用塑性金属工艺制备Al-Al2O3复合无碳滑板

以板状刚玉、电熔白刚玉、α-Al2O3微粉、金属Al粉为原料、热固性酚醛树脂为结合剂,利用过渡塑性相工艺在埋炭条件下于1 450℃保温6 h烧成制备Al-Al2O3复合无碳滑板。当Al含量为9%(质量分数)时,复合滑板的综合物理性能最佳,其显气孔率为4.1%,体积密度为3.27 g/cm3,常温耐压强度为410MPa,1400℃保温30min后复合滑板的高温抗折强度为60.7MPa。通过设计化学反应并控制烧结气氛制备的复合滑板中,部分过渡相Al与材料中的C和气氛中的CO、N2反应生成Al4C3和AlN复合相,Al4C3进一步与材料中的Al2O3反应生成Al4O4C、Al2OC增强相,剩余的游离态Al仍为金属塑性相。Al-Al2O3复合滑板化学稳定性高、氧含量低,不含碳且不易水化,用于洁净钢时不会产生二次C、O、H及其它杂质的污染。     

Al2O3-Al-C材料加热过程的变化

按w(板状刚玉)=84%,w(铝粉)=8%,w(α-Al2O3微粉)=6%,w(鳞片石墨)=2%的配比配料,外加3%热固性酚醛树脂作结合剂,成型后于200℃烘烤24h。在埋炭条件下于600～1400℃保温3h加热处理,冷却后测量试样的线变化率、显气孔率和常温耐压强度,并分析部分试样的孔径分布、相组成和显微结构,同时测定烘烤后试样在600℃、800℃、1000℃、1200℃和1400℃下的热态抗折强度,以分析该材料在加热过程的变化。结果表明,试样在600～1400℃埋炭加热过程中的变化可大致分为3个阶段:1)600～800℃,金属Al于660℃熔化,促进试样致密化,在800℃时已有少量Al4C3和AlN生成,使加热后试样的致密度和强度增大;2)800～1200℃,大量生成Al4C3和AlN,Al4C3和AlN填充在刚玉骨架结构中,试样的显气孔率进一步减小,常温耐压强度和热态抗折强度进一步增大;3)1200～1400℃,金属Al消失,Al4C3含量减少,部分与N2反应转化为AlN,试样的显气孔率略有降低,常温耐压强度和热态抗折强度略有增大。由此可见,随着加热温度的提高,材料的结合方式从碳结合转变为碳和金属铝复合结合,最后逐渐转变为碳和非氧化物复合结合。     

添加Si_3N_4对Al_2O_3-ZrO_2-C滑板性能的影响

通过在Al2O3-ZrO2-C滑板材料中引入Si3N4细粉(≤0.043 mm),研究了Si3N4加入量(质量分数分别为2%、4%、6%、8%)对滑板材料性能的影响,并对比研究了1 300℃6 h氮化烧成和1 450℃6 h埋炭烧成后试样的性能。结果表明:在不同烧成条件下,Si3N4的加入均改善了材料的性能,随着Si3N4加入量的增加,材料的显气孔率逐渐下降,体积密度、常温强度、高温抗折强度逐渐增大;Si3N4的加入,一定程度上改善了材料的抗氧化性;埋炭烧成滑板性能优于氮化烧成滑板,因为埋炭烧成过程中部分Si3N4反应生成了O’-SiAlON相。     

氮气气氛下制备的Al-Si_3N_4-Al_2O_3复合材料的显微结构及性能

以板状刚玉、电熔白刚玉、氧化铝微粉、金属铝粉、氮化硅微粉为原料,热固型酚醛树脂为结合剂,在1 300℃氮气气氛下保温8h制备Al-Si3N4-Al2O3复合材料,并对Al-Si3N4-Al2O3复合材料进行热力学分析。结果表明:不添加Si3N4时,Al-Al2O3样品中的增强相主要为Al4O4C;添加Si3N4后,Al-Si3N4-Al2O3样品中的增强相主要为Si5AlON7(Z=1),此外,还有少量的金属塑性相Al和Si。Al-Si3N4-Al2O3样品可在氮气气氛下低温(1 300℃)合成出Si5AlON7(Z=1)。当Si3N4加入量为3%时,Al-Si3N4-Al2O3样品的常温耐压强度高达285MPa。     

