20年来采场围岩控制理论与实践的回顾

简要地回顾了近２０年来中国矿业大学在采场围岩控制理论与实践方面的进展,其中包括“砌体梁”力学模型与“关键层”理论的提出,“砌体梁”结构的“Ｓ－Ｒ”稳定,采用整体力学模型及矿山压力“支架－围岩”稳定性监测,最后提出今后的展望。     

加载速率效应下深部砂岩的力学特性（英文）

煤矿工作面推进速度对煤体前方支承压力波动频率有显著影响,且与煤岩力学试验中轴向加载速率的变化有一定的相关性。为此,采用2000 k N三轴试验机和PCI-2声发射测试系统,对深部砂岩进行了0.05,0.1,0.15,0.25和0.5 MPa/s五种不同加载速率下的单轴压缩试验,进而研究加载速率对深层砂岩力学特性的影响。结果表明：1)深部砂岩的峰值强度和弹性模量均随加载速率的增大而增大;2)随着加载速率的增大,深部砂岩由塑-弹-塑性体向塑-弹性体转变,破坏模式逐渐由I类型向III类型转变;3)总输入应变能、弹性应变能、耗散应变能均随着加载速率的增大而增大;4)损伤变量随时间的延长呈现出倒“S”型演化特征,且随着加载速率的增大,深部砂岩的损伤程度加剧。上述所得结论可为深部工程围岩稳定性控制提供理论依据。     

可视化恒容气固耦合试验系统的研发与应用

为定量分析地应力、瓦斯压力、动力扰动等因素对预静载环境下含瓦斯煤物理力学性质的影响规律,获取不同加载路径和不同瓦斯压力下煤岩体物理力学参数,研制了可视化恒容气固耦合试验系统,配合伺服压力机,形成了以可视化恒容试验仪为主体的试验系统.通过实现含瓦斯煤耦合加载室容积恒定消除了气压改变对加载过程的干扰和误差,利用系统自带的环向位移测试装置和可视化窗口实现了对试件体应变增量、煤体裂隙发育与劣化规律等特征参数的全程可视化实时监测.开展了预加静载条件下不同强度型煤试件峰后快速卸气压扰动试验,模拟了现场煤层揭露致使瓦斯压力下降情况.试验结果表明:气体卸压时间在0.55s内完成,随着煤体强度的提高,游离瓦斯对煤岩试件的劣化程度随之降低;当峰值强度低于1 MPa时,游离气体将煤体完全剥离,强度在1.5~2.5 MPa时,卸压扰动对试件仅造成裂隙的进一步扩展;煤体扩容增量随强度的变化符合第一象限单调递减幂函数方程.仪器的研发为深入研究气固耦合条件下含瓦斯煤精确加载与可视化监测提供了新的测试手段和技术支撑.     

受载煤体电磁辐射动态非线性特征

为了研究受载煤岩变形破裂过程中电磁辐射动态非线性特征,对不同力学性质的煤样进行了不同加载速率的单轴压缩实验和分级加载实验,发现受载煤体电磁辐射由煤的力学性质、应力水平及加载速率共同决定,煤的强度越高、加载速率或应力水平越大,电磁辐射非线性特征越明显.依据煤的力学性质,受载煤体在变形破裂过程中其破坏前兆信号可以划分为3种类型.应用时变多重分形理论分析了电磁辐射时间序列,结果表明煤岩破裂失稳之前多重分形参数Δαm随载荷的增加呈增大趋势,在破坏后期Δαm有一定程度降低.裂纹扩展越激烈,煤岩内部损伤程度越高,Δfm越小.Δαm,Δfm的动态变化可以用来评价煤岩变形破裂过程及破坏阶段.     

