耐老化抗冲击PC/SMA合金的研究

用动态力学热分析法(DMTA)分析丁马来酸酐(MAH)含量不同的3种苯乙烯／MAH共聚物(SMA)与聚碳酸酯(PC)共混物的相容性。结果表明,SMA与PC共混物的相容性随SMA树脂马来酸酐含量的增加而提高,MAH 质量分数为18％d SMA树脂与PC的共混物在整个组成范围内都只有一个玻璃化转变温度。以丙烯酸酯类核壳结构共聚物(ACR)作冲击改性剂制备了不同组成的PC／SMA合金,测试表明合金有良好的力学强度、冲击强度、高耐热性和优良的耐老化性。     

Effects of addition of acrylic compatibilizer on the morphology and mechanical behavior of amorphous polyamide/SAN blends

Amorphous polyamide (aPA)/acrylonitrile‐styrene copolymer (SAN) blends were prepared using methyl methacrylate‐maleic anhydride copolymer MMA‐MA as compatibilizer. The aPA/SAN blends can be considered as a less complex version of the aPA/ABS (acrylonitrilebutadiene‐styrene) blends, due to the absence of the ABS rubber phase in the SAN material. It is known that acrylic copolymer might be miscible with SAN, whereas the maleic anhydride groups from MMA‐MA can react in situ with the amine end groups of aPA during melt blending. As a result, it is possible the in situ formation of aPA‐g‐MMA‐MA grafted copolymers at the aPA/SAN interface during the melt processing of the blends. In this study, the MA content in the MMA‐MA copolymer and its molecular weight was varied independently and their effects on the blend morphology and stress–strain behavior were evaluated. The morphology of the blends aPA/SAN showed a minimum in the SAN particle size at low amounts of MA in the compatibilizer, however, as the MA content in the MMA‐MA copolymer was increased larger SAN particle sizes were observed in the systems. In addition, higher MA content in the compatibilizer lead to less ductile aPA/SAN blends under tensile testing. The results shown the viscosity ratio also plays a very important role in the morphology formation and consequently on the properties of the aPA/SAN blends studied. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

Effects of reactive reinforced interface on the morphology and tensile properties of amorphous polyamide–SAN blends

The effects of reactive reinforced interface on the morphology and tensile properties of amorphous polyamide (a-PA) and styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer blend have been investigated using styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer as a reactive compatibilizer. The anhydride groups of SMA copolymer can react with the amine groups of polyamide and form in situ graft copolymers at the a-PA–SAN interfaces during the blend preparation. The interfacial adhesion strength of the reactive reinforced interface was evaluated quantitatively using an asymmetric double cantilever beam fracture test as a function of SMA copolymer content using a model adhesive joint. The interfacial adhesion strength was found to increase with the content of SMA copolymer and then level off. The morphological observations of a-PA–SAN (80/20 w/w) blends showed that the finer dispersion of the SAN domains with rather narrow distribution was obtained by the addition of SMA copolymer into the blends. The trend of morphology change was not in accord with that of the interfacial adhesion strength with respect to the content of SMA copolymer. However, the results of tensile properties showed very similar behavior to the case of the interfacial adhesion strength with respect to SMA content; that is, there was an optimum level of the reactive compatibilizer beyond which the interfacial adhesion strength and tensile strength did not change significantly. These results clearly reveal that tensile properties of polymer blend are highly dependent on the interfacial adhesion strength. Furthermore, it is suggested that the asymmetric double cantilever beam fracture test using a model interface is a useful method to quantify the adhesion strength between the phases in real polymer blends. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 68: 1925–1933, 1998     

Blends of bisphenol A polycarbonate and rubber‐toughened styrene–maleic anhydride copolymers

The morphology and mechanical properties of polycarbonate (PC) blends with rubber‐toughened styrene–maleic anhydride copolymer materials (TSMA) were investigated and compared with the properties of blends of PC with acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) materials. The PC/TSMA blends showed similar composition dependence of properties as the comparable PC/ABS blends. Polycarbonate blends with TSMA exhibited higher notched Izod impact toughness than pure PC under sharp‐notched conditions but the improvements are somewhat less than observed for similar blends with ABS. Since PC is known for its impact toughness except under sharp‐notched conditions, this represents a significant advantage of the rubber‐modified blends. PC blends with styrene–maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) were compared to those with a styrene–acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN). The trends in blend morphology and mechanical properties were found to be qualitatively similar for the two types of copolymers. PC/SMA blends are nearly transparent or slightly pearlescent. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 1508–1515, 1999     