AlN对Al2O3-C材料性能的影响

采用碳热还原法制备的AlN复合粉(主成分是AlN和Al2O3)部分取代Al2O3-C材料中的Al2O3微粉,研究了AlN复合粉加入量(分别为0、15%和25%)对Al2O3-C材料性能的影响。结果表明:(1)试样的显气孔率随AlN复合粉取代量的增加而增大,体积密度、常温抗折强度随AlN复合粉取代量的增加而减小;(2)AlN复合粉的引入能显著提高Al2O3-C材料的高温抗折强度;(3)添加AlN复合粉的试样经熔钢侵蚀后,在材料表面形成较连续的致密层,有利于提高材料的抗熔钢侵蚀性和冲刷性。     

加入不同量Al粉和Si粉的低碳Al2O3-C滑板的高温力学性能

以板状刚玉、α-Al2O3微粉、石墨、Al粉、Si粉为原料,固定板状刚玉、α-Al2O3微粉、石墨的加入质量分数分别为85%、5%、2%,加入8%(w)不同比例的Al粉和Si粉(Al、Si质量比分别为0∶8、5∶3、3∶5和8∶0),以酚醛树脂为结合剂,制备了低碳Al2O3-C滑板,并研究了该滑板材料于1 500℃保温3 h埋石墨热处理后的热态抗折强度、应力-应变关系和抗热震性,同时分析了其物相组成和显微结构。结果表明,此低碳Al2O3-C滑板材料具有较高的高温强度和优良的抗热震性:当Al、Si质量比从0∶8变为8∶0时,材料在1 400℃的高温抗折强度从10.4 MPa增至32.4 MPa;在6.5 MPa载荷下1 400℃时的最大变形量从215μm降至90μm;1 100℃风冷热震3次后的抗折强度保持率从80%降至65%。这是由于Al、Si在使用的高温下与C、CO和N2反应生成了非氧化物Al4C3、AlN和SiC,这些非氧化物填充在刚玉骨架结构中起增强、增韧作用,有利于提高低碳Al2O3-C滑板材料的高温力学性能。     

TiO_2对C-Al体系物相和显微结构的影响

为了研究TiO2对含Al的Al2O3-C材料的物相和显微结构的影响,按石墨、铝粉、二氧化钛粉的质量分数分别为20%、40%、40%配料,以酚醛树脂为结合剂,制成C-Al-TiO2试样,分别在800、1 000、1 200、1 400和1 600℃保温3 h埋炭热处理后,进行XRD和SEM分析。结果表明:800℃埋炭热处理后试样中有少量Al4C3和AlN生成,TiO2未参与反应;1 000℃热处理后,试样中纤维状的Al4C3和AlN生成量增加,同时生成粒状的Al2O3、Al4O4C、Al2OC和TiC;1 200℃热处理后,Al2O3和TiC增加,Al4C3和AlN纤维发育粗化;1 400℃热处理后,纤维状的Al4C3和AlN减少,生成的Al2O3和TiC增多;1 600℃热处理后,试样中Al4C3大量减少,AlN基本消失,颗粒状的Al2O3和TiC则增多,由Al4C3或AlN氧化生成的部分Al2O3呈无定形态。     