巷道围岩非线性时空演变神经元网络预报模型

在提出信息扩散思想的基础上，运用神经元网络研究了煤体－煤体巷道和煤体－煤柱巷道的ｕ０，ｖ０和ｕ１与巷道围岩对每类聚类中心的隶属度、支护强度影响系数、断面影响系数及煤柱宽度的关系，建立了巷道围岩非线性时空演变神经元网络预报模型．并用巷道围岩移近量实测值对所建立的模型进行了检验，取得了满意的结果．     

吸附气体量对煤岩力学特性损伤劣化的试验研究

煤岩吸附气体后会导致强度降低等力学损伤,为定量研究吸附气体量对煤岩体力学特性损伤劣化规律,利用可视化恒容固气耦合试验系统开展了型煤吸附He,N_2,CH_4和CO_2后的单轴压缩试验,基于分形理论与MATLAB软件编程提取试验过程加载图像,得到了气-固耦合加载过程中煤体损伤劣化规律与裂隙发育分形演化特征.试验结果表明:不吸附的He对型煤力学特性没影响,随着型煤对于不同气体吸附量(N_2CH_4CO_2)的增加,煤体损伤劣化程度加剧:1)煤体强度分别降低了9.80%,27.11%和32.05%;2)全应力-应变曲线表明扩容点提前,损伤因子分别为0.053,0.237和0.323;3)型煤表面裂纹发育越来越丰富,密度增加并呈现"鱼鳞片"状膨胀脱落,具有明显的分形特征,经计算裂隙分形维数分别为1.41,1.43,1.46.     

受载煤体变形破裂表面电位效应及其机理的研究

矿井煤岩动力灾害如煤与瓦斯突出、冲击地压等是井下煤岩体在地应力作用下快速断裂破坏而引起的,在这些过程中会伴随有多种地球物理信号产生,对煤岩灾变伴生地球物理信号特征规律的研究,对于预测矿山灾害危险,保障矿山安全,具有重要的理论意义和实际应用价值.本文对受载煤体表面电位效应、规律、影响因素及其产生机理等方面进行了系统的研究.全文的主要成果及创新点如下:1)揭示了煤体在单轴压缩、拉伸、三点弯曲等不同加载方式下的表面电位特征及规律,发现煤体在不同受载破坏条件下都能够产生表面电位,并且表面电位与载荷及载荷变化率有较好的相关性,二者之间的相关系数在0.6～0.9以上;研究表明受载破坏煤体的内部电位与表面电位变化趋势基本一致,煤体内部电位在试件无宏观破裂时对载荷变化的反映比表面电位更显著和敏感.2)深入研究了不同因素(煤体电性参数、加载速率、水分等)对煤体表面电位的影响.结果表明:a.煤体受载时电阻率减小,电场在煤体中的损耗增加,对表面电位有削弱作用;b.煤体表面电位的产生与加载速率(即煤体结构损伤速率)有着直接的关系,加载速率越大,表面电位信号则越强;c.煤体中水分对表面电位有较大的影响,在较低应力水平(7%～21%σmax)下就会出现表面电位的峰值.3)对表面电位信号进行了R/S统计分析,其Hurst指数均大于0.5,煤体破坏过程中产生的表面电位信号与时间(载荷)之间呈现正相关性,即随煤体破坏电位信号在时间上呈增强趋势.4)受载煤体表面的应变场分布具有非均匀性和各向异性特征,煤体表面的电位场分布随加载过程而不断变化;表面电位集中点的连线与试样破裂面位置吻合较好,破坏时刻高电位点与低电位点以破裂面基本对称.5)煤体破裂是其中缺陷、裂隙在应力作用下分叉扩展、汇合、贯通的结果,煤体受载过程中裂隙面的摩擦起电作用、新生裂隙扩展壁面电荷分离等产生的自由电子为表面电位提供电荷源;基于损伤力学、电磁动力学等理论建立了有限边界煤体表面电位的统计损伤计算模型U(P)σ,并且建立了煤体破坏自由电荷累积与煤体本构关系之间的联系.6)现场测试结果表明:表面电位在时间上与周期来压同步,在空间上与工作面前方煤体应力场分布基本一致并随工作面推进同步前移;煤体表面电位对采掘空间电磁噪音的抗干扰能力较强,而煤层注水对其影响较大,现场测试中应避开.对表面电位的深入研究可望为评定矿山煤体应力状态及其稳定性、监测预报煤岩动力灾害提供一种新的方法和手段.     