Miscibility characterization of SMA/SAN and SMA/PMMA blends by differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence techniques

In this study, styrene‐maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer was modified by monoesterification method with 9‐(hydroxymethyl)anthracene fluorophore to prepare a fluorescent anthracene labeled SMA (SMA‐An) material. The latter was then characterized by attenuated total reflection (ATR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. In the second step of this work, SMA‐An was added to SMA/[Styrene‐Acrylonitrile Copolymer (SAN)] and SMA/[Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)] blends to investigate the miscibility of these blends at the molecular level. The miscibility of SMA/PMMA blends was characterized using fluorescence quenching of anthracene by the succinic anhydride and succinic acid functions on SMA macromolecule itself. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Mechanical properties and morphology of LCP/ABS blends compatibilized with a styrene–maleic anhydride copolymer

A co‐polyester liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) was melt blended with an acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer (ABS). LCP fibrils are formed and a distinct skin/core morphology is observed in the injection moulded samples. At higher LCP concentration (50 wt%), phase inversion occurs, where the dispersed LCP phase becomes a co‐continuous phase. While the tensile strength and Young's modulus remain unchanged with increasing LCP content up to 30 wt% LCP, a significant enhancement of the modulus at 50 wt% LCP is observed due to the formation of co‐continuous morphology. The blend modulus is lower than the values predicted by the rule of mixtures, suggesting a poor interface between the LCP droplets and ABS matrix. A copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride (SMA) was added in the LCP/ABS blends during melt blending. It is observed that SMA has a compatibilizing effect on the blend system and an optimum SMA content exists for mechanical properties enhancement. SMA improves the interfacial adhesion, whereas excess of SMA reduces the LCP fibrillation. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

The Influence of the compatibilizer Characteristics on the interfacial characteristics and phase morphology of aPA/SAN blends

The main objective of this work is study the influence of the methyl mathacrylate maleic anhydride copolymer (MMA-MA) compatibilizer properties such as molecular weight and maleic anhydride content in the characteristics of amorphous polyamide and styrene acrylonitrile copolymer (aPA/SAN) blends, correlating their interfacial characteristics and phase morphology. The blends aPA/SAN, with and without the compatibilizer, prepared were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small angle X-rays scattering (SAXS). The results show that the maleic anhydride concentration has a more significant effect on the blend properties than the molecular weight of the MMA-MA copolymer. Even though the system aPA/SAN is thermodynamically immiscible, it shows morphology of phases with small particles of SAN. The addition of MMA-MA copolymer with high degrees of MA led to an increase of the SAN phase particle size. With SAXS technique, it was possible to determine the interface thickness and the results shows that the characteristics of the interface do not change with the variation of the compatibilizer characteristics. The results observed in this work indicate that the viscosity ratio is very important factor on the formation of the phase morphology.     

Properties of blends of starch and synthetic polymers containing anhydride groups

Corn starch was blended with styrene maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA), ethylene-propylene-g-maleic anhydride copolymer (EPMA), and corresponding nonfunctional polystyrene and ethylene propylene copolymers. The concentration of starch in the blend was varied between 50 and 80% by weight. The torque generated during blending is reported increasing starch content for starch/SMA blends: the reverse was true for starch/EPMA blends. The torque was higher for the blends of the anhydride functional polymers compared to the blends of corresponding nonfunctional polymers. Water absorption of the blends increased with an increase in the starch content. Starch/SMA blends made at higher mixer speed or time were more water sensitive. Blends containing EPMA absorbed less water than SMA blends containing the same weight fraction of starch. Tensile strengths of blends containing functional groups were superior compared to the blends made from nonfunctional polymers. When the starch contents increased from 60 to 70%, the tensile strength remained unchanged for SMA blend but increased for EPMA blend. All samples supported the growth of microorganisms, which increased with increasing starch content. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Modification of LLDPE using esterified styrene maleic anhydride copolymer: Study of its properties and environmental degradability

Linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) was blended with decanol‐esterified styrene maleic anhydride copolymer (MDESMA) with an aim to enhance the environmental degradability of polyethylenes. Styrene‐maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA) was synthesized by precipitation polymerization, using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. SMA was esterified with a long‐chain monoalcohol, n‐decanol, using methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) as solvent at 80°C to obtain monoesterified styrene‐maleic anhydride (MDESMA). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed to characterize SMA and MDESMA. IR spectra of MDESMA showed a decrease in intensity of peak responsible for carbonyl absorption of a five‐membered ring anhydride group along with broadening of carboxyl O? H stretching peak. TGA showed two‐stage degradation for SMA and MDESMA. LLDPE was blended with MDESMA in single‐screw extruder and blends were characterized thermally by DSC and TGA. A single endothermic melting peak of LLDPE/MDESMA blend was observed. Films of the blends, formed by compression molding, showed an increase in modulus of elasticity but a decrease in elongation at break with increasing concentration of MDESMA. LLDPE/MDESMA blend compositions when kept in phosphate/citric acid buffer solution (pH ～ 8) showed initial weight gain because of water absorption and subsequently loss in weight due to dissolution of soluble component of blends. Film samples of blends kept for soil burial also showed similar behavior. Contact‐angle measurement of film samples of the blends showed an increase in value on soil burial, indicating degradation/dissolution of MDESMA. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 102–108, 2004     

Novel blends of alternating propene-carbon monoxide copolymers and styrenic copolymers

Summary Alternating propene-carbon monoxide copolymers (P-CO) were melt-blended with polystyrene, poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN), and with poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (SMA). P-CO forms homogeneously miscible blends with SAN containing 25 wt% AN at the investigated blend compositions. The transparent blends have single, intermediate glass transition temperatures that fit the Fox equation. The elastic properties of P-CO at room temperature disappear upon blending with SAN because the T _g is driven above RT. Polystyrene and SMA are not miscible with P-CO and form heterogeneous blends with two glass transitions. This demonstrates that both the polarity of the styrenic copolymer and the nature of the comonomer govern its phase behavior. Received: 14 January 1999/Revised version: 19 April 1999/Accepted: 19 April 1999     

The effects of PC‐PMMA block copolymer on the compatibility and interfacial properties of PC/SAN blends

Block copolymers of polycarbonate (PC) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), PCb‐PMMA, were examined as compatibilizers for blends of PC with styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer. PC‐b‐PMMA was added to blends of PC with SAN containing various amounts of AN. The average diameter of the dispersed particles was measured with an image analyzer, and the interfacial properties of the blends were analyzed with an imbedded fiber retraction (IFR) test and an asymmetric double cantilever beam fracture test. The average particle size and interfacial tension of the PC/SAN blends reached a minimum value when the SAN copolymer contained about 24 wt% AN. A maximum in the adhesion energy was also observed at the same AN content. Interfacial tension and particle size were further reduced by adding PC‐b‐PMMA to the PC/SAN blends. Fracture toughness of the blends was also improved by enhancing the interfacial adhesion by the addition of PC‐b‐PMMA. The addition of PC‐b‐PMMA copolymer was more effective at improving the interfacial properties of PC/SAN blends than was varying the AN content of the SAN copolymers. The interfacial properties of the PC/SAN blends were optimized by adding a block copolymer and using an SAN copolymer that had minimum interaction energy with PC.     

Dynamic‐mechanical analysis of MWNTs‐filled PC/ABS blends

In a systematic manner, the roles of MWNTs as filler and styrene acrylonitrile copolymer‐graft‐maleic anhydride (SAN‐MA) as compatibilizer, individually and together, on dynamic‐mechanical behavior of polycarbonate (PC)‐rich/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene terpolymer (ABS) blend were studied. The investigations were performed using small‐scale mixing in a one‐step procedure with a fixed MWNTs content of 0.75 wt% and a blend composition of PC/ABS = 70/30 w/w. PC/SAN blends and nanocomposites as simpler model system for PC/ABS were also studied to reveal the role of the rubbery polybutadiene (PB) fraction. It is found that the tendency of MWNTs to localize within the PC component in compatibilized PC/ABS was lower than in compatibilized PC/SAN blends. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed the dual role of SAN‐MA as blend compatibilizer and also promoter of MWNTs migration towards PC, where SAN‐MA to MWNTs weight ratio varied between 1 and 4. At the compatibilizer/MWNTs weight ratio of 1, MWNTs localized in PC component of the blends whereas increasing the compatibilizer/MWNTs ratio to 4 led to migration of MWNTs toward SAN or ABS component. In DMA studies, loss modulus normalization of the nanocomposites revealed the coexistence of mobilized and immobilized regions within the nanocomposite structure, as a result of MWNTs and compatibilizer loading. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:2696–2706, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Phase morphology and interfacial characteristics of polycarbonate/acrylonitrile‐ethylene‐propylene‐diene‐styrene blends compatibilized by styrene‐maleic anhydride copolymers

