚合物共混炭化及水蒸气活化法制备超级电容器电极用活性炭。通过热重（TG）分析探讨了PF、PEG及其共混物（PF-PEG）在升温过程中的热解行为,用N₂-BET法测试比表面积及其孔结构参数。通过测试恒流充放电、循环伏安和交流阻抗曲线分析其电化学性能,研究了活化温度、水蒸气流速及活化时间对活性炭孔结构及电化学性能的影响。结果表明,当活化温度为900℃、水蒸气流速为1 ml·min^-1、活化时间为2 h时制备的活性炭结构和性能相对较好,孔径主要分布在2 nm以下,比电容达到105.4 F·g^-1,具有良好的电容特性。     

化学-物理混合活化法对超级电容器用活性炭的改性研究

以活性炭粉末为原料,采用氢氧化钾-水蒸气混合处理法制备超级电容器用活性炭电极材料。通过N2吸附法对材料的比表面和孔结构进行研究,发现活性炭的孔结构和孔径分布得以改善。通过循环伏安和交流阻抗等方法研究活性炭电极的电化学性能,结果表明,超级电容器电化学窗口可以达到4．47,充放电为97．3％,单电极比容量为245．3F／g。通过此方法处理后的活性炭更适宜用作超级电容器的电极材料。     

Structure and electrochemical properties of resorcinol-formaldehyde polymer-based carbon for electric double-layer capacitors

A nano-porous carbon was prepared by carbonization of a novel synthetic resorcinol-formaldehyde (RF) polymer without any additional activation process, and used as electrode materials for aqueous electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). This novel RF polymer-based carbon shows high specific surface area with large carbonization yield (∼50%), and excellent specific dc capacitance over 200 F/g. The effect of R/CA ratio (i.e. molar ratio of resorcinol to curing agent) on the specific surface area, pore size distribution, nanostructure and electrochemical capacitance was studied, respectively. The results showed that a higher R/CA ratio yielded carbon with higher specific surface area, larger specific capacitance, and broader pore size distribution. The highest specific surface area of 825 m²/g and specific capacitance exceeding 200 F/g were found to occur at R/CA ratio of 50. The electrochemical behaviors were characterized by means of galvanostatic charging/discharging, cycle voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy. The correlation between electrochemical properties and pore structure was investigated. Due to the excellent capacitance properties, low cost and simple process, this RF polymer-derived carbon would be a promising material for EDLCs applications.     

Graphene nanosheets as electrode material for electric double-layer capacitors

Graphene nanosheets (GNSs) with narrow mesopore distribution around 4 nm were mass-produced from natural graphite via the oxidation and rapid heating processes. The effects of oxidant addition on the morphology, structure and electrochemical performance of GNSs as electrode materials for electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) were systematically investigated. The electrochemical properties of EDLC were influenced by the specific surface area, pore characteristics, layer stacking and oxygen-containing functional group contents of electrode materials. Deeper oxidation makes graphite possess both higher specific surface area and more graphene edges, which are favorable for the enhancement of capacitive performance of EDLC. The electrodes with freestanding graphene nanosheets prepared by coating method exhibited good rate capability and reversibility at high scan rates (to 250 mV s⁻¹) in electrochemical performances. GNS electrode with specific surface area of 524 m² g⁻¹ maintained a stable specific capacitance of 150 F g⁻¹ under specific current of 0.1 A g⁻¹ for 500 cycles of charge/discharge.     

