聚焦光束反射分析仪测定淀粉糊化过程中糊化度的变化

利用聚焦光束反射分析仪(FBRM)分析了玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉和木薯淀粉在糊化过程中颗粒总数的变化,实现了淀粉颗粒变化的"动态"监测,并提出用颗粒总数的变化量/颗粒的初始总数来表示糊化度,简化了以往测量糊化度的方法。结果表明:FBRM测得的玉米淀粉颗粒总数呈先增加后减小的趋势,在70℃时下降幅度最大;马铃薯淀粉颗粒总数一直减小,在70℃时下降幅度最大;木薯淀粉颗粒总数也一直减小,但在65℃时下降幅度最大。FBRM测得玉米淀粉在70℃糊化度达到最大值60.05%,马铃薯淀粉在70℃糊化度达到最大值38.83%,木薯淀粉在65℃糊化度达到最大值54.66%;当温度达到75℃时,玉米淀粉,马铃薯淀粉和木薯淀粉总的糊化度分别为93.55%、90.19%和85.85%,它们都没有达到100%。     

淀粉糊化度测量方法研究进展

淀粉糊化度(Degree of Starch Gelatinization,DSG)不仅影响含淀粉类食品的物理和感官特性,而且还影响其消化特性和营养特性,如何准确、快速、简便地检测DSG已经成为食品工业界亟待解决的热点问题。本文在国内外相关研究的基础之上,综述了DSG测量方法的原理及准确性,并将几种常用方法的准确性进行了比较。经过系统比较分析,发现利用酶法测定DSG是当前较为合适的测定方法,但其还存在测定程序繁琐、耗时等问题。因此,还需要进一步优化和改进酶法,使其能够成为DSG快速、准确、广谱的测定方法。     

支链聚合度对菠萝蜜种子淀粉凝胶化特性的影响

采用5种菠萝蜜种子淀粉(jackfruit seed starch,JFSS)分离直链淀粉和支链淀粉,马来西亚1号(M1)直链淀粉分别和M1、马来西亚5号(M5)、马来西亚6号(M6)、马来西亚11号(M11)、本地品种(BD)的支链淀粉进行1:1的混合,制备具有不同支链聚合度的凝胶化JFSS(gelatinized JFSS,GJFSS:M1'、M5'、M6'、M11'和BD')。以颗粒形貌、冻融稳定性、热力学性质、糊化特性和短程分子有序度为考察指标,研究不同支链聚合度对JFSS凝胶化过程的影响。结果表明,BD的支链聚合度最高,其次是M11、M6、M5、M1的支链聚合度最低。5种GJFSS样品的微观结构明显从致密(M1')变到疏松(BD')。冻融稳定性结果与微观结构结果一致,高脱水收缩形成致密结构(M1'),低脱水收缩形成松散结构(BD')。随着支链聚合度的增加,凝胶化焓、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度、回生值和吸光度比降低,但转变温度和糊化温度升高。热力学性质、糊化特性和短程分子序列与微观结构和脱水收缩结果一致,支链聚合度是影响淀粉凝胶化特性的重要结构因素。     

小麦总淀粉、A-淀粉及B-淀粉的热损伤与其糊化度、糊化特性的关系

为了探索热处理温度和水分对淀粉损伤及损伤后淀粉糊特性的影响,揭示小麦淀粉的热损伤程度与糊化度、糊黏度特性之间的关系,以市售面粉分离的总淀粉、A-淀粉和B-淀粉为原料,经30～90 ℃的温度处理后,测定其在高、低水分下的破损淀粉含量、糊化度及糊化特性的变化。结果表明：低水分下,淀粉损伤、糊化度和淀粉糊性质随热处理温度变化不明显;高水分含量下,随着热处理温度的升高,破损淀粉含量和糊化度呈明显上升趋势,热损伤程度与糊化度之间呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,糊化温度略有增加,主要的黏度参数显著下降,损伤淀粉与峰值黏度之间呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）。     

