地形因素对ScanSAR辐射特性的影响

地形对精确的ScanSAR辐射定标来说是个不容忽视的因素。目前，有关地形因素对条带模式SAR辐射特性的影响已做过大量研究，文中针对ScanSAR模式的特点，研究地形对ScanSAR辐射特性的影响，包括地形对散射面积效应的影响以及地形对scalloping效应和波束边界现象的影响，并对其进行了定量分析。     

星载ScanSAR干涉处理研究

星载ScanSAR干涉测量是一种宽测绘带的三维测高模式。该文结合ScanSAR工作原理,研究该模式干涉信号的频谱特点及ScanSAR干涉处理中特有的方位扫描同步;分析ENVISAT卫星ASAR Wide Swath模式单视复图像数据的特点,提出ScanSAR干涉数据处理的具体实现方案,并通过处理真实数据验证该方法的有效性。     

基于频域扩展和SPECAN的全孔径TOPSAR成像算法

TOPSAR(Terrain Observation by Progressive scans SAR)是星载SAR的一种新工作模式,这种工作模式在保持ScanSAR宽测绘带优点的同时,解决了扇贝效应(scalloping)等问题,具有广泛的应用前景。针对TOPSAR信号在时域和频域都混叠的特点,该文提出了一种新的全孔径TOPSAR成像算法,算法利用频域扩展来解决TOPSAR的频域混叠问题,利用SPECAN(SPECtral ANalysis)技术来避免输出图像时域混叠,结构紧凑,处理效率较高。通过点阵目标和分布目标的仿真来验证了算法的有效性,并分析了算法的计算量,通过与几种现有的全孔径成像算法对比,说明了算法的高效性。     

星载ScanSAR工作模式研究与设计

该文系统地阐述了星载ScanSAR系统的基本工作原理,由ScanSAR系统的空间几何模型,确定了ScanSAR系统各子条带的空间位置,研究了ScanSAR系统的方位分辨率问题,确定了ScanSAR系统工作的时间关系,各子条带的脉冲重复频率的选择及每个burst的样本数,为系统设计提供了依据。重点研究了 ScanSAR系统的信噪比及距离模糊问题,提出了一种新的 ScanSAR系统特有的模糊概念ARASR,并提出新的分析方法,对其影响做了定量的计算,最后对 ScanSAR系统的数据下载格式提出了建议。     

基于MNMP的ScanSAR并行成像系统设计

该文对星载ScanSAR成像并行处理进行了详细的研究。首先,针对ScanSAR成像机制的特殊性,给出了基于传统主-从模式的并行实现流程。根据主-从模式的不足,该文提出了一种基于多节点-多进程的异步并行模式的星载ScanSAR并行处理的技术。实验结果表明,相对于传统的并行处理方法,该文所采用方法的成像时间得到了较好的改善,具有一定的优越性。     

基于改进Kalman滤波模型的扫描合成孔径雷达图像扇贝效应校正方法

星载扫描合成孔径雷达(ScanSAR)采取Burst工作模式,该模式在获得宽幅测绘能力的同时,也导致图像中产生了固有的扇贝效应,严重影响图像的视觉效果和定量应用。该文结合对ScanSAR图像方位向统计特性的分析,针对现有滤波模型稳定性差和时间复杂度高等缺点,提出了一种改进的Kalman滤波模型,对图像方位向标准差和均值进行滤波以校正扇贝条纹。在高分三号(GF-3)卫星获取的真实ScanSAR图像上的校正结果验证了改进算法的有效性和高效性,此外在建筑群和海陆交界等复杂场景图像上的实验结果表明,改进算法具有较强的鲁棒性。     

基于改进Kalman滤波模型的扫描合成孔径雷达图像扇贝效应校正方法

星载扫描合成孔径雷达(ScanSAR)采取Burst工作模式,该模式在获得宽幅测绘能力的同时,也导致图像中产生了固有的扇贝效应,严重影响图像的视觉效果和定量应用。该文结合对ScanSAR图像方位向统计特性的分析,针对现有滤波模型稳定性差和时间复杂度高等缺点,提出了一种改进的Kalman滤波模型,对图像方位向标准差和均值进行滤波以校正扇贝条纹。在高分三号(GF-3)卫星获取的真实ScanSAR图像上的校正结果验证了改进算法的有效性和高效性,此外在建筑群和海陆交界等复杂场景图像上的实验结果表明,改进算法具有较强的鲁棒性。     