木质素基活性炭氮掺杂改性及其电化学性能

以磷酸法木质素基活性炭为原料,三聚氰胺为氮源、KOH为活化剂,采用同步掺杂方式制备了氮掺杂活性炭(NAC)。通过BET、XRD、拉曼光谱和XPS表征手段测试了改性后活性炭的结构及其组分,并通过电化学表征手段,测试了其作为超级电容器电极材料在几种不同性质电解液中的性能,初步探究了电解液对电极材料电化学性能的影响机制。实验结果表明：改性后的活性炭具有丰富的孔结构,比表面积达到2 332 m²/g,微孔孔容为1.37 cm³/g,中孔孔容为0.74 cm³/g,平均孔径为2.79 nm,含氮元素7.5%,其中类石墨型氮(N-Q)结构达到34.6%。丰富的孔结构和氮含量大幅提升了活性炭的电化学性能,其在水系电解液中展现出了高比电容,在1 A/g的电流密度下比电容最高可达424 F/g;在有机系电解液中,尽管其在1 A/g的电流密度下比电容最高仅为87 F/g,由于其工作电压窗口更宽(0～2.5 V),因此具备了更高的能量密度。对结果进行分析,发现：活性炭电极材料在水系电解液中的性能主要受电解液水合离子半径影响,而在有机系电解液中...     

法国梧桐枯叶基活性炭的制备及其在超级电容器中的应用

以生物质法国梧桐枯叶为原料,将炭化的枯叶通过KOH化学活化处理,制备法国梧桐枯叶基活性炭（PLAC）。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线能量色散谱（EDS）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、氮气吸脱附对法国梧桐基枯叶活性炭的形貌、成分、比表面积、孔径分布等进行表征;运用三电极电化学体系,通过循环伏安,恒流充放电,循环稳定性测试,电化学阻抗谱分析法国梧桐枯叶基活性炭的超级电容器电极性能。结果显示,在800℃下碳化,通过KOH活化处理的法国梧桐基活性炭制备的电极,在1 A·g^-1电流密度下,比电容达到266 F·g^-1。电极在5 A·g^-1的电流密度下循环2000次后,比容量仍保留 97.0%,展示出良好的电极性能。     

双电层电容器活性炭电极的优化

通过物理方法对双电层电容器用活性炭电极进行改性实验,探讨了活性炭电极的结构（比表面积、孔径分布、孔容）和性能（比电容、充放电特性）的优化问题.改性后活性炭电极BET比表面积从1739.77 m²•g^-1增至2215.40 m²•g^-1,其中微孔比表面积增幅22％,中孔比表面积增幅35％,孔容积也有20%～30％的增幅量,孔径分布更为合理.优化的活性炭电极结构改善了电极材料的电化学特性,比电容量可达424 F•g^-1,增幅10％.     

Synthesis of mesoporous carbon spheres with a hierarchical pore structure for the electrochemical double-layer capacitor

Mesoporous carbon spheres with hierarchical foam-like pore structures have been synthesized by a dual-templating strategy using phenolic resol as a carbon source, Pluronic F127 and spherical silica mesocellular foams (Si-MCFs) as the soft and hard template, respectively. The results show that the morphology and mesostructure of the silica template are faithfully replicated. The obtained mesoporous carbon material with spherical diameter size of ca. 3–5 μm exhibits hierarchical pore sizes (from ca. 3.5 to 60 nm), high specific surface area (1320 m²/g) and large pore volume (3.5 cm³/g). The carbon surface contains plenty of oxygen-containing groups, resulting in hydrophilic property for an electrode material. In addition, Pluronic F127 plays an important role in the synthesis for maintaining the foam-like mesostructure of the silica templates and faithful replication of the spherical morphology. The electrochemical measurements show that the hierarchically mesoporous carbon spheres as an electrochemical double-layer capacitor (EDLC) electrode present a long cyclic life, excellent rate capability, and high specific capacitance as ca. 208 F/g at 0.5 A/g in (2.0 M) H₂SO₄ aqueous solution. Its specific capacitance can still remain ca. 146 F/g at a high loading current density of 30 A/g with the retention of ca. 70%. Furthermore, this material also exhibits excellent capacitive performance in (C₂H₅)₄NBF₄/propylene carbonate electrolyte, and its specific capacitance is 97 F/g at loading current density of 0.5 A/g.     

