非同步扩频系统中空时分组码的阵列处理

针对非同步DS-CDMA系统提出了一种基于空时分组码的阵列处理干扰对消的技术。通过对发射信号进行空时分组编码,可以使发射信号在瑞利衰落信道中传输时信息不会畸变,并取得最大分集增益和码增益。利用空时分组码的性质有效抑制干扰的同时,大大简化了空时分组码的解码。仿真结果表明,这里提出的方法与传统的抑制干扰的方法相比具有更低的误比特率,并且有更快的解码速率。     

Performance analysis of MC‐CDMA by employing the MMSE‐PIC scheme in wireless communications

From the past decade, the multicarrier code division multiple access (MC‐CDMA) transmission schemes have placed major role in wireless communications. It is providing a secured wireless communication to the users with guaranteed performance. In many situations, the performance of the MC‐CDMA is restricted due to the interference caused by multiple access interference (MAI), which also influences the frameworks of CDMA. To overcome this issue, we concentrated on developing the efficient technique for data transmission with interference cancellation for downlink MC‐CDMA. In the proposed method, the interference cancellation procedure is done by using the regeneration and subtraction of MAI from the signal. The simulation results are evaluated using the MC‐CDMA system with different decision functions. Results proved that the proposed system is efficient in reducing the MAI along with an improved bit error rate (BER).     

一种基于快跳频技术的多载波CDMA系统

为进一步提高多载波CDMA系统的频带效率与抗干扰能力,提出了一种跳频多址技术结合多载波调制的传输方案,利用跳频技术将部分子载波传输与随机交织引入到多载波传输系统中,给出了系统实现的模型,并对该传输方案的系统带宽和误码性能进行了分析。理论分析与仿真结果表明：与以往的多载波CDMA系统相比,所建议系统的结构简单,性能优异,消除了已有系统中峰均功率比高和远近效应等问题,具有较强的抗多址干扰与窄带干扰的能力,并能有效地抗信道中突发错误的能力。     

Performance analysis of linear joint equalization and multiple access interference cancellation for multitone CDMA

In [18] the combination of multitone modulation with direct sequence spectrum spreading has been introduced. The performance of a correlation receiver with diversity has been evaluated for a multipath channel in the presence of a multiple access interference (MAI) using the Gaussian assumption. In the present paper we analyze the problem of joint equalization and cancellation of the multipath and multiple access interferences for these multitone CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) systems. A linear structure is first investigated for a mean square error (MSE) criterion. In order to understand the potential of the system we study the steady-state behavior of the joint equalizer-canceler. The investigation is carried out for a joint device following a bank of matched filters and assuming perfect carrier phase and timing recovery. An exact expression for the bit error probability of BPSK symbols before and after cancellation, is obtained in the form of an integral The performance of the joint device is investigated for different types of channels. The resistance to the near-far effect is also demonstrated. Then adaptive structures are derived from a least square approach. Their performance is demonstrated by means of computer simulations.This author would like to thank the Belgian NSF for its financial support.This author would like to thank the Belgian IRSIA for its financial support.     

光码分多址多用户干扰抑制方法研究

综述了光码分多址(CDMA)多用户干扰的问题及其抑制方法,指出目前光CDMA系统中多用户干扰主要影响发送比特为"0"时的误码率.提出了一种基于最大值判决的并行干扰抑制方法,进行误码性能仿真.仿真结果表明采用上述多用户干扰抑制方法的新型系统比常规系统的误码性能改善10个数量级以上.     

Performance analysis of adaptive receivers for DS/CDMA communication systems

Both intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple-access interference (MAI) are the important issues in code division multiple access (CDMA) multiuser communication systems. The step size of the traditional least-mean-square (LMS) adaptive receivers must be substantially adjusted to overcome the effect due to different channel responses or different numbers of active users. The normalized-LMS (NLMS) algorithm can automatically manipulate the adjustment to avoid the problem just discussed. This paper proposes the symbol-based interference rejection filter with NLMS algorithm and derives both finite impulse response (FIR)- and infinite impulse response (IIR)-type algorithms. We also derive the optimal step sizes and minimum mean-square errors (MSEs) for both the FIR and IIR symbol-based receivers. The complexity of our proposed FIR receiver is lower than that of the conventional chip-based receivers. In addition, it is shown that the bit error rate performance of our proposed symbol-based receivers is superior to conventional one in the simulations. Simulations also show the correctness of our theoretical analysis of minimum MSE. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多码CDMA系统中联合并行干扰抵消与迭代信道估计方法

本文针对多码CDMA系统提出了一种联合并行干扰抵消与迭代信道估计方法。该方法首先通过导频符号对信道进行估计，然后使用RAKE接收机后的软信息对信道参数进行修正，最后通过并行干扰抵消(PIC)去除多码干扰(MCI)。仿真结果表明，经过多次迭代后，该方法可显著地降低多码CDMA系统的误比特率平台。本文同时还给出了信道估计质量、码道数和PIC次数对多码CDMA系统性能的影响。     

Effect of Signature Sequence on the Performance of an Asynchronous Multiple-Chip-Rate DS/CDMA System

The effects of signature sequence on the performance of an asynchronousmultiple-chip-rate (MCR)-DS/CDMA system are considered.The equations for the multiple access interference (MAI)and the variance of the MAI are developed.The bit error rate is derived by using the Gaussianapproximation.The deterministic signature sequences such as maximal-lengthsequences and Gold sequences are compared with random signature sequencesin terms of the variance of the MAI and bit error rate.We find that the performance of signature sequences in an asynchronousMCR-DS/CDMA system depends not onlyon the crosscorrelation properties of sequences but also on the carrierfrequencyseparation between the interfering and desired users.     

