基于计算机辅助实验的铝合金发动机罩外板成形工艺参数优化

铝合金覆盖件冲压成形遇到的常见质量问题是起皱、破裂和回弹。利用计算机辅助实验(CAT)技术研究工艺参数和板坯形状对某汽车发动机罩外板成形质量的影响,找出满足质量评价指标要求的最优工艺水平组合。结果表明:实验方案中所有工艺水平组合均能很好地控制制件的起皱和破裂;一个板厚的凸凹模间隙有利于改善制件的贴膜性;采用矩形板坯可降低制件局部的最大减薄率和削弱其切边后的回弹;压边力和拉深筋高度对定量评价指标的影响不显著,但适当提高压边力和增加拉深筋高度可在一定程度上减小制件的回弹量。在压边力300 kN、凸凹模间隙0.8 mm、拉深筋高度14 mm、矩形板坯(虚拟)拉深速度3000 mm·s-1条件下,能够获得满足质量评价指标要求的发动机罩外板制件。     

汽车前地板单动拉延成形工艺分析与数值模拟

以某型号微型面包车的前地板拉延成形过程为例,对材料特性进行分析,并建立数学建模后,进行冲压模拟分析。选取冲压成形工艺参数中的压边力、凸凹模间隙和拉延筋高度3个因数进行正交试验分析,以坯料的局部最小厚度为优化目标值,以防止产生拉裂现象。冲压数值模拟分析表明,压边力最显著,拉延筋高度为其次,凸凹模间隙为最次。为保证前地板冲压成形的均匀性,最佳工艺参数为压边力950 k N、凸凹模间隙0.84 mm、拉延筋高度6 mm,并对前地板零件进行验证。验证结果表明,成形表面较为光顺,且无裂纹,虽在曲率变化较大的区域有少量褶皱外,但冲压质量完全符合前地板设计要求。     

基于正交试验的车顶盖板冲压工艺参数模拟研究

针对车顶盖板冲压成形后局部最小厚度和最大厚度能够反映材料开裂和起皱的趋势,通过正交试验和AutoForm冲压模拟软件相结合,采用单因素试验和正交试验,以厚度变化量为评价指标,研究了压边力、冲压速度、摩擦系数、凸凹模间隙和拉深筋宽度对厚度的影响规律。采用极差和方差分析,确定了各因素影响的主次顺序以及不同因素对厚度影响的显著性,获得了最优冲压工艺参数,最后以实际生产出的实物模型进行验证。结果表明:厚度变化量随着各因素数值的增大而逐渐降低;各因素对最小厚度影响的主次顺序和选取的数值为:冲压速度1500 mm·s~(-1)、摩擦系数0.15、凸凹模间隙0.63 mm、拉深筋宽度18 mm、压边力200 kN。     

发动机罩外板拉深回弹的数值模拟分析

发动机罩外板结构简单,表面平直,曲率半径大,整体高度低。如果对外板拉深成形时的毛坯形状与尺寸、冲压方向与速度、拉延筋布局与结构以及压边力大小、凸凹模间隙、摩擦润滑等工艺因素的选择或控制不当,则容易导致其卸载后的回弹量增大。文章以eta/DYNAFORM软件为计算平台,利用正交实验法,对某轿车发动机罩外板的拉深回弹现象进行了数值分析,并在此基础上确定了控制回弹的拉深工艺参数和模具结构参数。实验结果表明,该外板零件的拉深回弹呈扭曲倾向,即存在一部分区域上翘,而另一部分区域下陷,其中下陷趋势较上翘明显。根据数值模拟分析得到满足外板技术要求的最优拉深工艺参数和模具结构参数组合为:压边力900kN,虚拟冲压速度1000mm/s(相当于实际冲压速度的10倍),拉延筋高度6mm,凸凹模间隙0.8mm。     

汽车不锈钢盖板冲压仿真试验及分析

板材冲压工艺中最常见的缺陷即为起皱、拉裂问题,以某种结构较为复杂的汽车不锈钢盖板作为研究对象,基于DEFORM有限元平台及正交试验手段,对冲压成形过程进行数值分析,以零件最小厚度、最大厚度、损伤值、起皱作为评判目标,研究了压边力、摩擦因数、凸凹模间隙及冲压速度等不同因素水平对零件成形质量的影响规律,并通过极差分析优化了冲压工艺参数。研究结果表明:凸凹模间隙及压边力对零件成形质量的影响较大,摩擦因数的影响最小;采用最优工艺参数组合后,零件的最小厚度提高了53%,零件损伤值较小,达到了降低零件开裂风险的目的。最后,参考最优工艺参数组合进行试模生产,获得了符合要求的零件,侧面验证了模拟结果的可靠性。     

