介电溶液测试土壤水分传感器性能的实证研究

利用土壤等效介电溶液代替土壤测试与评估土壤水分传感器的性能,具有便捷、快速的优点。为验证传感器在介电溶液中的测试结果是否与实际土壤中一致,利用去离子水和2—异丙氧基乙醇(2-isoproxyethanol)或二氧六环(dioxane)2种溶液混合,配制了一系列等效土壤体积含水率为0.9%~51.8%的待测介电溶液,同时取广州地区的典型红壤和雷州半岛的典型砖红壤,配制一系列与介电溶液等效含水率相对应的土样,分别从电气特性、与土壤含水率的函数关系、温度变异性和稳定性4个方面测试传感器的性能,并将介电溶液中的测试结果与2种土样中比较。实验结果表明:介电溶液中的测试结果与红壤和砖红壤中基本上一致,介电溶液在某种程度上可以代替土样进行土壤水分传感器的性能测试。     

含水含盐土壤的微波介电特性分析研究

用微波网络分析仪测量了实验室制备的各种不同含水量,含盐量的土壤样品的复介电常数,研究了介电常数的实部和虚部与频率、盐度、含水量的关系,得出结论：频率、盐度对土壤介电常数的实部的影响很小,对于某一特定土壤,其介电常数的实部有土壤的含量决定;在较低频率范围内（f＜2GHz),虚部随着的频率增大而迅速下降,高频部分则趋向于一定值,当土壤潮湿含水时,实验结果表明,波长较长的波段,如P波段或L以段对土壤含盐程度具有更高的敏感性,其含盐量对虚部在较低频范围（f＜5GHz)影响很大;这为利用微波遥感进行土壤盐碱化程度监测,提供了可能和实验依据。     

基于介电特性脑血肿检测的可行性仿真研究

为了便捷监测脑血肿及其演变,通过分析头部组织的电导率和介电常数在不同频率下的变化规律,提出了依据监测介电特性,利用电容测量原理来实现检测脑血肿的方法.根据头部结构,利用ANSYS分析软件,建立了多层脑模型,在二维场域内研究了血肿位置变化、大小变化、靠近测量电极程度等情况,验证了利用介电特性检测脑血肿理论的可行性,为进一步的研究奠定了基础.     

钛酸钡湿敏元件的介电特性

制备了电阻式纳米钛酸钡湿敏元件,测试了元件的阻抗、电容,以及介电损耗特性.测试频率对元件的阻抗-相对湿度特性曲线影响较大,特别是低湿范围.100 Hz时曲线的线性度最好.元件的电容在低频范围随相对湿度的升高而增大,但高频范围几乎不随相对湿度变化.在10～105 Hz频率范围内,湿敏元件在11%～98%RH范围都出现了介电损耗的极大值,而且随着相对湿度增大,介电损耗极大值向高频方向移动.分析实验结果,在环境水分子浓度变化时,不仅电阻式湿敏元件感湿材料的电阻发生变化,介电常数也发生变化,水分子的极化也同时存在,但是其电阻随相对湿度的变化最为明显.     

基于地基微波辐射计数据评估不同土壤介电模型反演土壤湿度的适用性

以青藏高原开展的L波段地基微波辐射（ELBARA-III型）综合观测试验为依据,基于 辐射传输模型评估了Wang-Schmugge、Mironov、Dobson和 Four-Phase 4种土壤介电模型对L波段微波亮温模拟及土壤湿度反演的影响。结果表明：相同植被和粗糙度参数化方案条件下,4种土壤介电模型对微波亮温模拟存在明显差异,当土壤湿度小于0.23 m3·m^-3时,Wang-Schmugge模型与其他3种土壤介电模型微波亮温模拟结果差异最为显著,水平和垂直极化微波亮温模拟最大差值可达8.0 K和4.4 K;当模拟土壤湿度大于0.23 m3·m^-3时,Four-phase模型模拟的微波亮温显著高于其他3种土壤介电模型模拟结果;当土壤湿度饱和时,4种土壤介电模型间水平和垂直极化微波亮温模拟最大差值约为6.1 K和4.8 K,且4种土壤介电模型对水平极化微波亮温模拟的差异比垂直极化模拟的差异更为显著。而基于4种介电模型的土壤湿度反演对比试验表明,水平极化条件下基于Wang-Schmugge模型反演土壤湿度,较其他参数化方案,能有效减轻反演土壤湿度对观测土壤湿度的低估,Mironov模型减轻了垂直极化条件下反演土壤湿度对观测值的高估程度。在现有 模型参数化方案的基础上,总结了4种土壤介电模型在青藏高原典型草地下垫面的适用性,将为星载L波段辐射计青藏高原土壤湿度反演应用提供客观的土壤介电模型方案选取依据。     