Performance of Multiuser Detection in Multirate CDMA Systems

Multiuser detectors for asynchronous multirate code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems are considered. A multirate CDMA system model able to fit several system concepts in the same framework is presented. The performance of the multi-code (MC) system with one processing gain and the multiple processing gain (MPG) system is compared. Upper bounds for the expected value of the asymptotic multiuser efficiency of the decorrelating detector for a synchronous multirate CDMA system with three effective users are derived for a system with one and two processing gains. The numerical results show that the performance of the decorrelating detector for MC and MPG systems do not differ significantly. The bit error rates (BER) of the decorrelating, parallel interference canceler (PIC) and groupwise serial interference canceler (GSIC) with either PIC or decorrelator within the group are compared. The results show that the decorrelating and the GSIC detectors yield the best performance. For all interference cancellation schemes the BER saturates at high SNRs due to decision errors degrading the multiple-access interference (MAI) estimates.     

A near‐Nyquist rate transmission: A new minimum‐bandwidth direct‐sequence code division multiple access scheme

Bandlimited direct‐sequence code division multiple access (DS‐CDMA) attracts much attention for its compact spectrum and the ability to suppress inter‐symbol interference. Among the various bandlimited DS‐CDMA systems available, minimum‐bandwidth DS‐CDMA (MB‐DS‐CDMA) is the only realizable Nyquist rate transmission system. But, MB‐DS‐CDMA only applies to certain kinds of spreading codes. Accordingly, this study proposes a modified DS‐CDMA structure which extends the application of MB‐DS‐CDMA to all common spreading codes at the expense of a negligible reduction in the transmission rate. Additionally, the bit error rate of the proposed schemes adopting either single‐user or multi‐user detection receiver is analyzed and compared with that of the commonly‐used raised‐cosine‐pulsed DS‐CDMA over multipath fading channels. The numerical results show that given a sufficiently large number of users, the bit error rate performance of modified MB‐DS‐CDMA is comparable to that of the raised‐cosine‐pulsed DS‐CDMA scheme; meanwhile, the realizable modified MB‐DS‐CDMA approaches the ultimate transmission rate.     

Adaptive Retransmission Diversity with Packet Combining for Slotted DS/CDMA Packet Radio Networks

A time diversity automatic repeat-request (ARQ) scheme is investigated for slotted random access direct-sequence code-division multiaccess (DS/CDMA ALOHA) wireless packet radio networks on multipath Rayleigh fading channels. The receiver retains and processes all the retransmissions of a single data block (packet) using predetection diversity combining, instead of discarding those which are detected in error. This effectively improves the system throughput and delay characteristics especially at small values of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) per bit. A simple and practical selection combining rule is proposed, which lends itself to a low-complexity receiver structure and specifically suitable for high data rate transmissions. Owing to the stochastic nature of the multiple access interference, the new maximum output selection diversity (MO/SD) system yields superior performance in comparison to the traditional maximum SNR selection diversity (SNR/SD) model. The bit error rate performance, throughput and the average number of transmissions required to transmit a packet successfully with and without forward error correction (FEC) are evaluated. Numerical results reveal that the proposed adaptive retransmission diversity with packet combining provides a considerable advantage over the conventional slotted DS/CDMA ALOHA without incurring a substantial penalty in terms of cost or complexity.     

On the Capacity Enhancement of a Cellular CDMA Channel with Asymmetrical Bandwidth Allocation

Capacity enhancement of cellular CDMA is analyzed using an asymmetrical-bandwidth-allocation approach. Cellular CDMA systems with and without successive interference cancellation are considered. The main source of interference is interuser interference and, in particular, a 9-cell configuration is employed to account for interference from surrounding cells. By transferring more bandwidth or, equivalently, processing gain from the forward link to the reverse link, we have effectively balanced their performance and raised the overall capacity of the cellular system. The optimum bandwidth allocation is easily obtained from the performance curves of both links. For a typical cellular CDMA with a bit error rate of 10-³, the capacity gain of this approach is about 40%. If successive interference cancellation is employed and both links have the same quality, then both links should have equal bandwidth. However, in a situation where imperfect power control occurs, our studies indicate that using interference cancellation alone achieves a 25% increase in capacity, while enhancement with an asymmetrical bandwidth allocation overlay raises this gain to 68%.     