A Study on Superior Mesoporous Activated Carbons for Ultra Power Density Supercapacitor from Biomass Precursors

A kenaf-derived activated carbon (KAC) for a high-power density supercapacitor was developed in this study through phosphoric acid activation. The N₂/77K isothermal adsorption–desorption curve was used to estimate the textural properties of KAC based on BET and BJH and the pore size distribution based on NLDFT. The electrochemical properties of KAC were analyzed by using the coin-type cell applying 1 M SPBBF₄/PC electrolyte, and the specific surface area and total pore volume were 1490–1942 m²/g and 1.18–3.18 cm³/g, respectively. The pore characteristics of KAC varied according to the activation temperature, and most KAC showed a mesoporous structure. As the activation temperature increased, the mesopore volume increased up to 700 °C, then decreased. The mesoporous structure of KAC resulted in a substantial decrease in the Warburg impedance as the ion diffusion resistance decreased. Hence, the specific capacitance of KAC decreased from 82.9 F/g to 59.48 F/g as the charge–discharge rate increased from 1 mA/g to 10 mA/g, with the rate of reduction at approximately 30%. The rate of reduction of KAC’s specific capacitance was 50% lower compared with commercial activated carbon; hence, KAC is a more suitable electrode-active material for high power density supercapacitors.     

酚醛树脂基活性炭的制备及双电层电容特性

以热固性酚醛树脂为原料,采用CO2物理活化法制备双电层电容器用高比表面积活性炭。由氮气吸附法测定活性炭的比表面积和孔结构,采用循环伏安、交流阻抗和恒电流充放电考察其在30％KOH水溶液中的电容特性。结果表明,随着活化温度的升高,所得活性炭收率下降,比表面积、总孔孔容和质量比电容不断增加;具有高比表面积和宽孔径分布的试样APF953,具有最高的质量比电容值,电流密度由50mA·g^-1提高到500mA·g^-1时,其放电比电容由183．36F·g^-1降低到175．68F·g^-1,容量保持率达到96％,显示出良好的电容特性。     

Nitrogen-containing carbon spheres with very large uniform mesopores: The superior electrode materials for EDLC in organic electrolyte

We reported the electrochemical studies on mesoporous carbon spheres (MCS) enriched in nitrogen on frameworks serving as an electrode for electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) in an organic electrolyte. The preparation of the carbon spheres is involved in a facile polymerization-induced colloid aggregation method by using melamine-formaldehyde resin (MF) as the carbon precursor, and commercial fumed silica (Aerosil-200) as a hard template. After the carbonization of as-formed resin-template composites at 1000 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere, and the removal of silica template by HF treatment, monodisperse MCS with diameter size of ∼1.2 μm, high specific surface area (up to 1460 m²/g) and uniform pore size as large as 31 nm can be obtained. The MCS product presents a high specific capacitance as 159 F/g at 0.5 A/g. The high specific capacitance of the MCS is believed to be associated with its suitable nitrogen content that can afford pseudocapacitance as well as the high specific surface area. Furthermore, the specific capacitance of MCS can remain 130 F/g at high current density of 20 A/g. Our results show that the moderate nitrogen content can enhance the surface wettability and reduce the resistance, the large pore size can accelerate the diffusion process for the ions solvated with big organic solvent molecules in the pores. In view of the facts that precursors used in this simple process are commercially available low-cost chemicals, researches on the synthesis of such MCS materials templated by silica nanoparticles may not only be theoretically important, but also provide more options for economical and large-scale productions of mesoporous carbon materials with desired nanostructures, which might find practical applications in the fields of EDLC with high power performance.     