莲藕淀粉的糊化特性研究

以莲藕淀粉为原料,采用X- 射线衍射仪、动态流变仪对莲藕淀粉糊化特性进行系统研究并探讨了莲藕淀粉的糊化机理。通过测定莲藕淀粉糊的润胀特性、碘蓝值和酶解力的变化及晶体崩解变化综合分析了淀粉的糊化过程。莲藕淀粉糊化的本质是淀粉颗粒的润胀、晶体的崩解和直链淀粉的释放。莲藕淀粉在过量水分下糊化形成以直链淀粉溶液为连续相和以支链淀粉颗粒或团块为分散相的多相体系。     

Wet Method for Measuring Starch Gelatinization Temperature Using Electrical Conductivity

ABSTRACT:  The objective of the present study was to develop a method for obtaining the gelatinization temperature of starches by using electrical conductivity. Native starches from corn, rice, potato, and wheat were prepared with different proportions of water and heated from room temperature to 90 °C, in a device especially designed for monitoring the electrical conductivity as a function of temperature. The results showed a linear trend of the electrical conductivity with the temperature until it reaches the onset gelatinization temperature. After that point, the electrical conductivity presented an increment or decrement depending on the water content in the sample and it was related to starch swelling and gelatinization phenomena. At the end gelatinization temperature, the conductivity becomes stable and linear, indicating that there are no more changes of phase. The starch gelatinization parameter, which was evaluated in the 4 types of starches using the electrical conductivity, was compared with those obtained by using differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The onset temperature at which the electrical conductivity increased or decreased was found to be similar to that obtained by DSC. Also, the final temperature at which the electrical conductivity returned to linearity matched the end gelatinization temperature of the DSC. Further, a wet method for measuring the onset, peak, and end gelatinization temperatures as a function of temperature using the electrical conductivity curves is presented for a starch–water suspension.     

莲藕淀粉糊化温度测定方法的比较

采用三种方法对莲藕糊化温度进行测定,实验显示:偏光十字消失法测得莲藕淀粉的糊化温度为63.8～71.8℃,该法操作简便,具有较好的重现性和一定的准确性;动态流变仪法测得糊化温度为60.1～66.2℃,准确性高,重现性好,测得的糊化温度范围较小,是相对精确的方法;差示扫描量热分析法(DSC)图谱法测得糊化温度为63.5～74.7℃,温度范围相对较大,并可以较全面地反映淀粉的糊化特性。     

不同糊化度的籼米淀粉在贮藏过程中结晶性和抗性淀粉的变化

本文以籼米淀粉为原料,经完全和部分糊化后,在25℃、4℃和-18℃贮藏过程中分别测定其结晶性和抗性淀粉的变化,结果表明：完全糊化淀粉在25℃、4℃和-18℃贮藏过程中,结晶度从0%分别增至7.98%,12.53%和11.77%,相应的抗性淀粉含量分别为4.1%,8.6%,6.5%,与0d相比,增加了2.7%,7.2%,5.1%;部分糊化淀粉的结晶度从11.14%分别增至19.11%,24.45%和22.89%,相应的抗性淀粉含量分别为13.8%,17.8%,15.8%,与0d相比,增加了5.7%,9.7%,7.1%。部分和完全糊化的淀粉相比,在相同的贮藏温度下,部分糊化淀粉结晶速率较快,抗性淀粉和慢消化淀粉的含量较多;与-18℃和25℃贮藏温度相比,4℃结晶速率较快,更易形成抗性淀粉。     

