雷达遥感建筑物震害信息提取方法综述

合成孔径雷达遥感具有全天时、全天候工作的能力,在地震灾害应急中发挥了重要作用。回顾了雷达遥感建筑物震害信息提取技术的发展历史,总结了各种用于建筑物震害信息提取的雷达卫星的参数特征以及使用雷达遥感提取建筑物震害信息的震例。介绍了目前应用的各种雷达遥感建筑物震害信息提取方法,包括目视解译和计算机自动信息提取两种,其中后者包括基于纹理特征和极化特征的单时相方法、基于强度特征和相干特征的多时相方法。比较了这些方法的适用性和不足,并探讨了雷达遥感建筑物震害信息提取方法的发展趋势。     

高分辨率极化合成孔径雷达成像研究进展

合成孔径雷达（Synthetic aperture radar,SAR）是一种有效的地球遥感技术,对观测区域进行全天时、全天候的高分辨率大范围成像,在军事侦察、环境监测和地质测绘等领域有着十分广泛的应用。随着雷达技术和地球科学的发展,人们期望能够获取更多的目标特性,传统的单极化SAR已经难以满足越来越多元化的实际应用需求。极化合成孔径雷达（Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar,PolSAR）基于多个极化通道获取目标不同极化状态下的散射特性丰富了SAR图像的信息量,拓展了SAR的应用领域。从极化数据中准确地解译目标的物理特性是PolSAR应用的重要前提。本文对PolSAR的研究进展进行了总结,重点介绍了极化目标分解算法,给出了高分辨率PolSAR实测数据处理结果,并对未来研究方向进行了展望。     

结合PolSAR影像纹理特征分析提取倒塌建筑物

利用震后1景极化SAR影像提取倒塌建筑物是一种快速有效的灾害调查手段。倒塌建筑和倾斜建筑物在PolSAR影像中的散射特征相似,易造成建筑物倒塌率的过度评估。由于倒塌建筑和倾斜建筑的纹理特征有较大差异,将利用这种纹理差异来解决倒塌建筑和倾斜建筑的混分问题。通过实验发现均值、同质性、熵及相关性4种基于灰度共生矩阵(Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix,GLCM)的纹理特征能够有效区分倾斜建筑和倒塌建筑,故利用这4种纹理特征提取倒塌建筑中混杂的倾斜建筑,从而降低倒塌建筑的虚警率。以玉树地震为例,提取城区的建筑物震害信息,实验证明该方法能够大幅提高建筑物震害评估精度。     

利用PolSAR数据提取人造目标的进展分析

极化合成孔径雷达(PolSAR)图像包含目标丰富的散射信息,在人造目标提取中具有重大的应用潜力.对利用PolSAR图像进行人造目标提取的方法进行了分类和梳理,对近年来该领域出现的新技术和新方法进行了介绍,重点介绍了PolSAR人造目标提取的最新进展,指出了当前存在的问题,对PolSAR人造目标提取的发展趋势进行了展望.     

极化合成孔径雷达图像相干斑抑制和分类方法综述

极化合成孔径雷达（Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar,PolSAR）是一种多参数、多通道的微波成像系统,在农林业、地质、海洋和军事等领域有着广泛的应用前景.PolSAR图像的相干斑抑制和分类是数据解译的重要环节,已经成为遥感领域的研究热点.本文综述了现有PolSAR图像的相干斑噪声抑制和分类方法并进行展望.首先,简要介绍了PolSAR系统的主要进展和应用;然后,对PolSAR图像相干斑抑制的评价指标和方法进行综述并对几种代表性方法进行了实验对比;接下来,对PolSAR图像的特征进行分析归纳,分别对有监督、无监督和半监督的PolSAR分类方法进行总结并给出了几种有监督分类方法的实验比较;最后,对PolSAR图像相干斑抑制和分类方法未来可能的研究方向进行了思考和讨论.     

结合纹理与极化分解的面向对象极化SAR水体提取方法

合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)拥有全天时全天候的工作能力,能够有效地连续对地观测,是土地管理、水体监测、灾害评估等多种应用的稳定数据来源。基于面向对象的思想,提出一种高精度、低虚警率的极化SAR(Polarimetric SAR,PolSAR)水体提取方法。此方法首先对极化SAR图像进行分割,再结合纹理与极化分解特征,对分割区域进行投票,识别水体区域。利用Radarsat-2数据和TerraSAR-X数据开展实验,并将提出方法与基于单一纹理和基于极化分解等水体提取方法进行对比,结果表明该方法在两种数据中均具有最高的总分类精度,其中基于分割技术能够保持完整的水陆边界,纹理与极化特征能够区分浅草、裸地和阴影等与水体相似的地物,结合投票方法能够提高小型水体检测率。     

极化合成孔径雷达相干斑抑制极化信息保持能力定量评估

针对采用极化特征图主观评估PolSAR相干斑抑制算法的极化信息保持能力存在一定的不足,提出了一种基于极化特征图相关系数的相干斑抑制效果评估方法.该方法实现了对PolSAR相干斑抑制算法极化信息保持能力的定量评估,能够更为精确地反映不同滤波器及滤波参数变化对PolSAR散射特性的影响.仿真数据和实测ESAR数据的相干斑抑制效果评估实验,验证了该方法的有效性.     