Pre‐filtering technique for MAI cancellation in MC‐CDMA systems

Multicarrier code division multiple access (MC‐CDMA), is a promising multiplexing technique for future communication systems. In this study, we employ the well‐known Walsh‐Hadamard spreading codes for synchronous downlink transmission of MC‐CDMA systems. The spreading codes allow that the frequency diversity to be efficiently exploited. However, multipath propagation may cause orthogonality among users is distorted, and this distortion produces multiple access interference (MAI). To eliminate this effect, we propose a pre‐filtering‐based MC‐CDMA system which uses a pre‐filtering technique at the transmitter and an equal gain combining (EGC) scheme at the receivers, respectively. Our proposed pre‐filtering technique transforms the transmitted signals so that the MAI can be eliminated, and the EGC scheme weights the signals received from all subcarriers so that channel distortions can be compensated. Furthermore, the proposed technique can calculate the transmitted power over all subcarriers to satisfy the required quality of service of each user and archive MAI‐free. In this paper, performance in terms of bit error rate is analyzed; in comparison with the EGC, orthogonal restoring combining, and maximal ratio combining schemes at receiver, respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于大系统方法的上行CDMA蜂窝系统性能分析

结合大尺度和小尺度衰落,采用大系统分析方法对CDMA蜂窝系统上行链路的性能进行分析。首先分析了小区内多址干扰和小区间干扰的情况;其次推导出了通过匹配滤波器后的信干噪比值,该值只与小区负载、用户功率、信道增益有关;最后分析了系统的误码率、吞吐量和频谱效率,并通过仿真验证了分析的准确性。仿真结果发现,随着小区负载的增大,系统的误码率增大,吞吐量下降,但频谱效率有所提高。     

A ZCZ‐CDMA system with BFSK modulation

A quasi‐timing synchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) system called ZCZ‐CDMA, which uses a set of sequences with a zero‐correlation zone called ZCZ code as a spreading code, is useful for short‐range wireless communications because of its excellent properties such as co‐channel interference‐free performance, simplified hardware design, and low transmit power as well as fast frame synchronization capability. In this paper, a ZCZ‐CDMA system with binary frequency‐shift keying (BFSK) modulation called BFSK‐ZCZ‐CDMA is proposed. This system is characterized by using a pair of balanced ZCZ codes for spreading and transmitting the two spread components over the respective keying carrier frequencies. Its bit error rate performance, compared with those of existing BPSK‐ZCZ‐CDMA, ASK‐ZCZ‐CDMA, and CDMA systems using the other spreading codes, is evaluated in theory and simulation. The bit error rate performance of the three ZCZ‐CDMA systems over additive white Gaussian noise and Rayleigh fading channels are formulated. It is proved that BFSK‐ZCZ‐CDMA is much more robust in anti‐fading performance and low transmit power in such an environment that fading distributions on the keying frequencies are independent mutually. Fading versus frequency characteristics are also investigated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spreading‐code‐dependent bit error rate and capacity analysis for finite asynchronous CDMA systems

Most CDMA systems serve only finite number of active users. Therefore, using Gaussian approximation to evaluate its performance is inappropriate. In such finite CDMA systems, the selection of spreading codes is of great importance because its performance is very much spreading‐code‐dependent. In this paper, a new algorithm based on multiple variable Bernoulli process is introduced to evaluate bit error rate due to co‐channel interference and thus the capacity of a CDMA system. The algorithm can also be used for large‐sized CDMA systems. The results show that small Kasami and Gold‐like codes offer higher capacity than the others do. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于CDMA的无线传感器网络误码率分析

为了分析多址干扰和节点干扰对CDMA无线传感器网络的影响,在考虑传输距离、传输速率、阴影效应、节点密度等影响的基础上,通过Matlab对误码率(BER)进行了仿真.仿真结果表明,CDMA在物理层对抵抗干扰和节约能量具有良好的性能.     

采用广义正交序列的多载波DS-CDMA系统在瑞利衰落信道中的性能分析

在CDMA系统中，采用正交序列可以有效地减小多址干扰的影响。然后，当由于多径衰落的影响使码片间的相对移位增加时，系统中用户扩频序列间的相互正交性减弱，导致性能大大恶化。本文基于新近提出的广义正交序列，分析了采用该序列的多载波直接序列码多分址系统在瑞利衰落信道中的误比特性能。数值结果表明，当扩频序列间相互移位在零相关区之内时，扩频序列仍可保持正交，因而大大提高了系统误比特性能。     

CDMA移动通信系统的干扰分析

在分析CDMA移动通信系统所产生的干扰的基础上。结合CDMA直放系统的研制,着重分析了CDMA系统本身具有的多址干扰的成因及解决措施;并就CDMA无线传输直放站对CDMA系统的干扰的产生。以及如何在系统中限制这种干扰,从而得到最大的容量进行了分析与探讨。     

平坦瑞利衰落环境下CDMA系统的多用户检测性能

在采用传统信号检测方式的CDMA无线通信网中,多址干扰限制了系统的容量和性能。多用户信号检测利用扩频码互相关信息在高斯信道中可以减小或消除多址干扰,缓解远近效应,增加系统容量。本文将多用户检测器直接用于平坦瑞利衰落的CDMA环境中,用分析与仿真相结合的方法讨论了典型多用户算法的误码性能。结果表明,平坦瑞利衰落信道中多用户检测算法的性能仍然优于传统检测算法。