用于HJ-1C 卫星ScanSAR 的等效RD 几何校正方法

HJ-1C 卫星是我国第1 颗民用合成孔径雷达卫星,具有条带和扫描两种工作模式。该文根据HJ-1C 卫星ScanSAR 模式的工作特点,在ECS 成像算法和传统斜距多普勒定位方法基础上,提出一种适用于ScanSAR 的等效RD 几何校正方法。首先根据方位时刻关系进行方位拼接,然后根据斜距关系拼接各个子带,接着拟合等效参数,进行斜距多普勒定位,最后实现ScanSAR 图像的几何校正。HJ-1C 卫星的实际数据实验结果表明:HJ-1C 卫星ScanSAR 模式的定位精度可以达到100 m; 24 核CPU 并行情况下实现10 s 处理完一景图像。      

星载波束扫描合成孔径雷达距离辐射校正研究

针对星载波束扫描合成孔径雷达(Scanning Synthetic Aperture Radar,ScanSAR)图像具有的波束边界条带现象,研究了这种不均匀现象的产生机理和校正技术,分析了卫星姿态误差对校正技术的影响,推导并建立了图像距离向增益的数学模型,提出了星载ScanSAR精确波束边界条带现象校正对横滚角估计精度的要求,为合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)卫星总体分析与设计提供了理论依据.计算机仿真验证了理论分析的正确性和实现方法的可行性.     

多通道ScanSAR成像仿真研究

多通道雷达系统能够克服传统合成孔径雷达（SAR）的局限。其中一个应用是在偏置相位中心方位向多波束模式（DPCMAB）中利用方位向多孔径SAR信号重构,有效实现了高分辨率宽测绘带成像。下一步的研究重点是高方位分辨率超宽测绘带成像。基于此,文章探讨在ScanSAR模式下的多通道SAR系统,分析多孔径重构结合ScanSAR模式出现的问题,通过多通道频域重构算法结合burst模式下的RD算法实现了多通道ScanSAR[1]成像。仿真中所设计的系统够实现在几何分辨率4.95m下测绘带宽达到350km以上。     

Optimum look weighting for burst-mode and ScanSAR processing

Burst-mode and ScanSAR systems record only short pieces of Doppler histories; the energy contained in each echo ensemble and, hence, the intensity in the final burst image (look) depends on the scatterer's position relative to the time of the burst event according to the azimuth antenna pattern, an effect known as scalloping. Most systems employ a burst period short enough that adjacent looks overlap allowing for individual weighting of the looks before summation. The paper introduces a new class of look weighting functions for burst-mode and ScanSAR processing that correct for scalloping while simultaneously keeping the S/N ratio constant over azimuth and maximizing the equivalent number of looks. The achievable radiometric resolution and the sensitivity to Doppler centroid estimation errors are discussed. A 3-look example using ASAR parameters illustrates the proposed weighting functions     

ScanSAR processing using standard high precision SAR algorithms

Processing ScanSAR or burst-mode SAR data by standard high precision algorithms (e.g., range/Doppler, wavenumber domain, or chirp scaling) is shown to be an interesting alternative to the normally used SPECAN (or deramp) algorithm. Long burst trains with zeroes inserted into the interburst intervals can be processed coherently. This kind of processing preserves the phase information of the data-an important aspect for ScanSAR interferometry. Due to the interference of the burst images the impulse response shows a periodic modulation that can be eliminated by a subsequent low-pass filtering of the detected image. This strategy allows an easy and safe adaptation of existing SAR processors to ScanSAR data if throughput is not an issue. The images are automatically consistent with regular SAR mode images both with respect to geometry and radiometry. The amount and diversity of the software for a multimode SAR processor are reduced. The impulse response and transfer functions of a burst-mode end-to-end system are derived. Special attention is drawn to the achievable image quality, the radiometric accuracy, and the effective number of looks. The scalloping effect known from burst-mode systems can be controlled by the spectral weighting of the processor transfer function. It is shown that the fact that the burst cycle period is in general not an integer multiple of the sampling grid distance does not complicate the algorithm. An image example using X-SAR data for simulation of a burst system is presented     

