板坯连铸结晶器内坯壳凝固收缩的数值模拟

利用ANSYS商业有限元软件,建立了板坯连铸结晶器二维凝固传热数学模型。采用传热和应力、应变直接耦合的方法,对结晶器内钢液在浇铸过程中的凝固传热进行了数值模拟分析,并对同一拉速下的3个典型钢种和同一钢种在不同拉速下的铸坯窄面温度分布和收缩量进行了讨论。结果表明:在结晶器出口处,3个钢种板坯窄面中心温度高低顺序为:X70SS400/D36;3个钢种板坯窄面中心收缩量大小顺序均为:X70D36SS400;同一钢种的拉速增加0.1m/min,铸坯窄面中心温度升高23.75℃。     

高拉速连铸机120 mm小方坯结晶器的开发

介绍新近开发的120 mm×120 mm小方坯结晶器,它是在原1 m/min低拉速结晶器基础上,参照某厂生产的120 mm×120 mm高拉速结晶器进行改进的.在高效连铸机上它连续拉钢的正常拉速为3 m/min,最高可达3.7m/min,拉钢生产效率提高3～4倍.     

连铸过程结晶器内钢水凝固收缩计算研究

针对连铸结晶器铜管的锥度设计问题,采用凝固收缩——传热反馈调节计算方法,对130 mm×130 mm连铸结晶器内的传热、凝固及凝固收缩进行了计算研究,并与传统的利用假设的热流密度进行连铸坯锥度设计的计算方法进行对比。结果表明该计算方法可以有效地模拟实际连铸过程中角部区域凝固收缩对热流密度及温度分布的影响。针对CB300-V钢种,断面130 mm×130 mm连铸坯在3 m/min拉速下的计算结果为:凝固坯壳角部温度1 250℃,与经典热流公式计算的角部温度700℃有明显差别,面中心处明显的收缩开始于距结晶器上沿0.4 m的位置,凝固收缩的数值集中在0.000 2 m的范围内,角部最大收缩量为0.001 575 m。随着距表面距离的加大,凝固收缩呈减小趋势,凝固收缩的减少量与距离呈非线性关系。     

高拉速下板坯连铸结晶器铜板传热行为研究

基于首钢京唐钢铁联合有限责任公司高拉速连铸生产低碳钢过程,采用ANSYS软件建立结晶器铜板传热的三维有限元模型,并结合现场实测冷却水和铜板温度数据,研究了高拉速下结晶器铜板的温度场。计算结果表明,有无冷却背板结晶器铜板温度分布差别不大;不同拉速时结晶器底部均出现一定的回温现象,且随着拉速的升高,回温幅度逐渐增大;拉速提高铜板热面温度升高,但幅度逐渐减小;拉速为2.3 m/min时,铜板热面中心最高温度为328.0℃,出现在弯月面以下10 mm左右的位置;镀层会导致铜板热面温度的升高,且升高幅度与镀层厚度正相关;增大水量在一定范围内能够降低铜板温度。     

高拉速条件下中碳钢连铸用保护渣的性能研究

高拉速连铸技术因其高效生产的优点而备受人们关注,其中典型的紧凑型带钢连铸技术的连铸速度普遍提高至3～6 m/min,甚至达9 m/min。因高拉速连铸技术的拉坯速度提高,导致结晶器内部许多参数发生了改变,使得该工艺对保护渣的要求也变得颇为严苛。针对紧凑型带钢连铸连轧生产中碳钢所用保护渣开展了研究,并与传统低拉速连铸保护渣的理化性能进行对比。研究结果表明:中碳钢高拉速连铸用保护渣相比低拉速连铸用保护渣需要有更好的润滑性能,1 300℃时的黏度应低于0.086 Pa·s(拉速3.5 m/min);因高速拉坯,结晶器内壁与初始钢坯之间的热流大大增加,为避免过快的传热导致铸坯缺陷则需采用控热能力更均匀更强的保护渣。     

AH32钢板坯连铸凝固传热过程数值模拟

建立了板坯连铸过程中,垂直拉坯方向传热的二维切片跟踪铸坯凝固数学模型.利用有限元软件ANSYS对板坯连铸凝固过程进行了瞬态热分析,并进行了射钉实验验证.对不同的过热度,不同的拉速(1.0和1.1 m/min)条件下,切片各点随时间变化的温度分布,以及铸坯壳厚度进行计算,并确定凝固末端位置.结果表明:随着过热度、拉速的增加,凝固末端位置距离结晶器液面变远;在合理的范围之内,拉速增加,铸坯表面温度增加,有助于防止铸坯表面裂纹的产生及提高板坯的生产效率.     