极化SAR图像滤波方法对比分析

随着遥感技术的快速发展,极化合成孔径雷达（Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar,PolSAR）已成为遥感领域重要的全天时、全天候对地观测方式。但是,基于相干成像原理的PolSAR图像会受到相干斑的影响,导致精确度下降。为了提升图像质量,减少相干斑滤波影响,文章对比分析了常用的典型极化SAR图像去噪方法,介绍了各类方法的特点,以期为雷达遥感图像的应用提供参考。     

基于多纹理特征融合的震后SAR图像倒塌建筑物信息提取

合成孔径雷达（SAR）凭借其全天候观测能力以及SAR图像中丰富的纹理信息,在震后建筑物倒塌评估中发挥了重要作用。针对SAR图像中倒塌建筑物纹理特征多样但利用率较低,且特征信息冗余的问题,提出一种基于主成分分析的SAR图像多纹理特征分类方法。该方法基于灰度直方图、灰度共生矩阵、局部二值模式、Gabor滤波器提取了26种纹理特征信息,构建主成分变量进行多维特征优选与降维融合,通过随机森林分类算法提取建筑物的倒塌信息。以2016年日本熊本地震为例验证了该方法的有效性,结果显示其提取精度高达79.85%,倒塌建筑物的识别效率有所提高,分类结果优于单种纹理特征提取方法及多种纹理特征组合提取法,可用于震后建筑物震害信息的快速提取。     

PoISAR图像信息提取技术及应用的发展

随着极化合成孔径雷达（PolSAR）系统的发展,P01SAR图像信息提取技术已成为当前遥感领域的研究热点。通过全面阐述和分析国内外PolSAR图像信息提取技术的发展,指出了PolSAR技术的发展趋势,使相关研究人员能够比较全面地了解这一领域的最新进展,以利于促进我国在未来若干年内开展相应技术的研究与应用开发。     

A Summary of Research Methods for Seismic Damage Information Recognition of Polarized SAR Buildings

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can observe the Earth without the influence of the weather and sunlight, and Polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) even could acquire four kinds of polarization information at the same time. Therefore, extracting post-earthquake damage information by use of PolSAR has the advantage of timeliness and accuracy. This paper shows a summary of the methods for extracting seismic damage information based on PolSAR data. It firstly review the development of PolSAR and then summarizes the application and comparative analysis of the data types (multi-source data, multi-temporal data and single-temporal data) for extracting seismic damage of buildings in the past 10 years. Next, the methods of building earthquake damage extraction based on polarization decomposition and polarization characteristics and texture features is summarized. Finally, the research work is proposed to supplement the deficiency of PolSAR in earthquake damage extraction accuracy with the combination of geographic information data POI.     

Damage assessment in urban areas using post-earthquake airborne PolSAR imagery

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) has often been used in earthquake damage assessment due to its extreme versatility and almost all-weather, day-and-night capability. In this article, we demonstrate the potential to use only post-event, high-resolution airborne polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) imagery to estimate the damage level at the block scale. Intact buildings with large orientation angles have a similar scattering mechanism to collapsed buildings; they are all volume-scattering dominant and reflection asymmetric, which seriously hampers the process of damage assessment. In this article, we propose a new damage assessment method combining polarimetric and spatial texture information to eliminate this deficiency. In the proposed method, the normalized circular-pol correlation coefficient is used first to identify intact buildings aligned parallel with the flight direction of the radar. The ‘homogeneity’ feature of the grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) is then introduced to distinguish building patches with large orientation angles from the severely damaged class. Furthermore, a new damage assessment index is also introduced to handle the assessment at the level of the block scale. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the high-resolution airborne PolSAR imagery acquired after the earthquake that hit Yushu County, Qinghai Province of China, is investigated. By comparison with the damage validation map, the results confirm the validity of the proposed method and the advantage of further improving the assessment accuracy without external ancillary optical or SAR data.     