无创血糖检测中不同葡萄糖浓度的介电- 频率响应特性研究

无创血糖检测技术具有无痛感、不易感染和可连续监测等优点,是血糖检测技术发展的重要方向。为了研究在不同频率下、不同葡萄糖浓度对介电特性的影响,该文首先以不同葡萄糖浓度的水溶液为研究对象,探索了 500 kHz～5 MHz 频率范围内不同葡萄糖浓度水溶液的介电-频率特性。研究表明,葡萄糖水溶液在 500 kHz～5 MHz 的响应特性与高频下的响应特性不同。在该频段下,当葡萄糖浓度不变时,水溶液的复介电常数的实部和虚部随着频率的增大而减小;当频率不变时,水溶液的复介电常数的实部和虚部随着葡萄糖浓度的增大而减小。其次,该文还通过对复介电常数测量值进行二阶 Debye 模型拟合,并对 Debye 模型中的参数进行了二次多项式拟合。拟合的决定系数均高于 0.93,最终得出了葡萄糖浓度为 0～16% 水溶液的复介电常数在不同葡萄糖浓度和频率下的相关函数,量化了葡萄糖水溶液的复介电常数与葡萄糖浓度及频率的关系。最后,通过建立包含皮肤、血液、肌肉的无创血糖检测模型,并采用基于时域有限差分法对模型进行仿真分析。结果表明,接收电极 2 与 3 之间的电压差值随着葡萄糖浓度的增加而线性增大,为基于 500 kHz～5 MHz 频率范围内的无创血糖检测提供了一定的理论基础。     

低温生物介电谱测试仪

介绍了以8098单片机为核心的低温生物介电谱测试仪及软、硬件设计.对100～1MHz正弦信号相位的测量提出了一种新方法.     

电容式RF开关介电电荷及相关可靠性模型及模拟

就介电电荷以及它对电容式RF MEMS开关可靠性的影响进行了分析,在前人的基础上建立起了一个更加全面和准确的介电电荷积累及其相关可靠性模型.介电电荷的产生是由于电介质中有漏电流(Ohmic电流、Frenkel-Poole电流),漏电流中电荷被介质陷阱捕获,进而导致电荷的积累.由此得到了介电电荷随时间的积累公式、开关失效寿命公式以及介电击穿寿命公式,其结果具有一定参考价值.     

圆柱形介电弹性体驱动器的试验与分析

为了获得一种结构紧凑的介电弹性体驱动器,以VHB4910 为驱动材料,设计、实现了圆柱形驱动器．通过对比试验得到的驱动器（有效长度为45mm）最大能够产生8.5mm 的位移,有效区伸长应变达到18.89%．采用Yeoh 超弹性模型对驱动器进行有限元仿真,得到驱动器的输出位移为6.24mm．仿真与试验结果较吻合,文中分析了仿真与试验结果之间产生差别的原因．圆柱形介电弹性体驱动器的研究可为该类驱动器的设计、分析与应用提供指导．     

菱形介电弹性体驱动器预载荷分析

在分析了介电弹性体驱动器工作原理的基础上,对菱形驱动器力—位移曲线进行测试,并将其与弹性预载荷元件所产生的总等效预载荷进行比较,确定了能使驱动器获得较大输出位移的弹性预载荷元件．实验表明,通电后菱形驱动器能产生21mm的线性位移,介电弹性体面积变化率达到98%,失电后驱动器能恢复到初始状态．     

电容式土壤水分传感器的研制

介绍了一种电容式土壤水分传感器的基本原理、工作特性及应用、在多种土壤中实验表明:它具有线性工作特性,适应面较广,精度较高,可实现有线遥测的优点。一般情况下,土壤种类、容重、含盐量对其影响较小。     

Utilizing calibrated GPS reflected signals to estimate soil reflectivity and dielectric constant: Results from SMEX02

Extensive reflected GPS data was collected using a GPS reflectometer installed on an HC130 aircraft during the Soil Moisture Experiment 2002 (SMEX02) near Ames, Iowa. At the same time, widespread surface truth data was acquired in the form of point soil moisture profiles, areal sampling of near-surface soil moisture, total green biomass and precipitation history, among others. Previously, there have been no reported efforts to calibrate reflected GPS data sets acquired over land. This paper reports the results of two approaches to calibration of the data that yield consistent results. It is shown that estimating the strength of the reflected signals by either (1) assuming an approximately specular surface reflection or (2) inferring the surface slope probability density and associated normalization constants give essentially the same results for the conditions encountered in SMEX02. The corrected data is converted to surface reflectivity and then to dielectric constant as a test of the calibration approaches. Utilizing the extensive in-situ soil moisture related data this paper also presents the results of comparing the GPS-inferred relative dielectric constant with the Wang-Schmugge model frequently used to relate volume moisture content to dielectric constant. It is shown that the calibrated GPS reflectivity estimates follow the expected dependence of permittivity with volume moisture, but with the following qualification: The soil moisture value governing the reflectivity appears to come from only the top 1-2 cm of soil, a result consistent with results found for other microwave techniques operating at L-band. Nevertheless, the experimentally derived dielectric constant is generally lower than predicted. Possible explanations are presented to explain this result.     