葡萄糖为碳源合成AlN-Al2O3复合粉末及其反应机理

以葡萄糖(C6H12O6·H2O)和氢氧化铝(Al(OH)3)为起始原料,利用碳热还原法在氮气(N2)气氛下合成AlN-Al2O3复合粉末.研究了反应温度对AlN-Al2O3复合粉末的物相组成和显微形貌的影响,并探讨了AlN-Al2O3复合粉末的合成反应机理.采用X-射线衍射仪(XRD)、激光粒度分析仪(LPSA)、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段对产物进行表征.结果表明:AlN-Al2O3复合粉末适宜的合成条件为在1500℃保温2h.在1500℃下合成的AlN-Al2O3复合粉末主要有少量的片状颗粒和大量的近似球状颗粒所构成,大部分粒径在100～500nm之间的颗粒发生聚集或堆积形成0.5～1.5μm的大颗粒.在碳热还原反应过程中,Al(OH)3原料分解生成的Al2O3首先生成金属铝蒸汽和Al2O气体氧化物,然后进一步氮化生成AlN.     

K2CO3对含铝MgO-C砖抗水化性能的影响

为改善含铝MgO-C砖的抗水化性能,通过热力学计算选定添加K2CO3,研究了K2 CO3对材料基质物相的影响.在此基础上,研究了单独外加硅粉和K2CO3(以K2O计)分别为0.5、1(wt％)与硅粉复合时对MgO-C砖抗水化性的影响.结果表明:单独添加Si粉对MgO-C砖抗水化性没有明显改善;Si粉与KCO3复合添加时,能促使试样致密化,有效地提高试样的抗水化性能;其机理在于:K2CO3在加热过程中分解释放出O2,促进了Al粉的氧化,抑制了易水化产物Al4C3 、AlN的生成.     

添加不同Al2O3/ZrO2比值的复合粉对氧化锆质定径水口性能的影响

本文以溶胶-凝胶法制备4种不同Al2O3/ZrO2比值的Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉为添加剂,研究Al2O3引入量分别为0.56wt％、1.68wt％、2.80wt％时,添加不同Al2O3/ZrO2比值复合粉对部分稳定氧化锆(PSZ)定径水口性能的影响.实验结果表明:为了保证试样的成型过程,PSZ原料中复合粉的添加量不能超过6wt％.为了控制PSZ原料中c-ZrO2的相变量,PSZ原料中Al2O3的最佳引入量为1.68wt％.当试样中引入Al2O3均为1.68wt％时,Al2O3/ZrO2比值为46/54的Al2O3-ZrO2复合粉既可以保证Al2O3在PSZ原料中更为均匀的分布,也可以有效控制原料中复合粉的添加量.1710℃烧成后的B2试样(即复合粉添加量为3.65wt％,Al2 O3/ZrO2=46/54,Al2O3的引入量为1.68wt％),显气孔率为5.47％,较空白试样降低了15％;体积密度为5.32 g·cm-3,较空白试样提高了0.95％;耐压强度为778MPa,较空白样提高了39.18％;抗热震次数为36次,是空白样的5倍多.     

钕-铝系稀土色料的研制

通过钕-铝系列色料合成实验,分析不同配比及不同矿化剂等对色料呈色效果的影响,确定最佳工艺方法。对实验结果进行XRD及色度分析,确定其主晶相为钕酸铝,试样的明度均在70以上,色彩鲜艳亮丽。     

Na2O-Al2O3-Fe2O3系烧结过程中铝、铁的反应行为

以Al2O3, Fe2O3和Na2CO3为原料,对Na2O-Al2O3-Fe2O3系烧结过程中的反应行为进行了详细研究. 基于溶出率与时间、温度的关系,证明Na2O×Al2O3和Na2O×Fe2O3的生成反应动力学都服从Zhuralev-Lesokin-Tempelman模型,表观活化能分别为186.59和80.92 kJ/mol,表明Na2O×Fe2O3比Na2O×Al2O3在动力学上更易形成;Al2O3易与Na2O×Fe2O3反应形成Na2O×Al2O3和Fe2O3,在1273 K烧结30 min,所得熟料Al2O3溶出率达98.51%;Fe2O3对Na2O×Al2O3的形成有双重作用,在1273 K下可加速Na2O×Al2O3的形成,超过1323 K,促使Na2O×Al2O3分解成Na2O和b-Al2O3,且随着温度升高或时间延长,分解程度增高,从而导致熟料中Al2O3溶出率显著降低.     

