熔盐法合成Ti和TiC镀覆层对金刚石热稳定性的影响

金刚石表面金属化处理是提高金刚石制品性能的重要技术手段之一，镀覆层质量对金刚石及其制品的热稳定性和耐磨性都具有重要影响。采用高温熔盐法在金刚石表面成功镀覆Ti和TiC层，利用XRD、SEM对镀覆层的组成和形貌进行表征，并对镀覆后金刚石颗粒的热稳定性进行研究。结果表明：镀覆后金刚石由黄色变为灰黑色，其光学透过率大大降低。在800～900℃镀覆时，金刚石表面会形成Ti和TiC复合镀层，但800℃时的镀层比较稀疏，甚至出现漏镀现象，而在900℃时得到的镀层比较均匀致密；在1 100℃镀覆时，镀覆层为TiC，镀覆层较厚而且出现分层、开裂现象。由于镀覆层的保护作用，金刚石的氧化温度增加，失重率大大降低。尤其是在900℃时镀覆后，金刚石的失重率由原料的91.3%降至镀覆后的9.3%，热稳定性显著提升。因此，熔盐法合成Ti镀覆层的最佳温度为900℃。     

金刚石表面镀钛及其在胎体中结合状态的研究

采用真空蒸发-扩散镀的方法在金刚石表面镀钛,研究了镀覆温度和保温时间对金刚石表面形貌、镀层厚度、镀层物相的影响规律,分析了镀钛金刚石的抗氧化性能,研究了镀钛金刚石及其在铁基胎体中的结合状态。结果表明:在低温下（680℃）镀覆时,金刚石表面开始出现TiC;随镀覆温度升高或保温时间延长,镀层逐渐致密并增厚,在720℃镀覆时出现Ti沉积,在820℃镀覆时由于应力原因产生裂纹并导致镀层的破坏;镀层可隔绝金刚石与氧的直接接触,大幅度延缓氧对金刚石的侵蚀作用;镀钛后金刚石在胎体中可实现牢固的冶金键合。      

金刚石的真空微蒸发镀技术

超硬磨料真空微蒸发镀覆技术是燕山大学完成的国家重点科技攻关项目，是一项国内外首创，处于国际领先水平的成果。尽管各种镀覆技术很多，除真空微蒸发镀覆技术外，还没有其它方法能够用于生产实际中。技术领先的标志是，真空微蒸发镀钛金刚石受热温度低至650℃，可在650～750℃之间任选，镀层与金刚石界面形成碳化物达到强力结合，结合强度大于140MPa；镀后单晶强度提高5％～20％；镀后增重随粒度不同在0．5％～3．0％。在工具烧结时，微蒸发镀钛层保护金刚石，工具中金刚石颗粒不脱落，出刃增高，工具寿命和效率大幅度提高。适用于各类金属结合剂金刚石工具。减少金刚石用量，降低生产成本。     

金刚石颗粒表面磁控溅射镀膜及热处理工艺

通过对金刚石颗粒表面进行镀膜和热处理,可解决高导热金刚石/铜复合材料的界面润湿和结合问题。本文研究了金刚石颗粒表面磁控溅射镀覆改性金属Mo和W以及不同热处理工艺对镀覆金刚石颗粒质量、表面形貌、微观组织和相组成的影响规律。结果表明：磁控溅射后Mo镀层呈现麦粒状组织,而W镀层为球形颗粒状组织;在真空环境下热处理时,热处理温度的增加会加速Mo或者W的升华速率,使得金刚石颗粒表面裸露在热处理环境中而发生石墨化。在Ar环境下对镀覆金刚石颗粒进行热处理,900℃时还有少量Mo或者W单质相残留在金刚石颗粒镀覆表面,当温度升高到950℃时金刚石颗粒出现了石墨化现象,但热处理温度为1000℃时形成了致密的MoC_x和WC_x相,消除了石墨化现象,并获得了良好的热处理界面。     

电火花烧结制品中金刚石表面不同镀层对其性能的影响

本文研究了表面镀覆Ti及Ti Ni的金刚石在电火花脉冲放电烧条件下表面镀层与镀层之间、镀层与金属颗粒之间的放电及熔焊现象，镀层对制品抗折强度及颗粒出露高度的影响。研究表明，表现具有金属性质的镀覆Ti及Ti Ni镀层金刚石能够参与粉末冶金过程中的脉冲放电烧结，增加了金刚石颗粒与基体金属的把持能力，从而大幅度提高了制品的抗折强度及颗粒出露高度，进而大幅度提高了金刚石工具的寿命及锋利度。     