损伤石灰岩单轴再加载力学特性及破坏机理

为研究卸荷损伤破坏围岩力学特性及破坏机理,选用RMT-150岩石力学试验系统进行三轴岩石加载-卸载过程,制备损伤岩石。结合AEwin声发射系统开展损伤石灰岩单轴再加载试验,测试应力-时间-能量累计值关系曲线,分析阐述岩石宏观破坏特征。结果表明:随着卸荷点的增加,损伤石灰岩破坏程度与破坏形式均发生较明显的变化。石灰岩破坏形式从脆性破坏向延性破坏转化,扩容现象越来越不明显;低于70%峰值强度卸荷点的损伤岩石单轴加载过程中声发射能量累计值增长规律趋于一致,可分为平稳阶段、稳定增长阶段、二次平稳3个阶段;岩石内部微裂纹分布方式对宏观破坏特征影响明显,岩石细观力学响应决定其宏观力学破坏特征。     

以煤体结构为基础的煤与瓦斯突出简化力学模型

从能量的角度分析计算了煤与瓦斯突出中作用于煤体的动力和煤体本身的阻力，建立了以煤体结构为基础的煤与瓦斯突出简化力学模型，定量讨论了煤与瓦斯突出的力学过程，并给出了其构造煤临界厚度判据     

煤岩体应力-渗流-温度多过程耦合试验系统

自主研制了煤岩体应力-渗流-温度多过程耦合试验系统,可以实现不同地应力、温度、流体压力等条件下煤岩体应力变形-瓦斯解吸/扩散-气体运移-温度传输等行为的试验模拟.该系统主要包括岩芯夹持子系统、流体控制子系统、温度控制子系统、操作控制及数据分析子系统等.岩心夹持器的煤岩样通过液体自动加压泵精准控制加载应力;特制的橡胶套包裹煤岩体有效阻隔了外界液体与煤岩样的接触,应变片直接贴敷在煤岩样上,克服了许多传统仪器应力-应变参数的非接触式测量和仪器操作过程复杂等问题;采用程序控温和电热毯联合加热的方法,实现了试验管路和煤岩样环境温度的可调可控,突破了普通水浴控温温度低于100℃的限制;采用labVIEW可视化的图形编程语言和平台开发了系统操作界面,可以实现实验数据的实时采集与分析.该试验系统的力学和渗透性测试结果的准确性分别通过了MTS815岩石力学试验系统和标准渗透率岩心的验证.应用该系统开展了温度-应力耦合下煤体渗透性演化和应力加载下型煤吸附/解吸CO₂的连续性力学-吸附/解吸过程相关的实验,实验结果与理论-实际的认知相吻合.     

煤岩体中弹性比能分布的有限元计算分析

冲击地压发生的前提是矿山井巷和采场周围的煤岩体中储存了足够的弹性能．摸清围岩体中弹性能的分布规律是有效地进行冲击地压预测预报的前提，文中探讨了井巷和采场围岩体处于弹塑性变形状态下其弹性比能的计算方法，提出了用有限元法分析计算处于弹塑性变形状态下的煤岩体中弹性比能分布的理论与方法，以及产生冲击地压的弹性能判据．结果表明，蝶层巷道两帮煤体中弹性比能的最大值与采深的平方近似成正比，与其弹性模量近似成反比．对鲁村煤矿2217区段运输平巷的具体条件进行的有限元计算分析表明，该巷道不满足产生冲击地压的条件，与现场实际情况相吻合．     

Prediction of Rock Burst with Deep Mining Excavation in Linglong Gold Mine

To predict rock burst in deep mining excavation in Linglong gold mine, systematical laboratory tests of mechanical properties of rock, in situ stress measurement and 3-D FEM analysis on energy distribution in rock mass surrounding deep mining rooms were carried out. According to various prediction criteria of rock burst, it is concluded that rock burst is liable to occur during deep mining excavation in the mine.     