Effect of activation time on the properties of activated carbons prepared by microwave-assisted activation for electric double layer capacitors

Activated carbons (ACs) were prepared by microwave-assisted heat treatment of petroleum coke with KOH as activation agent, and characterized by infrared spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption technique with the aim of studying the effect of activation time on the properties of ACs for electrodes in electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs). The electrochemical properties of AC electrodes in EDLCs were studied by cyclic voltammetry, constant current charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the specific surface area (S_BET) and total pore volume of ACs goes through a maximum as the activation time increases. At 35 min of the activation time, the as-made AC (denoted as AC-35) has a S_BET of 2312 m²/g. With AC-35 as the electrode, its specific capacitance in EDLC at a current density of 50 mA/g can reach 342.8 F/g, and remains at 245.6 F/g even after 800 cycles while the energy density of the capacitor remains at 8.0 Wh/kg. The results have demonstrated that the microwave-assisted heat treatment is an efficient approach to the preparation of ACs with high performance for EDLCs.     

Application of attapulgite/maltose system on mesoporous carbon material preparation for electrochemical capacitors

Mesoporous carbon materials were prepared through atmospheric pressure impregnation at room temperature using attapulgite as hard template and maltose as carbon source. N₂ absorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the construction and morphology of the materials. The results showed that the prepared carbon materials possessed chain-layered structures whose surfaces were filled with ample nanoscale apertures. The materials also exhibited partial fasciculus with specific surface area and total pore volume of 628.6 m² g^?1 and 1.31 cm³ g^?1, respectively. Constant current charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry, and AC impedance tests were performed to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the materials. The constant current charge/discharge tests showed that the materials have excellent energy storage capacity. When the current density was 600 mA g^?1, the specific capacitance value reached 171 F g^?1. The materials showed quasi-rectangular features of typical cyclic voltammetry curve even at high scan rate (200 mV s^?1), indicating that they possess excellent rate capacity. The AC impedance tests showed that the materials were typical porous electrode materials with combination resistance of 0.82 Ω. The specific capacitance of the materials reached 79 % after 1,000 constant current charge/discharge cycles, indicating that they have superior cyclic stability.     

Competitive effect of KOH activation on the electrochemical performances of carbon nanotubes for EDLC: Balance between porosity and conductivity

This work is focused on the competitive effects on the performance of the electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs) between porosity increase and simultaneous conductivity decrease for KOH-activated carbon nanotubes (CNTs). A series of the CNTs have been activated with KOH to enhance their surface areas for application in EDLCs. The microstructure of the activated carbon nanotubes (ACNTs) is characterized with N₂ adsorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation and electric conductivity measurement. Their electrochemical performances are evaluated in aqueous KOH electrolyte with galvanostatic charge/discharge, cyclic voltammetry, and ac impedance spectroscopy. It is found that the KOH activation enhances the specific surface area of the CNTs and its specific capacitance but decreases its electric conductivity and the rate performance in EDLC. By controlling the activation of the CNTs to balance the porosity and conductivity, ACNTs with both high capacitance and good rate performance are obtained.     

Electrical double layer characteristics of nanoporous carbon derived from titanium carbide

Electrochemical parameters of the nanoporous carbide-derived carbon|organic electrolyte have been studied by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The gas adsorption measurements have been used for evaluating the specific surface area, pore size distribution and porosity as the essential parameters influencing the double layer performance of carbon. The region of ideal polarizability, values of series and parallel resistance, capacitance and other important electrical double layer parameters were established. It was shown that specific capacitance of typical nanoporous carbon derived from titanium carbide is in the range of 70-90 F cm⁻³ or 100-130 F g⁻¹ and it depends on the synthesis conditions. The influence of the electrolyte solvent to the capacitance was insignificant, although acetonitrile was advantageous with respect of smaller viscosity.     