小麦淀粉与马铃薯淀粉、豌豆淀粉共混物的糊化与凝胶特性

研究了小麦淀粉分别与马铃薯淀粉、豌豆淀粉以不同比例混合后淀粉混合物的糊化特性、流变学特性和凝胶特性等。结果表明：小麦淀粉的峰值黏度（2 430.50 Pa•s）等糊化特性参数低于马铃薯淀粉（9 001.02 Pa•s）和豌豆淀粉（2 644.50 Pa•s）,而糊化温度（90.70 ℃）高于马铃薯淀粉（67.05 ℃）和豌豆淀粉（73.95 ℃）。两种混合淀粉体系的糊化特性值在小麦淀粉和马铃薯淀粉、小麦淀粉和豌豆淀粉的值之间发生变化。凝胶的质构和水分子状态等参数有相似的特性变化规律。小麦淀粉的模量（G′为4 770.85 Pa、G″为453.80 Pa）高于马铃薯淀粉（G′为1 392.46 Pa、G″为175.65 Pa）和豌豆淀粉（G′为3 256.89 Pa、G″为275.36 Pa）,两种混合淀粉体系的储能模量和损耗模量在小麦淀粉和马铃薯淀粉、小麦淀粉和豌豆淀粉的值之间发生变化。马铃薯淀粉（7.84 J/g）和豌豆淀粉（8.18 J/g）的热焓值小于小麦淀粉（13.06 J/g）,小麦与马铃薯混合淀粉、小麦与豌豆混合淀粉热焓值降低。综上所述,小麦淀粉分别与马铃薯淀粉和豌豆淀粉混合使得混合淀粉的性质发生不同程度的改变,可为淀粉的天然改性提供一定的理论依据。     

淀粉凝胶研究进展

对近年来国内外有关淀粉凝胶的研究进行综述。从凝胶形成的机理出发,全面地论述了淀粉来源、淀粉种类、水分、温度、盐类、共存成分及变性对淀粉凝胶的影响。     

Model for Gelatinization of Wheat Starch in a Twin-Screw Extruder

Wheat starch was processed in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, at moisture contents 25% and 30%, screw speeds 200 and 300 rpm, feed rate 30 kg/hr, and barrel temperature settings 100, 120, 140, and 160°C. Degree of starch gelatinization at each point along the extruder channel was determined by sampling and analyzing material inside the extruder. Kinetics of the gelatinization during extrusion was investigated. A first-order rate equation was developed to predict degree of starch gelatinization during extrusion. The rate constant was a function of both temperature and shear stress.     

糊化条件对淀粉溶解度及性能的影响

考察了原淀粉和变性淀粉的取代度、糊化温度与时间和添加NaOH等糊化条件对淀粉溶解度的影响。并解析了溶解度与淀粉作用效果的关系。研究结果表明，糊化温度越高，淀粉的溶解度越大，糊化温度应在90~C以上。淀粉才能充分溶解；添加NaOH加速淀粉的糊化速度；变性淀粉的取代度和制备条件对其溶解度均有较大影响；延长糊化时间可提高阳离子淀粉的作用效果，而加碱糊化会降低阳离子淀粉的作用效果。     

Viscoelastic Changes of Rice Starch Suspensions During Gelatinization

Dynamic rheometry was utilized to characterize viscoelastic changes during heat-induced gelatinization of 2 domestic rice starch suspensions, 1 from waxy and the other from indica rice. Gelatinization included 4 stages: suspension into sol, sol transition to gel, network destruction, and network strengthening. Increase in storage modulus (G') was observed as early as about 47°C. For indica rice, the maximum value (G'_max) was higher, and the decrease afterwards was slower, owing to its higher amylose content. The effects of heating time and temperature were found additive. Sealing samples with oil affected the accuracy of measurement. Finally, the network of starch gels had a larger fractal dimension than that of soy protein isolates previously investigated, suggesting firmer food texture.     

Starch Gelatinization in Chemically Leavened Bread Baking

Differential scanning calorimetry was employed to assess the kinetics of the starch gelatinization in bread doughs. The process of gelatinization, which depended on the depth from the surface of the sample, followed the same first order kinetics in the baking treatment and in the calorimetric scan. Its progress was predictable when the local temperature could be suitably recorded. Accordingly, thorough temperature control allowed monitoring starch gelatinization and bread baking.     