基于有限元法优化低碳钢板坯连铸机结晶器锥度的设计

钢厂1^#连铸机以0.95 m/min拉速生产SS400,D36和X70钢150~180 mm连铸板坯时,易产生角部纵裂纹,发生率最高可达5%。利用商业有限元软件ANSYS,建立了板坯连铸结晶器二维切片式凝固传热数学模型,并采用传热和应力/应变直接耦合的方法对连铸过程结晶器内凝固传热进行计算,分析了各钢种在0.95~1.05m/min拉速下铸坯温度分布以及温度分布不均引起的热应力。工业试验结果表明,根据优化计算结果,将板坯结晶器窄面的锥度系数由原来的1.00%改进为1.10%后,有效地消除了1^#连铸机板坯的角部纵裂纹。     

基于Fluent对水平连铸结晶器温度场分布及传热的研究

以水平连铸圆坯连铸生产工艺为研究对象,采用Fluent数值模拟软件凝固传热模型并结合射钉试验共同研究了管坯在不同拉坯工艺条件下,结晶器内的温度场分布与凝固传热过程,并对不同拉坯参数下铸坯试样进行了检测分析。研究发现：水平连铸拉坯工艺参数：拉速V=2．13m／min,浇注温度T=1544℃,中间包过热度△T=40℃的拉坯参数下,结晶器内的温度场分布均匀稳定,铸坯质量好,产量高。研究表明,采用Fluent数值模拟软件凝固传热模型并结合射钉试验可以有效分析在不同拉坯工艺条件下水平连铸结晶器内的温度场分布及凝固传热过程,并进一步制定合理的拉坯工艺参数,降低管坯质量缺陷的发生,提高铸坯质量。     

济源钢铁公司连铸机高效化改造

济源钢铁公司 2号方坯连铸机高效化改造工程于 2 0 0 0年 6月热试成功。拉速由 2 .2 m/ min提高到 3m / min,最高达 3.5 m / min,单流连铸坯产量可达到 11～ 12 .5万 t/ a,比改造前增加 1倍以上。本次改造采用了一系列国内外方坯连铸先进技术。采用连铸技术国家工程研究中心设计的抛物线型连续锥度铜管 ,其内腔尺寸变化更符合铸坯冷却收缩规律 ,铜管与铸坯之间的气隙缩减至最小 ,使结晶器的传热效果明显得到改善。采用半板簧仿弧振动 ,并增设系统平衡弹簧 ,减小了减速机负荷 ,提高电机及减速机寿命 ,预计可达半年以上二冷段由原来的一段增至…     

水平连铸36Mn2V凝固传热过程的Fluent数值模拟

以水平连铸36Mn2V圆坯结晶器内温度场分布为研究对象,采用Fluent数值模拟软件凝固传热模型并结合射钉试验共同研究了36Mn2V管坯在不同拉坯工艺条件下,结晶器内36Mn2V钢液温度场分布及凝固传热过程,并对不同拉坯参数下铸坯试样进行了检测分析.研究发现:水平连铸拉坯工艺参数:拉速V=2.2(m/min),中间包过热度ΔT=38℃的拉坯参数下,结晶器内的温度场分布均匀稳定,铸坯质量好,产量高.研究表明,采用Fluent数值模拟软件凝固传热模型并结合射钉试验可以有效分析在不同拉坯工艺条件下水平连铸结晶器内的温度场分布及凝固传热过程,并进一步制定合理的拉坯工艺参数,降低管坯质量缺陷的发生,提高铸坯质量.     