Blends of polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile ‐ ethylene‐propylene‐diene‐styrene (AES) were reactive compatibilized by styrene‐maleic anhydride copolymers (SMA). The changes in phase morphology and interfacial characteristics of the blends as a function of maleic anhydride content of SMA and the concentration of compatibilizer have been systematic studied. The occurrence of reaction between the terminal hydroxyl groups of PC and the maleic anhydride (MA) of compatibilizer was confirmed by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A glass transition temperature (T_g) with an intermediate value between T_g(AES) and T_g(PC) was found on differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) curves of PC/AES blends compatibilized with SMA contains high levels of MA. Furthermore, at lower compatibilizer content, increase of the compatibilizer level in blends result in decreasing gap between two T_gs corresponding to the constituent polymers. Small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) test results indicated that compatibilizer concentration for the minimum of blend interface layer's thickness was exactly the same as it was when compatibilized PC/AES blend exhibited optimal compatibility in DSC test. The observed morphological changes were consistent well with the DSC and SAXS test results. A new mechanism of interfacial structural development was proposed to explain unusual phenomena of SMA compatibilized PC/AES blends. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42103.     

Effect of compatibilizer on morphology and mechanical properties of TPU/SAN blends

Melt blends of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and Poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile), (SAN) of various compositions were prepared using a two‐roll mill. Two blends of composition 70:30 and 50:50 TPU/SAN were selected for compatibility studies. The compatibility effect of SMA on these incompatible blends was studied. The morphology and physical properties of blends were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and mechanical properties. TPU/SAN/SMA 70:30:5 showed better compatibility than other blend ratios.     

Polystyrene and polyester polyurethane elastomer blends compatibilized by SMA

Blends of polystyrene (PS) with polyester polyurethane elastomer (PU‐es) were compatibilized by addition of poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) (SMA) containing 7 wt % of maleic anhydride. Binary nonreactive (PS/PU‐es) blends, binary reactive (SMA/PU‐es) blends, and ternary reactive blends (PS/SMA/PU‐es) were prepared with 10 and 20 wt % of PU‐es. The maleic anhydride content in the ternary reactive blends was varied through addition of different SMA amounts from 0.5 to 5 wt %. Polyurethane in the blends was crosslinked by using dicumyl peroxide or sulfur to improve its mechanical properties. The experimental processing conditions, such as temperature and rotor speed in an internal mixer, were analyzed before blend preparation by processing the individual polymers, PS and SMA, and the PS/PU‐es nonreactive blend (90/10), to prevent the degradation of the polymer during melt mixing and to assure macroscopic homogeneity. The torque behavior during the mixture indicated a grafting copolymerization, which was responsible for the significant drop of the PU‐es domain size in the glassy matrix, as observed by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The miscibility of the glassy matrix, which was shown to be dependent on the composition and the phase behavior of ternary blends, became very complex as the SMA concentration increased, as concluded from dynamical–mechanical analysis. Blends containing 20 wt % of PU‐es presented an increase up to a factor of 2 in the deflection at break in relation to PS. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2297–2304, 2004     

PA6/ABS共混物性能研究

将聚酰胺6（PA6）与市售的丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯（ABS）树脂共混,制备PA6/ABS共混物。研究了ABS树脂的用量对PA6/ABS共混物力学性能的影响;采用苯乙烯及丙烯腈共聚物（SAN）和ABS粉料熔融共混制得不同胶含量的ABS/SAN共混物。研究了不同胶含量的ABS/SAN共混物对PA6/ABS共混物力学性能的影响。在PA6/ABS/SAN共混物中引入苯乙烯-丙烯腈-马来酸酐共聚（SAM）树脂取代部分SAN树脂,研究了SAM树脂的加入及引入顺序的不同对共混物性能的影响。结果表明, ABS树脂的用量在50%～60%左右时共混物性能最佳。随ABS/SAN共混物胶含量提高,共混物的拉伸强度、弹性模量、弯曲强度和弯曲模量逐渐降低。随SAM树脂替代SAN量增加,共混物的拉伸和弯曲性能先降低后增加。但共混物熔体流动速率降低明显,而SAM树脂的引入顺序对共混物的力学性能影响不大。     

Polystyrene and polyether polyurethane elastomer blends compatibilized by SMA: Morphology and mechanical properties