基于自注意力机制和CycleGAN的高分三号ScanSAR图像的扇贝效应抑制

高分三号卫星是我国首颗分辨率达到1 m的C波段 多极化合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR) 卫星,其中扫描 式合成孔径雷达(scan synthetic aperture radar,ScanSAR)模式是高分三号卫星重要的工 作模式之一,由于该模式的工作机制导致生成的图像可能发生扇贝效应,一般呈现为明暗相 间的条纹。本文针对高分三号卫星ScanSAR模式下存在的扇贝效应,提出自注意力机制与循 环一致对抗网络(cycle-consistent adversarial networks,CycleGAN)结合的模型对Scan S AR图像进行处理,从而抑制扇贝效应产生的条纹现象。本文所示方法与传统扇贝效应抑制方 法和深度学习相关算法进行比较,并通过亮度均值、平均梯度等指标进行分析。实验结果表 明,本文方法可以对高分三号ScanSAR图像存在的扇贝效应进行较好的处理,有效抑制图像 的条纹现象,使得图像质量得到提升,具有较大的实用意义。     

TOPSAR: Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans

In this paper, a novel (according to the authors' knowledge) type of scanning synthetic aperture radar (ScanSAR) that solves the problems of scalloping and azimuth-varying ambiguities is introduced. The technique employs a very simple counterrotation of the radar beam in the opposite direction to a SPOT: hence, the name terrain observation with progressive scan (TOPS). After a short summary of the characteristics of the ScanSAR technique and its problems, TOPSAR, which is the technique of design, the limits, and a focusing technique are introduced. A synthetic example based on a possible future system follows.     

Optimal “focusing” for low resolution ScanSAR

Deals with the focusing of low resolution ScanSAR data, for both detected amplitude images and interferometric applications. The SAR reference is exploited to achieve ScanSAR focusing in conventional techniques. Such techniques provide quite effective compensation of the azimuth antenna pattern (e.g. no scalloping) when the azimuth time-bandwidth product of the ScanSAR echo is large, but fail to do so as the burst shortens, being reduced to an ineffective weighting of the output. The result is an azimuth varying distortion of the focused impulse responses, a distortion that is partly compensated for in the multilook average (not available for interferometric applications) at the price of a reduction in the processed Doppler bandwidth. This paper proposes quite a different approach. A set of short kernels, each suitable for “focusing” at a specific azimuth bin, has been optimized to reconstruct source reflectivity in the minimum mean square error sense. That pseudoinversion converges to the “conventional” focusing when the burst extent is large and for short bursts, edge effects are accounted for. These azimuth-varying kernels can be suitably tuned to meet constraints in the resolution/sidelobes trade-off and have proved capable of providing fairly undistorted output and fine resolution. They better exploit the available Doppler bandwidth, maximizing the number of looks and the interferometric quality. A decomposition is suggested that implements the inverse operator as a fast preprocessing to be followed by a conventional ScanSAR processor     

TOPS Imaging With TerraSAR-X: Mode Design and Performance Analysis

This paper reports about the performed investigations for the implementation of the wide-swath TOPS (Terrain Observation by Progressive Scan) imaging mode with TerraSAR-X (TSX). The TOPS mode overcomes the limitations imposed by the ScanSAR mode by steering the antenna along track during the acquisition of a burst. In this way, all targets are illuminated with the complete azimuth antenna pattern, and, thus, scalloping is circumvented, and an azimuth dependence of signal-to-noise ratio and distributed target ambiguity ratio (DTAR) is avoided. However, the use of electronically steered antennas leads to a quantization of the steering law and a nonideal pattern for squinted angles (grating lobes and main lobe reduction). The former provokes spurious peaks, while the latter introduces slight scalloping and DTAR deterioration. These effects are analyzed and quantified for TSX, and a TOPS system design approach is presented. Next, the requirements concerning interferometry are investigated. Finally, several results are shown with the TSX data, including a comparison between the TOPS and the ScanSAR modes and the reporting of the first TOPS interferometric results.      

Optimal range and Doppler centroid estimation for a ScanSAR system

This paper presents a new range and Doppler centroid estimation algorithm for a ScanSAR system. This algorithm is based on processing the image data in the overlapped region of two bursts of the same beam or adjacent beams. It leads to highly accurate radar pointing angles that are paramount to achieving good radiometric performance in ScanSAR imagery. The achievable accuracy is derived theoretically and verified by tests performed using SIR-C ScanSAR data and ERS data. This algorithm is computationally efficient and easy to implement. The proposed Doppler centroid estimation algorithm is also an excellent candidate for a strip mode SAR system