Polycrystalline In2O3 and In2O3/Y2O3 photoanodes

Single crystal In₂O₃ shows promise as a photoanode for the decomposition of water. Because of various difficulties in the preparation of the single crystal material, two simple techniques were developed for the preparation of polycrystalline In₂O₃ anodes. One method involves the thermal decomposition of the nitrate while the other utilizes the chemical vapour deposition technique. Voltammograms and photoresponse spectra of these anodes are compared to the single crystal material. Among other observations, it is noted that the quantum efficiencies of the thermally decomposed films are comparable to the single crystal material. It is also shown that the on-set potential can be shifted to more negative values by forming the mixed oxide In₂O₃/Y₂O₃.     

Phase equilibrium in binary La2O3-Dy2O3 and ternary CeO2-La2O3-Dy2O3 systems

Cerium oxide doped with oxides of rare earth elements is a multifunctional material, a wide range of uses which is associated with its unique physicochemical properties. Phase diagrams of multicomponent systems are the physicochemical basis for the creation of new materials with improved characteristics.In this work, phase equilibria in ternary CeO₂–La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ and binary La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ systems in the whole concentration range were studied. No new phases have been identified in these systems. An isothermal section of the phase diagram of the CeO₂–La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ system at a temperature of 1500 °С is constructed. No new phases have been detected in the system. It was found that in the studied ternary system solid solutions are formed on the basis of (F) modification of CeO₂ with structure of fluorite type, monoclinic (B), cubic (C) and hexagonal (A) modifications of Ln₂O₃.In the La₂O₃–Dy₂O₃ binary system (1500–1100 °С) three types of solid solutions are formed: based on hexagonal modification A-La₂O₃, monoclinic modification B-Dy₂O₃ and cubic modification C-Dy₂O₃ separated by two-phase fields (A+B) and (B+C), respectively. The boundaries of the regions of homogeneity of solid solutions based on A-La₂O₃ are determined by compositions containing 35–40, 20–25, 15–20 mol% Dy₂O₃ at 1500, 1250, 1100 °C, respectively. From the obtained data it follows that the solubility of Dy₂O₃ in the hexagonal modification of lanthanum oxide is 39 mol% at 1500 °C, 23 mol. % at 1250 °C and 16 mol% at 1100 °C. The limits of existence of solid solutions based on monoclinic B-modification are determined by compositions containing 30–35, 65–60 (1250 °С), 35–40, 55–60 (1100 °С) 40–45, 70–75 (1500 °C) mol% Dy₂O₃.In the studied system, with a decrease in temperature from 1500° to 1100°C, there is a decrease in the solubility of La₂O₃ in the crystal lattice of cubic solid solutions of C-type from 16 to 10 mol%.     

Fe2O3-MnO-Cr2O3-La2O3系统紫色颜料的制备及表征

采用溶胶均匀共沉淀法于低温下合成了含少量稀土氧化物La2O3的紫色颜料，并采用颜色测定、SEM、XRD等手段对颜料的颜色、检度及结晶构造等进行了表征。     

Separation of Phases by Spinodal Decomposition in the Systems Al2O3−Cr2O3 and Al2O3−Cr2O3−Fe2O3

Separation of phases was investigated in the hexagonal (rhombohedral) systems Al₂O₃−Cr₂O₃ and Al₂O₃−Cr₂O₃−Fe₂O₃. The binary system shows a miscibility gap with a T_c of 950°C; the miscibility gap for the ternary system was determined for a constant Cr₂O₃ content of 16.6 mol%. Dark field transmission electron microscopy of solid solutions annealed within the miscibility gap showed dark and light lamellas ∼50 to 200 Å thick. X-ray diffraction results for the solid solutions in the ternary system indicated that, in the early stages of annealing, broadening occurred only on (hkl) reflections where l≠0. There was no major change in the X-ray diffraction patterns of the annealed solid solutions in the binary system. Electron diffraction results indicated, however, that phase separation in both systems proceeded in the [001] direction. Solid solutions in the binary system separated very slowly; the separation could be enhanced hydrothermally. The mechanism of the separation of phases in both systems is spinodal and proceeds as follows: solid solution→intermediate modulated phase→equilibrium phases.     