Calibration of a TDR probe for low soil water content measurements

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes are increasingly used for field and laboratory estimation of soil water content. Usual calibration of TDR probes for the determination of soil water content uses two media: air for low and water for high values of dielectric permittivity, although the measured range of dielectric permittivity in soil is much smaller as compared to the range implied by the calibration media. The use of air for calibration of short TDR probes gives calibration errors due to overlapping incident and reflected pulses in the reflectogram, which result in their relative shift in time. This phenomenon, named the convolution effect, can be avoided by the application of selected calibration media. The presented approach minimizes of dielectric permittivity measurement errors by choosing the calibration media with dielectric permittivity values close to the limits of the measurement range and the possibility to use TDR probes of various lengths. The comparison of errors of TDR apparent dielectric permittivity measurement in three sandy soils, based on the probe calibrations in various media, is also presented.     

微波检测粮仓储粮水分技术的研究

分析了微波水分检测技术的原理、特点及所采用的方法。针对微波透射过粮食后,其反射波的能量衰减,信号参数变化与介电常数及粮食水分含量之间的关系,构建了储粮水分检测模型。测量结果与传统的烘干法所得到的水分含量比较,比较结果表明,利用微波法能够快速、准确地检测出储粮水分含量,满足粮仓储粮含水量检测的需求。     

非接触式物料水分传感器

为实现固体物料水分含量的在线监测,设计了基于频域反射原理的非接触式物料水分传感器。该传感器基于固体状物料含水量与介电常数的关系,利用电容式探头对介电常数的测量能力,通过水分变化关系实验建立了容积含水量与介电常数的数学模型,并完成了传感器的结构设计和电路设计。实验结果表明:该传感器实现了对固体颗粒状物料水分的准确测量,满足物料水分测量的实际需求。     

介电法小麦含水率检测试验研究

小麦从收割、收购到存储、加工都需要快速、准确获取其含水率,为此设计一种外边缘效应圆柱形电容传感器探头及相应测量电路.采用小麦样品对所设计的装置进行标定与温度特性测试.试验结果表明:该传感器具有较高的灵敏度和准确性,含水率在8%~20%之间,误差在0.5%以内;在14℃~32℃温度范围内,漂移量为0.19%/℃.     

Temporal persistence and stability of surface soil moisture in a semi-arid watershed

Satellite soil moisture products, such as those from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), require diverse landscapes for validation. Semi-arid landscapes present a particular challenge to satellite remote sensing validation using traditional techniques because of the high spatial variability and potentially rapid rates of temporal change in moisture conditions. In this study, temporal stability analysis and spatial sampling techniques are used to investigate the representativeness of ground observations at satellite scale soil moisture in a semi-arid watershed for a long study period (March 1, 2002 to September 13, 2005). The watershed utilized, the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, has a dense network of 19 soil moisture sensors, distributed over a 150 km² study region. In conjunction with this monitoring network, intensive gravimetric soil moisture sampling conducted as part of the Soil Moisture Experiment in 2004 (SMEX04), contributed to the calibration of the network for large-scale estimation during the North American Monsoon System (NAMS). The sensor network is shown to be an excellent estimator of the watershed average with an accuracy of approximately 0.01 m³/m³ soil moisture. However, temporal stability analysis indicated that while much of the network is stable, the soil moisture spatial pattern, as represented by mean relative difference, is not replicated by the network mean relative difference pattern. Rather, the network is composed of statistical samples. Geophysical aspects of the watershed, including topography and soil type are also examined for their influence on the soil moisture variability and stability. Soil type, as characterized by bulk density, clay and sand content, was responsible for nearly 50% of the temporal stability. Topographic effects were less important in defining representativeness and stability.     

沥青混合料含水量集成检测系统设计与研究

为提高路面沥青混合料含水量测量装置精度,简化结构,提出一种1.5 GHz微带环结构的含水量传感器检测系统.因含水量不同,不饱和混合料介电常数变化,导致微带环有效介电常数发生改变,谐振频率偏移.通过谐振频率反演混合料介电常数,建立含水量与有效介电常数的线性关系求得沥青混合料含水量.研究工作包括算法分析、微带环结构设计仿真、系统软硬件集成设计.混合料样本(含水量0 ～ 30％)测试显示测量分辨率≤0.1％,误差≤1％,系统响应时间≤100 ns.这种新型传感器体积小、功耗低、精度高,适合路面测量.     

植被和土壤的微波介电常数

重点介绍了植物材料介电常数的Debye一Cole双频散模型及土壤物理模型的建立。应用这些模型与实验结果比较表明,模型计算值与浏量值有较好的一致性。给出了模型计算公式以及与计算值相比较的测量结果。实验证明模型和数据在应用中是可靠的。