Numerical simulation study on hard-thick roof inducing rock burst in coal mine

In order to reveal the dynamic process of hard-thick roof inducing rock burst, one of the most common and strongest dynamic disasters in coal mine, the numerical simulation is conducted to study the dynamic loading effect of roof vibration on roadway surrounding rocks as well as the impact on stability. The results show that, on one hand, hard-thick roof will result in high stress concentration on mining surrounding rocks; on the other hand, the breaking of hard-thick roof will lead to mining seismicity, causing dynamic loading effect on coal and rock mass. High stress concentration and dynamic loading combination reaches to the mechanical conditions for the occurrence of rock burst, which will induce rock burst. The mining induced seismic events occurring in the roof breaking act on the mining surrounding rocks in the form of stress wave. The stress wave then has a reflection on the free surface of roadway and the tensile stress will be generated around the free surface. Horizontal vibration of roadway surrounding particles will cause instant changes of horizontal stress of roadway surrounding rocks; the horizontal displacement is directly related to the horizontal stress but is not significantly correlated with the vertical stress; the increase of horizontal stress of roadway near surface surrounding rocks and the release of elastic deformation energy of deep surrounding coal and rock mass are immanent causes that lead to the impact instability of roadway surrounding rocks. The most significant measures for rock burst prevention are controlling of horizontal stress and vibration strength.     

Rock burst risk evaluation based on equivalent surrounding rock strength

On-site investigations consistently show that the rock burst inherent to coal seams varies greatly with coal seam thickness. In this study, impact factors related to coal seam thickness and surrounding rock strength were analyzed and a corresponding rock burst risk assessment method was constructed. The model reflects the influence of coal seam thickness on the stress distribution of surrounding rock at the roadway. Based on the roadway excavation range, a stress distribution model of surrounding roadway rock is established and the influence of coal seam thickness on rock burst risk is analyzed accordingly. The proposed rock burst risk assessment method is based on the equivalent surrounding rock strength and coal seam bursting liability. The proposed method was tested in a 3500 mining area to find that it yields rock burst risk assessment results as per coal seam thickness that are in accordance with real-world conditions. The results presented here suggest that coal seam thickness is a crucial factor in effective rock burst risk assessment.     

Selected elements of rock burst state assessment in case studies from the Silesian hard coal mines

Exploitation of coal seams in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin is conducted in complex and difficult conditions. These difficulties are connected with the occurrence of many natural mining hazards and limitations resulting from the existing in this area surface infrastructure. One of the most important problems of Polish mining is the rock burst hazard and reliable evaluation of its condition. During long-years' mining practice in Poland a comprehensive system of evaluation and control of this hazard was de-veloped. In the paper the main aspects of rock burst hazard state evaluation will be presented, comprising: 1) rock mass inclination for rock bursts, I.e., rock strength properties investigation, comprehensive parametric evaluation of rock mass inclination for rock bursts, prognosis of seismic events induced by mining operations, methods of computer-aided modelling of stress and rock mass deformation parameters distribution, strategic rock mass classification under rock burst degrees; 2) immediate seismic and rock burst hazard state evaluation, I.e., low diameter test drilling method, seismologic and seismoacoustic method, comprehensive method of rock burst hazard state evaluation, non-standard methods of evaluation; 3) legal aspects of rock burst hazard state evaluation. Selected elements of the hazard state evaluation system are illustrated with specific practical examples of their applica-tion.     

Study of electromagnetic characteristics of stress distribution and sudden changes in the mining of gob-surrounded coal face

The incidence of dynamic coal or rock disasters is closely related to the distribution of stress in the surrounding rock. Our experiments show that electromagnetic radiation (EMR) signals are related to the state of stress of a coal body. The higher the stress, the more intense the deformation and fractures of a coal body and the stronger the EMR signals. EMR signals reflect the degrees of concentrated stress of a coal body and danger of a rock burst. We selected EMR intensity as the test index of the No.237 gob-surrounded coal face in the Nanshan coal mine. We tested the EMR characteristics of the stress distribution on the strike, on the incline and in the interior of the coal body. The EMR rule of rock bursts, caused by sudden changes in stress, is analyzed. Our re-search shows that EMR technology can be not only used to test qualitatively the stress distribution of the surrounding rock, but also to predict a possible occurrence of rock burst. Based on this, effective distress measures are used to eliminate or at least weaken the incidence of rock bursts. We hope that safety in coalmines will be enhanced.     