韧化处理对甘薯淀粉糊化特性的影响

本文采用差示扫描量热分析、快速粘度分析等现代仪器分析方法研究了不同韧化时间、韧化温度和含水量等韧化处理方法对甘薯淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明,不同韧化温度处理后,甘薯淀粉的起始糊化温度、峰值糊化温度和终止糊化温度均呈升高趋势,其中起始糊化温度升高趋势明显,由甘薯淀粉的62.47℃升高到70.37℃,糊化温度范围变窄,糊化热焓值增加;其峰值黏度呈下降趋势,55℃时为1342 cp比甘薯淀粉下降了321 cp,破损值降低、回生值升高。不同韧化时间处理后,甘薯淀粉To升高,糊化温度范围变窄,由甘薯淀粉的21.35℃减少到60 h的15.09℃,回生值上升了29.89%。不同水分含量韧化处理后,85%时糊化热焓值提高了36.20%,峰值黏度比甘薯淀粉下降了378 cp。甘薯淀粉经韧化处理后糊化温度、热焓值升高,黏度下降,回生值增加。     

显微观察结合目标识别技术观测马铃薯淀粉的糊化特性

为了研究淀粉的糊化特性,创新性的将显微观察方法与基于人工神经网络(ANNs)的目标识别方法相结合,由机器学习算法实现对马铃薯淀粉糊化特性的在线检测。本文设计了一种基于深层神经网络的检测器(Starch-SSD),用于监测淀粉随温度升高的形态变化。首先进行对淀粉双折射特征的自动识别,然后计算糊化过程中每张显微图片中呈现双折射特征的淀粉数目,根据其数量变化确定淀粉的糊化温度和不同温度下的糊化程度(DG)。实验表明,与传统以人工视觉观察为主的方法相比,本文所提方法具有精度高、速度快的优点。与此同时,该方法克服了人工主观判断的不确定性,为利用显微镜对淀粉糊化特性进行判断提供了统一的标准,也为淀粉产品工业化生产过程中的在线监控提供了可能性。     

小麦淀粉高压糊化动力学的研究

本文采用差示扫描热分析（ＤＳＣ）法测定了不同压力下处理不同时间的小麦淀粉的糊化度,计算了小麦淀粉压车湖化反应动力学参数,结果表明,科淀偻的加压糊化为一级反应,压力分别在３００ＭＰａ、４００ＭＰａ、４５０ＭＰａ其糊化速率常数０．３６、０．４５和０．５;压力对速率常数的影响可用。     

玉米淀粉的粒度效应对其糊化行为影响研究

研究和探讨了经过机械微细化处理的不同粒度玉米淀粉的糊化特性，结果表明，随着玉米淀粉粒度的降低，其糊化温度下降，糊化温度区间缩小，淀粉糊的粘度下降，但热糊稳定性增加。由于微细化处理后淀粉凝沉性增强，淀粉糊的透明度随淀粉粒度的下降而降低。     

小麦淀粉颗粒大小和糊化特性的相关性研究

本文探讨了小麦淀粉颗粒A型和B型直径的大小及颗粒形态对其糊化特性的影响.结果表明品种间A型淀粉颗粒直径越大,B型淀粉颗粒直径则越小;A型淀粉颗粒直径越大,淀粉则越难糊化;B型淀粉颗粒直径越大,淀粉则越易糊化;热力学参数顶点温度与热焓值间存在较大的正相关性.     

超高压对马铃薯淀粉糊化作用的研究

采用偏光显微镜对超高压处理后的马铃薯淀粉偏光十字进行了观察,结果表明5%的马铃薯淀粉乳液在300、400、500 MPa下处理5 min后,马铃薯淀粉的偏光十字没有消失,在600 MPa下,少数淀粉颗粒的偏光十字开始消失,在700 MPa的超高压下处理5 min后,偏光十字全部消失,说明马铃薯淀粉糊化压力在600～700 MPa.