汽车翼子板拉深成形模拟及工艺参数优化

以汽车翼子板为研究对象,采用有限元分析软件Dynaform对其拉深成形过程进行了模拟。针对拉深成形过程中出现的破裂和起皱等缺陷,选取压边力、冲压速度、板料厚度、摩擦系数4个重要成形工艺参数进行正交试验及参数优化,模拟结果表明,最优拉深成形工艺方案为:压边力1600kN、冲压速度3000mm·s-1、板料厚度1.0mm和摩擦系数0.10,得到零件的最大变薄率为27.7%,最大变厚率为8.5%。采用优化工艺方案进行汽车翼子板拉深试模,成形件质量较好,经检测零件最小壁厚0.728mm,最大壁厚1.08mm,试模结果与有限元模拟结果基本一致。     

汽车座椅外侧板单动拉延成形工艺分析及优化

以某型号汽车座椅外侧板为例,采用Auto Form软件对座椅外侧板拉延成形过程进行模拟分析,并根据分析结果预测出拉延过程中的拉裂风险。通过调整零件的圆角半径和修改局部结构,消除了开裂风险,降低了最大减薄率。为取得更好的成形效果,选取压边力、摩擦系数、冲压速度、凸凹模间隙4个重要成形工艺参数进行正交试验及参数优化,得出最优工艺方案为:压边力250 k N、摩擦系数0.13、冲压速度1000 mm·s-1和凸凹模间隙2.42 mm,最终零件的最大减薄率为24.33%,最大增厚率为6.54%。采用优化后方案进行实际拉深试模,得出零件的成形性能与有限元模拟结果一致,工件质量完全符合设计要求。     

基于DYNAFORM的汽车前防撞梁支撑板的拉延模具设计

汽车覆盖件是以冲压件为主的零件,而作为生产冲压件的冲压模具的设计,与汽车覆盖件的成形质量息息相关。利用DYNAFORM仿真软件对某汽车防撞梁支撑板进行了拉延仿真,并依据仿真结果对其冲压速度、拉延筋布置方案、压边力、凸凹模间隙等参数进行选取和设计。通过分析厚度变化云图,采用厚度差来评价成形结果,确定了具有较好成形效果的参数组合。仿真结果表明:在确定了拉延模具采用等效实体拉延筋的设置后,压边力为360 k N、冲压速度为4000 mm·s-1、凸凹模间隙为0.66 mm时,可获得最好的成形效果。本设计及其仿真结果为其他类型的汽车防撞梁支撑板拉延模具设计提供了有效参考。     

工艺参数对TAO半球件冷拉深成形的影响规律

以TAO薄壁半球形零件冷拉深成形为研究对象,采用数值模拟与试验研究相结合的手段,在研究该拉伸成形过程中零件的应变及壁厚分布规律及组织演变规律的基础上,对破裂、起皱缺陷位置进行了预测.同时,采用正交试验分析方法,研究了单位压边力、摩擦系数、凹模圆角半径和凸凹模间隙等工艺参数,对该拉深成形过程的影响规律.结果表明,单位压边力、摩擦系数、凹模圆角半径对拉深过程均有显著影响,其中贡献率分别为凹模圆角半径41.04%,摩擦系数30.27%,压边力24.68%.     

拉延筋、压边力对冲压件成形性能的影响研究

冲压成形中合理的拉延筋、压边力是减少起皱、拉裂、回弹、拉深不足等的有效措施。以某车型汽车A柱加强板为对象,应用冲压仿真软件Dynaform,研究拉延筋、压边力对冲压件成形质量的影响,详细分析了模面有拉延筋、无拉延筋和不同压边力条件下工件的Z向最大回弹量、最大材料流入量、最大减薄量、最大增厚量和成形极限。分析结果表明:使用拉延筋后,工件的回弹缺陷得到控制,工件的最大增厚率下降,减小了起皱缺陷;压边力对工件成形质量有较大影响,压边力太大工件会出现破裂缺陷,压边力为100 k N是A柱下加强板最优的工艺参数。冲压试验结果与模拟结果吻合较好。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。