Porous Carbon Spheres Derived from Hemicelluloses for Supercapacitor Application

With the increasing demand for dissolving pulp, large quantities of hemicelluloses were generated and abandoned. These hemicelluloses are very promising biomass resources for preparing carbon spheres. However, the pore structures of the carbon spheres obtained from biomass are usually poor, which extensively limits their utilization. Herein, the carbon microspheres derived from hemicelluloses were prepared using hydrothermal carbonization and further activated with different activators (KOH, K₂CO₃, Na₂CO₃, and ZnCl₂) to improve their electrochemical performance as supercapacitors. After activation, the specific surface areas of these carbon spheres were improved significantly, which were in the order of ZnCl₂ > K₂CO₃ > KOH > Na₂CO₃. The carbon spheres with high surface area of 2025 m²/g and remarkable pore volume of 1.07 cm³/g were achieved, as the carbon spheres were activated by ZnCl₂. The supercapacitor electrode fabricated from the ZnCl₂-activated carbon spheres demonstrated high specific capacitance of 218 F/g at 0.2 A/g in 6 M KOH in a three-electrode system. A symmetric supercapacitor was assembled in 2 M Li₂SO₄ electrolyte, and the carbon spheres activated by ZnCl₂ showed excellent electrochemical performance with high specific capacitance (137 F/g at 0.5 A/g), energy densities (15.4 Wh/kg), and good cyclic stability (95% capacitance retention over 2000 cycles).     

用过期切片面包制备环保超级电容器活性炭电极材料

考虑到世界上每天产生大量的过期面包等过期食品,以过期切片面包为原材料,经碳化、1 mol·L^-1 KOH活化并用稀盐酸中和及去离子水和乙醇洗涤后,制备了过期切片面包活性炭(EBAC)。对过期切片面包活性炭的表面形貌、物相结构、表面官能团、比表面积和孔径分布分别通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、氮气吸脱附(BET)进行了表征。在以3 mol·L^-1 KOH为电解液的三电极体系中,进行了活性炭电极材料的电化学性能测试。充放电曲线显示,在0.5 A·g^-1电流密度下,电极材料比电容达到352 F·g^-1;在5 A·g^-1的电流密度下循环1000次后,比电容保持在99.87%,展示出良好的循环稳定性。交流阻抗测试得到的Nyquist图和Bode图则近一步说明了过期切片面包活性炭具有良好的超级电容器性能。     

稻壳基活性炭电极材料制备及其电化学性能研究

以稻壳为原料,氢氧化钠为活化剂,制备活性炭.进一步将该活性炭作为电极材料,以氢氧化钾溶液为电解液,组装超级电容器.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附脱附(BET)、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段,分析了不同活化温度对活性炭的比表面积及孔结构的影响,并利用恒流充放电、循环伏安等方法研究了电容器的电化学性能.结果表明:800 ℃活化下活性炭的比表面积最佳,为2760 m2/g,孔结构发达.此条件下,在6 mol/L的KOH电解液中,活性炭电容器比电容达267.2 F/g,等效内阻仅2.2 Ω,倍率性能好.经过5000次循环后,其电容保持率仍有83.7%,表明该稻壳基活性炭电极具有优异的充放电可逆性和循环稳定性.     

聚合物功能性填料豆秸基活性炭的制备及导电性能研究

为了增强橡胶制品的耐热性或者一般高分子聚合物的导电性,活性炭作为一种功能性填料被用于相关材料的成型加工中。本文采用豆秸活化,并在高温下炭化制备了高分子材料的填料—活性炭。并且通过多种测试手段分析其电化学性能。本文主要研究了采用KOH直接活化豆秸粉的方法,并通过700℃高温碳化获得高比表面积豆秸基活性炭。通过改变原料与KOH的混合比例,得到不同的产品。通过电化学性能测试、氮气吸附测试、电镜分析等对所得到的碳材料进一步表征。结果显示,采用改变KOH的比例制得的不同碳材料都含有丰富的微孔及一定量的介孔和大孔。其中DFC-1:1.5样品的总比表面积达到1269 m2/g,微孔率达93.8%。将所制备的碳材料制备成电极材料,在浓度为30%氢氧化钾电解液中进行电化学性能测试。测试表明,活性炭表现出良好的超电容特性。其中DFC-1:1.5电化学性能较好,在电流密度0.1 A/g下,其电容值达到255.1F/g,在电流密度增加到5A/g时其比电容依然可达160.7 F/g。通过三电极交流阻抗测试,碳材料的内阻非常小,说明导电性能良好。