Bactericidal Effectiveness of O3, O3/H2O2 and O3/TiO2 on Clostridium perfringens

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the bactericidal capacity of different Advanced Oxidation Treatments (AOTs) based on ozone: ozone, ozone/hydrogen peroxide and ozone/titanium dioxide on a wild strain of Clostridium perfringens, a fecal bacterial indicator in drinking water. The dose of ozone consumed ranges from 0.6 mg L^?1 min^?1 to 5.13 mg L^?1 min^?1 depending on the process and on the sample. In the treatments combined with O₃, H₂O₂ dose utilized is 0.04 mM and TiO₂ dose, 1 g L^?1. In order to evaluate the influence of natural organic matter and suspension solids over the disinfection rate, treatments are performed with two types of water – natural water from Ebro River (Zaragoza, Spain) and NaCl solution 0.9%. To achieve 4 log units of inactivation, 3.6 mg O₃ L^?1 is necessary in O₃ treatment, 4.25 mg O₃ L^?1 in O₃/TiO₂ system and 2.7 mg O₃ L^?1 in O₃/H₂O₂ after processing the natural water. In NaCl solution, to get the same inactivation, 0.42 mg O₃ L^?1 is necessary in O₃ treatment, 1.15 mg O₃ L^?1 in O₃/TiO₂ system and 0.06 mg O₃ L^?1 in O₃/H₂O₂ process. Even though the three treatments studied have a high bactericidal activity due to the number of surviving bacteria decreases to non-detectable levels, O₃/H₂O₂ is the most effective system for eliminating C. perfringens cells in a lower contact time, followed by O₃ and finally O₃/TiO₂ system.     

Properties of RO-Y2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses

The coefficient of linear expansion, glass-transition temperature, temperature at the orset of deformation (strain point), density. Young modulus, microhardness, crystallizability, and contact angle are studied as a function of the composition in RO–Y₂O₃–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ (R=Ca and/or Mg) glass systems. The composition ranges for glasses (with strain point >900°C and coefficient of linear expansion of (32–45)×10^–7°C^–1) that can be used for soldering silicon-nitride ceramics were established.Translated from Steklo i Keramika, No. 12, pp. 5–7, December, 1996     

Cr_2O_3-Al_2O_3砖中不同组成Cr_2O_3-Al_2O_3电熔颗粒料的抗侵蚀研究

首先以不同比例的铬绿和氧化铝粉电熔制得Cr2O3质量分数分别为15%、40%、50%、60%、85%、99%的6种Cr2O3-Al2O3电熔颗粒料(其编号依次为CR15、CR40、CR50、CR60、CR85和CR99),然后采用回转渣蚀法研究了此电熔颗粒料(4~1 mm)的抗侵蚀性。结果显示:电熔颗粒料的抗侵蚀性随Cr2O3含量的增加及颗粒尺寸的增大而增强;高Cr2O3含量的CR99、CR85颗粒料在渣面层被侵蚀,主要是渣中的FeO和Al2O3对颗粒料的侵蚀,FeO与骨料中的Cr2O3反应,首先形成(Fe,Cr)3O4尖晶石,再与其他物相反应形成了复合尖晶石,当FeO耗尽后,渗入到颗粒内的Al2O3开始和Cr2O3反应,在颗粒表面形成铝铬固溶体;CR60颗粒料在渣面层和渗透层都存在侵蚀,渗透层的侵蚀主要是CaO、SiO2对颗粒料中铝铬固溶体中Al2O3的熔蚀,形成钙长石、钙黄长石以及玻璃相;Cr2O3含量较低的CR50、CR40、CR15颗粒料在渗透层内的侵蚀机制和CR60颗粒料的相同。