16MnNb钢圆坯连铸二冷制度的研究

 以某钢厂圆坯连铸机为研究对象,建立了连铸坯凝固传热模型。在不同拉速下对280 mm断面圆坯二次冷却过程进行仿真优化,确定了16MnNb钢合适的二冷制度。根据仿真结果,在最小工作拉速(0.9 m/min)下,矫直点处铸坯内弧表面中心温度为947 ℃,有效避开了铸坯的二次低延性区。在最大工作拉速(1.2 m/min)下,铸坯出结晶器时,其凝固坯壳厚度为19 mm,二冷初期产生漏钢等质量问题的可能性较小。不同拉速下,横断面温度场分布均匀。经低倍检测发现,铸坯表面及内部质量良好,无裂纹、疏松、缩孔等质量缺陷。     

小方坯连铸结晶器内热力行为研究

通过THERCAST软件建立了考虑结晶器保护渣和气隙热阻的三维有限元模型,分析了150 mm×150 mm小方坯在连铸结晶器中的热力学状况,发现拉速对热流密度的影响很大,热流密度会随着拉速的增加而增加,不过拉速越大,热流密度增加越缓慢,然而,过热度对于热流密度的影响却很小。由于钢水静压力的作用,气隙沿横向分布非常不均匀,表面中心气隙很小,仅为0.2 mm,角部气隙却很大,最大值达到了1.15 mm。根据模拟结果和参考前人设计结晶器的经验,建议设计同时带有横向和纵向锥度的结晶器。     

High speed continuous casting of steel billets: Part 2: Mould heat transfer and mould design

Abstract

A high speed instrumented mould trial was conducted under industrial conditions to study the heat transfer at the midfaces and corners of the mould and to clarify mould taper requirements in high speed continuous casting. The predicted peak heat transfer in this high speed system was found to be up to 2·5 times that reported for conventional speeds, and up to 1·5 times that for other reported high speed systems. The average heat transfer was found to be up to 45% greater than in conventional systems, and comparable with other high speed systems. The effect of casting speed was analysed in detail and was found to be dependent on carbon content. Increased casting speed was also found to increase the metal level standard deviation but to have less of an impact on the heat transfer than similar changes at conventional speeds. A mathematical billet thermal and solidification model was applied to these heat transfer results to determine the response of the current mould to high speed casting conditions. Using this assessment of the mould distortion and billet dimensions, new mould tapers were designed on the basis of minimising any mould-strand interaction and/or binding. New mould taper designs for high and low carbon grades were recommended for casting speeds of 3·0, 3·5, 4·0, and 4·5 m min ^-1. The design sensitivity to changes in casting speed is discussed.     

Analysis of variability and non-uniformity of mould heat extraction for round billet continuous casting in plant trials

Abstract

Maintaining a stable and uniform heat transfer from steel shell to mould is important to produce high quality casting billet. In the present paper, a large amount of measured data of heat flux and temperature for round billet continuous casting mould from a plant trial has been analysed to shed light on the variability and non-uniformity of mould heat transfer around the perimeter. The results show that the variability and non-uniformity of heat extraction from the steel through the mould is affected slightly by operational parameters, such as pouring temperature, casting speed, meniscus, electromagnetic stirring current, but strongly by the steel carbon content and mould powder type. The installation of the mould in caster machine determines the magnitude of non-uniformity of heat transfer to a great extent. The relative root mean square (rRMS) of mould heat flux, presenting the variability and non-uniformity of mould heat transfer around the perimeter in transverse section, has wider range of variation and higher mean value compared with that of temperature. When the abnormality of heat transfer happens, such as deposit, the non-uniformity of mould heat transfer is also studied.     

方坯结晶器多锥度分析

基于坯壳应力遗传特性建立铸坯热力耦合模型,利用ANSYS对结晶器内铸坯进行铸坯传热及应力分析。依据最小气隙原则对结晶器锥度进行优化,分析了单锥度和多锥度对坯壳凝固行为的影响。结果表明:采用两种锥度形式的结晶器,铸坯角部凝固行为存在明显差异,而表面中心区域基本一致。单锥度结晶器内气隙分布较广,角部热流明显降低,在偏离角部12～22 mm处存在"热点"。多锥度结晶器内气隙宽度和存在范围显著减少,"热点"消失,多锥度结晶器更符合坯壳凝固收缩规律。     