Numerical simulations of failure behavior around a circular opening in a non-persistently jointed rock mass under biaxial compression

Pre-existing discontinuities change the mechanical properties of rock masses,and further influence failure behavior around an underground opening.In present study,the failure behavior in both Inner and Outer zones around a circular opening in a non-persistently jointed rock mass under biaxial compression was investigated through numerical simulations.First,the micro parameters of the PFC^3D model were carefully calibrated using the macro mechanical properties determined in physical experiments implemented on jointed rock models.Then,a parametrical study was undertaken of the effect of stress condition,joint dip angle and joint persistency.Under low initial stress,the confining stress improves the mechanical behavior of the surrounding rock masses;while under high initial stress,the surrounding rock mass failed immediately following excavation.At small dip angles the cracks around the circular opening developed generally outwards in a step-path failure pattern;whereas,at high dip angles the surrounding rock mass failed in an instantaneous intact rock failure pattern.Moreover,the stability of the rock mass around the circular opening deteriorated significantly with increasing joint persistency.     

煤岩动力灾害的弱化控制机理及其实践

煤岩动力灾害的实质是能量积聚与耗散的自组织临界过程，当煤岩体中所积聚的弹性能达到其极限冲击能时，就会发生冲击矿压．实验室研究发现，弹脆性煤体是能量积聚与耗散的主体，顶板关键层（坚硬厚层砂岩顶板）的运移则会导致能量积聚与耗散，加速失去动态平衡．以煤岩冲击倾向性与顶板强度及厚度的关系为基础，依据能量积聚与耗散理论，提出了煤岩动力灾害的强度弱化机理，即通过钻孔卸压与深孔卸压爆破来弱化煤岩体的强度，降低煤岩体的聚能能力，释放煤岩体中所积聚的大量弹性能，使得煤岩体中所积聚的弹性能达不到最小冲击能，同时利用电磁辐射监测仪来检验煤岩体强度弱化治理的效果，以达到消除或降低冲击危险的目的．通过在三河尖煤矿9202高冲击危险工作面的生产实践，充分证明了这种技术的有效性．     

Experimental and theoretical investigation on mechanisms performance of the rock-coal-bolt (RCB) composite system

For coal mines, rock, coal, and rock bolt are the critical constituent materials for surrounding rock in the underground engineering. The stability of the “rock-coal-bolt” (RCB) composite system is affected by the structure and fracture of the coal-rock mass. More rock bolts installed on the rock, more complex condition of the engineering stress environment will be (tensile-shear composite stress is principal). In this paper, experimental analysis and theoretical verification were performed on the RCB composite system with different angles. The results revealed that the failure of the rock-coal (RC) composite specimen was caused by tensile and shear cracks. After anchoring, the reinforcement body formed inside the composite system limits the area where the crack could occur in the specimen. Specifically, shearing damage occurred only around the bolt, and the stress-strain curve presented a better post-peak mechanical property. The mechanical mechanism of the bolt under the combined action of tension and shear stress was analyzed. Additionally, a rock-coal-bolt tensile-shear mechanical (RCBTSM) model was established. The relationship (similar to the exponential function) between the bolt tensile-shear stress and the angle was obtained. Moreover, the influences of the dilatancy angle and bolt diameter of the RCB composite system were also considered and analyzed. Most of the bolts are subjected to the tensile-shearing action in the post-peak stage. The implications of these results for engineering practice indicated that the bolts of the RCB composite system should be prevented from entering the limit shearing state early.     

坚硬顶板型冲击矿压灾害防治研究

针对兖州矿区济三煤矿6303工作面的冲击矿压问题，分析了冲击矿压发生的主要原因及影响因素．根据现场条件和数值模拟分析，提出了采用顶板爆破解除冲击矿压危险的技术措施，并确定了爆破参数．采用矿用钻孔窥视仪并配合电磁辐射法和钻屑法对爆破进行了效果检验．结果表明，通过顶板爆破措施可以破坏工作面上方坚硬厚层砂岩顶板的完整性，提前释放顶板聚集的弹性能，减弱和消除了工作面的冲击矿压危险，胜，保证了工作面的安全生产．现场实践证明，该项技术对具有坚硬顶板型冲击矿压的防治效果明显．