Blends of polystyrene (PS) and the polyether polyurethane elastomer (PU‐et) were prepared by melt mixing using poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) (SMA) containing 7 wt % of maleic anhydride as a compatibilizer. The polyurethane in the blends was crosslinked using dicumyl peroxide or sulfur. The content of maleic anhydride was varied in the blends through the addition of different SMA amounts. The morphology of the blends was analyzed by SEM and a drastic reduction of both the domain size and its distribution was observed with increase of the anhydride content in the blends. The morphology of the PU‐et blends also showed dependence on the crosslinker agent used for the elastomer, and larger domains were obtained for the elastomer phase crosslinked with dicumyl peroxide. The mechanical properties of the blends were evaluated by flexural and impact strength tests. The blend containing 0.5 wt % of maleic anhydride and 20 wt % of PU‐et crosslinked with sulfur showed the highest strength impact, which was three times superior to the PS strength impact, and the blends containing 20 wt % of PU‐et crosslinked with dicumyl peroxide showed the highest deflection at break independent of the anhydride content. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 830–837, 2002     

Recycling of blends of acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and polyamide

The aim of this work is to evaluate routes to upgrade recycled engineering plastics, especially mixed plastics with acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymers (ABS) as the major component. A core‐shell impact modifier was successfully used to improve the impact strength of blends of ABS and ABS/polycarbonate (PC) blends recycled from the automotive industry. However, the presence of other immiscible components like polyamide (PA), even in small amounts, can lead to a deterioration in the overall properties of the blends. A styrene–maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer and other commercial polymer blends were used to promote the compatibilization of ABS and PA. The core‐shell impact modifier was again found to be an efficient additive with regard to the impact strength of the compatibilized ABS/PA blends. The results obtained with fresh material blends were quite promising. However, in blends of recycled ABS and glass‐fiber‐reinforced PA, the impact strength did not exhibit the desired behavior. The presence of poorly bonded glass fibers in the blend matrix was the probable reason for the poor impact strength compared with that of a blend of recycled ABS and mineral‐filled PA. Although functionalized triblock rubbers (SEBS–MA) can substantially enhance the impact strength of PA, they did not improve the impact strength of ABS/PA blends because the miscibility with ABS is poor. The possibilities of using commercial polymer blends to compatibilize otherwise incompatible polymer mixtures were also explored giving promising results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2535–2543, 2002     

Effect of poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) imidization on the miscibility and phase‐separation temperatures of poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride)/poly(vinyl methyl ether) and poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride)/ poly(methyl methacrylate) blends

The objective of this work was to study the miscibility and phase‐separation temperatures of poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) (SMA)/poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) and SMA/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends with differential scanning calorimetry and small‐angle light scattering techniques. We focused on the effect of SMA partial imidization with aniline on the miscibility and phase‐separation temperatures of these blends. The SMA imidization reaction led to a partially imidized styrene N‐phenyl succinimide copolymer (SMI) with a degree of conversion of 49% and a decomposition temperature higher than that of SMA by about 20°C. We observed that both SMI/PVME and SMI/PMMA blends had lower critical solution temperature behavior. The imidization of SMA increased the phase‐separation temperature of the SMA/PVME blend and decreased that of the SMA/PMMA blend. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

Flow behavior in a corotating twin‐screw extruder of pure polymers and blends: Characterization by fluorescence monitoring technique

The objective of this work was to investigate the flow behavior of pure polymers and blends, especially miscible polymer/polymer systems, in a corotating twin‐screw extruder (TSE) using an online fluorescence monitoring device. An immiscible blend was also studied for the sake of comparison. The fluorescence signal was obtained by using synthesized fluorescence tracers added to the melt at very low concentrations. These tracers consisted of two styrene‐maleic anhydride copolymers (SMA) labeled with anthracene. The investigated blends were SMA8 (8 wt % of MA in SMA)/polystyrene (PS), SMA14 (14 wt % of MA in SMA)/styrene acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/ethyl acrylate‐methyl methacrylate copolymer (PMMAEA). The residence time distribution (RTD), the mean residence time (t ), the dimensionless variance (σ_θ²), the Peclet number (Pe) and the fluorescence peak intensity distribution of pure polymers and binary polymer systems were investigated and interpreted in terms of polymers rheological properties. It was observed that polymers presenting higher viscosity or higher pressure showed longer residence time. A difference in behavior was also observed for the RTD of miscible and immiscible blends. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011