金刚石镀覆工艺与使用效果的关系

本文通过原子力显微镜（AFM），X-射线衍射仪（XRD），能谱仪（EDS）等分析了真空微蒸发镀Ti的镀覆过程及镀层结构。揭示了与其它金刚石表面镀覆工艺的区别，通过大量试验，证明了真空微蒸发镀覆正常条件下对金刚石性能有利的影响，即大幅度降低了金刚石在试验条件下的脱落率，提高了小块破碎率，同时也指出了镀覆温度过高造成金刚石大块破碎率异常增加进而影响工具使用性能的原因。本文认为只有正常的镀覆温度才可显示真空微蒸发镀覆的效果。     

人造金刚石的表面化学处理研究

采用熔融的硝酸钾作为强化处理试剂，在不同的温度和处理时间条件下对不同粒度、不同强度的原始金刚石进行了化学处理，结合处理前后金刚石颗粒的抗压强度的变化及对试样颗粒的SEM观察，研究了强化处理工艺条件对金刚石强度的影响。实验结果表明，在560—600℃，处理时间为30min-60min时，金刚石的增强效果比较好。中等粒度的金刚石在处理后强度增加较大，而粗粒度的和细粒度的金刚石强度增加相对较小；相应地，中等强度的金刚石经过处理比高强度和低强度的金刚石强度增加显著。经过强化处理后，金刚石的强度提高12．4％～27．6％，同时对金刚石的增强机理进行了探讨。     

金刚石表面金属化可控Cr层的形成机制及性能

通过对金刚石表面盐浴镀Cr,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)及X射线衍射仪(XRD)观察并分析镀层的形貌、生长、结构及结合力,并研究了镀层厚度的可控及形成机制。结果表明,镀层的形成先由Cr与金刚石表面的C原子反应生成碳化物,反应充分后碳化物层主要为Cr7C3相;镀层反应扩散充分后表面吸附多余的Cr形成一层纯Cr相层。最佳盐浴镀覆工艺在750~850℃保温60 min,通过改变镀覆温度或保温时间可得到可控厚度的镀层,其厚度为0.75~3μm。另外,当镀层厚度超过3μm在冷却过程中会直接开裂开脱。在形成包覆较好的镀层下,镀层厚度越薄与基体的结合能力就越强。     

SiC长纤维增强阻燃钛合金基复合材料的界面行为

研究了SiC／Ti40复合材料在不同热处理态下的界面行为。结果表明，SiC／Ti40复合材料相邻两纤维间存在TiC析出物，在1000℃处理时，TiC析出物消失；SiC／Ti40复合材料界面反应厚度与处理时间的平方根呈线性关系，温度超过800℃，界面厚度明显增加；SCS-6SiC／Ti40复合材料界面产物为Ti5Si3。     

La，Fe（或Co）／Ti对Cu-Cr-Zr合金时效特性的影响

研制了新型集成电路引线框架Cu-Cr-Zr系列合金，通过电导率、硬度、抗拉强度测试以及透射电镜观察，考察了微量合金元素La，Fe／Ti，Co／Ti元素以及时效工艺对合金性能的影响。结果表明：稀土元素La可以改善A合金(Cu-Cr-Zr-Zn)的硬度及导电率；加入Fe／Ti，Co／Ti元素，大大提高了合金的强度和硬度，并使其时效的强度及硬度峰值延后。在970℃固溶处理、70％冷变形及不同温度时效2h后，A合金(Cu-Cr-Zr-Zn)及B合金(Cu-Cr-Zr-Zn-La)在450℃时达到硬度和强度峰值，分别为HV1770MPa和525MPa及HV1840MPa和554MPa，电导率分别为78％和80％IACS；在970℃固溶处理，60％冷变形，500℃时效2h，50％冷变形及不同温度2次时效2h后，C合金(Cu-Cr-Zr-Zn-Fe-Ti-La)及D合金(Cu-Cr-Zr-Zn-Co-Ti-La)在450℃时达到硬度和强度峰值，分别为HV2120MPa，683MPa及HV2040MPa和651MPa，电导率分别为65％和70％IACS。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。