板坯连铸过程数值模拟分析

基于传热学基本原理、凝固理论和有限单元法,建立了凝固传热有限差分数学模型,对连铸凝固全过程进行模拟分析,结果表明,拉速越大,铸坯中心及表面温度越高,出结晶器坯壳厚度越薄;过热度增大,铸坯中心及表面温度均上升,出结晶器坯壳厚度减薄;冷却水量相对增大时,铸坯出结晶器坯壳厚度增大,二冷区温度下降较快。连铸坯凝固模型可用来确定常规拉速范围及不同拉速下的凝固壳厚度、凝固末端位置以及铸坯表面温度分布。     

Analysis of Mould,Spray and Radiation Zones of Continuous Billet Caster by Three‐dimensional Mathematical Model based on a Turbulent Fluid Flow

An analysis of mould, spray and radiation zones of a continuous billet caster has been done by a three‐dimensional turbulent fluid flow and heat transfer mathematical model. The aim was to reduce crack susceptibility of the billets and enhance productivity of the billet caster. Enthalpy‐porosity technique is used for the solidification. Turbulence is modelled by a realizable k‐ε model. The three‐dimensional mesh of the billet is generated by Gambit software, and Fluent software is used for the solution of equations. In various zones, different standard boundary conditions are applied. Enhanced wall treatment is used for the turbulence near the wall. In the mould region, Savage and Prichard expression for heat flux is applied. In the spray cooling zone, the heat transfer coefficient for surface cooling of the billet is calculated by knowing the water flow rate and the nozzle configuration of the plant. The model predicts the velocities in the molten pool of a billet, the temperature in the entire volume of billet, the heat transfer coefficient in the mould region, the heat flux in the cooling zone and radiation cooling zone, and the shell thickness at various zones. The model forecasts that the billet surface temperature up to the cutting region is above the austenite‐ferrite transformation temperature (which is accompanied by large volume change). The model predicts a temperature difference of maximum 700 K between the centre and surface of the billet. The entire solidification takes place at 11.0 m length at 3.0 m/min. For the same casting arrangement, increasing the casting speed up to 4.0 m/min has been explored. Based on the simulation results, recommendations to alter the spray water flow rate and spray nozzle diameter are presented to avoid a sudden change of temperature.     

低温度梯度结晶器的传热分析及工业应用试验

 结晶器内钢液凝固前沿温度梯度的降低可以阻碍柱状晶的生长、促进柱状晶向等轴晶的转变和提高等轴晶率,从而有利于铸坯组织的均质化。基于上述原理和结晶器传热计算,设计和制造了可用于降低钢液凝固前沿温度梯度的带隔热镀层的新型结晶器,并在方坯连铸机上进行了工业试验,分析了其对方坯凝固组织的影响。结果表明,低温度梯度结晶器可满足连铸生产要求;与传统结晶器相比,低温度梯度结晶器出口铸坯表面温度提高了108℃,相近拉速下该结晶器的平均热流密度相对更低,表明其减缓了钢液在凝固初期的传热,从而降低了凝固前沿的温度梯度;通过与低过热度、电磁搅拌技术相结合,低温度梯度结晶器生产的铸坯等轴晶率提高了8%～13%,中心偏析和缩孔严重程度明显降低。     

Modelling of steel shrinkage and optimisation of mould taper for high speed continuous casting

Abstract

In high speed continuous casting, optimisation of mould taper is key for intensifying heat transfer and for improving the quality of the cast products. Mathematical modelling has been carried out by combining heat transfer, steel shrinkage and parabolic continuous taper model in order to optimise the mould taper profile. These models have been assembled to a set of software, the inputs of which include the steel grade, casting speed, casting temperature, length and the cross-section of mould tube, while the outputs consist of surface temperature of the strand, thickness of solidified shell, thermal linear expansion coefficient, steel shrinkage, distortion of the mould tube wall, the actual air gap, total taper and the continuous taper profile. Optimum mould taper has a parabolic profile which is tapered inwards that changes continuously along the length of the strand in order to achieve reduction in air gap while avoiding distortion of the mould tube.     

方坯连铸结晶器凝固传热的有限元数值模拟

根据方坯结晶器的传热特点,研究了方坯连铸机结晶器二维非稳态凝固传热的有限元模型,应用ANSYS软件预测在浇注过程中结晶器的温度分布和凝固状态,分析了拉速、浇注温度及结晶器圆角半径对铸坯温度和坯壳厚度的影响.结果表明,经模型计算得出坯壳厚度值与现场测定拉漏数据基本相符.