全极化合成孔径雷达影像地形纠正及其在雪冰制图中的应用

针对合成孔径雷达（SAR）影像由于地形起伏引起的图像畸变问题,文章提出了基于相干矩阵的全极化SAR影像地形纠正算法,并运用于雪冰制图。该方法首先采用距离多普勒模型建立SAR成像几何模型;然后利用全极化Cloude特征分解方法对全极化SAR图像进行融合,将融合后的SAR图像与模拟图像进行配准提高SAR影像几何定位精度;最后利用投影面积归一化和极化方位角移动补偿技术对地形引起的辐射畸变进行纠正。采用中国长江源区南部唐古拉山中段冬克玛底冰川区域的C波段Radarsat-2全极化SAR数据进行验证,配准模拟SAR和原始SAR影像的控制点方位向和距离向的均方根误差（RMSE）分别为7.765和14.586个像素;经过地形纠正后的地物分类精度达80%以上。结果表明：（1）该方法能够有效消除SAR影像中几何和辐射畸变的影响;（2）地形纠正后的SAR数据在雪冰制图中具有可行性。     

雷达遥感的地质学应用及其进展

合成孔径雷达(SAR)遥感以其独有的全天时、全天候观测能力和对地表的穿透性及形态探测能力,特别是现在新型成像雷达技术的发展,使之在地质学应用中具有独特的优势。结合SAR应用技术的发展阶段,即由单波段单极化到多波段多极化,再发展到现在极化测量和干涉测量阶段,综述了成像雷达遥感在地学中的应用,特别是对新型成像雷达技术(极化雷达、干涉雷达)的地学应用作了介绍。     

A novel algorithm for land use and land cover classification using RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR data

This study proposes a new four-component algorithm for land use and land cover (LULC) classification using RADARSAT-2 polarimetric SAR (PolSAR) data. These four components are polarimetric decomposition, PolSAR interferometry, object-oriented image analysis, and decision tree algorithms. First, polarimetric decomposition can be used to support the classification of PolSAR data. It is aimed at extracting polarimetric parameters related to the physical scattering mechanisms of the observed objects. Second, PolSAR interferometry is used to extract polarimetric interferometric information to support LULC classification. Third, the main purposes of object-oriented image analysis are delineating image objects, as well as extracting various textural and spatial features from image objects to improve classification accuracy. Finally, a decision tree algorithm provides an efficient way to select features and implement classification. A comparison between the proposed method and the Wishart supervised classification which is based on the coherency matrix was made to test the performance of the proposed method. The overall accuracy of the proposed method was 86.64%, whereas that of the Wishart supervised classification was 69.66%. The kappa value of the proposed method was 0.84, much higher than that of the Wishart supervised classification, which exhibited a kappa value of 0.65. The results indicate that the proposed method exhibits much better performance than the Wishart supervised classification for LULC classification. Further investigation was carried out on the respective contribution of the four components to LULC classification using RADARSAT-2 PolSAR data, and it indicates that all the four components have important contribution to the classification. Polarimetric information has significant implications for identifying different vegetation types and distinguishing between vegetation and urban/built-up. The polarimetric interferometric information extracted from repeat-pass RADARSAT-2 images is important in reducing the confusion between urban/built-up and vegetation and that between barren/sparsely vegetated land and vegetation. Object-oriented image analysis is very helpful in reducing the effect of speckle in PolSAR images by implementing classification based on image objects, and the textural information extracted from image objects is helpful in distinguishing between water and lawn. The decision tree algorithm can achieve higher classification accuracy than the nearest neighbor classification implemented using Definiens Developer 7.0, and the accuracy of the decision tree algorithm is similar with that of the support vector classification which is implemented based on the features selected using genetic algorithms. Compared with the nearest neighbor and support vector classification, the decision tree algorithm is more efficient to select features and implement classification. Furthermore, the decision tree algorithm can provide clear classification rules that can be easily interpreted based on the physical meaning of the features used in the classification. This can provide physical insight for LULC classification using PolSAR data.     

Stacked auto-encoder for classification of polarimetric SAR images based on scattering energy

This paper proposes a new algorithm, for polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) classification, based on a stacked auto-encoder and scattering energy. Previous approaches to PolSAR classification predominantly consider only the single pixel of distribution of the polarimetric data and scattering characteristics, and ignore other kinds of image features like the relationship of the local pixels. Besides, because of the complexities of PolSAR data, it is difficult to compute the derivatives that are needed for back-propagation in deep-learning classifiers. To overcome these difficulties, we propose a new approach that combines the scattering power and stacks sparse auto-encoder (Scattering SSAE) for PolSAR classification. Firstly, orientation compensation is used to compensate the polarization orientation angle, reducing the impact of polarimetric angle noise. Secondly, Freeman-Durden decomposition is adopted to extract three basic scattering powers: surface, double bounce and volume. Each PolSAR image pixel is transformed into these scattering powers, yielding a new kind of feature from the PolSAR data. Finally, using the three kinds of scattering power as inputs, we combine local spatial information using a patch-based approach, and use a deep learning architecture to achieve classification. We compare our method against several other state-of-the-art methods using ground-truthed test-data, and show that the Scattering SSAE method achieves higher accuracy than other methods on most categories.