纯低温余热发电系统中余热锅炉的热力学分析

以能量平衡模型和能量平衡方程为依据,对某水泥厂纯低温余热发电系统中的余热锅炉进行了热力学分析,同时分析了各种参数变化对余热锅炉(火用)效率的影响.结果表明:余热锅炉的主要外部损失为排烟(火用)损失,占锅炉总(火用)损失的45.72%;主要内部损失为传热(火用)损失,占锅炉总(火用)损失的11.28%.确定了余热锅炉耗能的薄弱环节,并提出了降低余热锅炉(火用)损和提高余热锅炉(火用)效率的途径和改进措施,为水泥厂进一步展开节能工作提供科学依据.     

引进型300 MW循环流化床锅炉(火用)效率的分析

通过分析大型CFB锅炉(火用)效率的计算方法,建立了CFB锅炉炯损失的数学模型,对我国引进型300 MW CFB锅炉的(火用)损失和炯效率进行了计算,并与热量法的计算结果进行了比较.结果表明:(火用)方法比热量法更能全面地反映电站锅炉的各种损失以及产生的部位;锅炉(火用)效率远低于热效率的原因在于锅炉不仅存在外部损失,还存在大量的不可逆内部损失;锅炉主要外部损失仍为排烟热损失和机械不完全燃烧(火用)损失;从降低炉内平均温度与提高炉内水和蒸汽的平均温度两方面采取措施,可减少传热过程中的(火用)损失,提高锅炉效率.     

小龙潭电厂300MW机组热力系统(火用)分析

应用能量平衡和(火用)分析方法,对小龙潭火力发电厂300MW机组热力系统能量转换过程进行了定量计算,分析了各个单元的能量有效利用及损失情况,指出了损失的主要部位和原因.结果表明:热量损失主要发生在凝汽器单元,凝汽器散失到周围环境中的热量为411.28 MW,占输入热量的51.57%,锅炉单元散失的热量为52.96 MW,占输入热量的6.64%,汽轮机单元散失的热量为20.40 MW,占输入热量的2.56%;(火用)损主要发生在锅炉单元,锅炉、汽轮机和凝汽器单元的(火用)损分别占输入(火用)的67.78%、18.54%和13%;锅炉中燃料燃烧及大温差传热是整个系统不可逆的主要原因;不同工况下每个单元的(火用)损和(火用)效率会随着环境温度适度改变,但同一工况下机组总的(火用)效率不随环境温度变化.     

电站锅炉的(火用)效率分析

通过对电站锅炉进行(火用)分析,得出了锅炉的(火用)效率及其各部位、各过程的(火用)损失大小,并把所得到的结果与锅炉热量平衡分析得到的结果进行了对比,发现锅炉的(火用)损失主要包括燃烧过程的(火用)损失和传热过程的(火用)损失,这就为进一步提高锅炉的效率指明了方向,即主要从燃烧、传热过程入手,通过富氧燃烧、提高蒸汽初参数等方法来减小锅炉的煤耗.     

电站锅炉的效率分析

通过对电站锅炉进行(火用)分析,得出了锅炉的(火用)效率及其各部位、各过程的(火用)损失大小,并把所得到的结果与锅炉热量平衡分析得到的结果进行了对比,发现锅炉的(火用)损失主要包括燃烧过程的(火用)损失和传热过程的(火用)损失,这就为进一步提高锅炉的效率指明了方向,即主要从燃烧、传热过程入手,通过富氧燃烧、提高蒸汽初参数等方法来减小锅炉的煤耗.     

闭式布雷顿循环热泵储电系统的(火用)分析

该文针对一种基于闭式布雷顿循环的热泵储电系统，分析主要设备的(火用)损失与(火用)效率。对于压缩机和透平，发电系统中的压缩机由于工作温度区间跨越了环境温度，具有最高的(火用)损失；对于换热器，工作在环境温度附近的低温换热器(火用)效率最低（不考虑水冷换热器），而(火用)损失最大的为水冷换热器。计算得到本系统的(火用)效率为59.27%。提高压缩机和透平的效率可提升系统(火用)效率，且发电系统中的设备效率对系统(火用)效率的影响更显著；此外，降低冷却水的温度或有效利用冷却水的热量均可以提高系统的(火用)效率。     

带压缩空气储能的冷热电联产系统的

对一种带压缩空气储能的冷热电联产系统进行了热力学(火用)分析,得到了各主要部件和整个系统的(火用)损失及(火用)效率的变化规律.分析结果表明空气透平绝热效率的提高对系统(火用)效率的贡献大于压缩机效率同样提高的功效;在其它参数确定时,存在最佳压比,可使系统的(火用)效率在该条件下达极值;高温换热器是新型冷热电联产系统中产生(火用)损失的主要部件,而循环水量的大小是影响高温换热器(火用)效率的主要因素.     

土壤源热泵系统的[火用]分析

对组成土壤源热泵系统的3个回路以及整个系统的制冷和制热工况进行了全面的(火用)分析,分别给出了它们的(火用)损失、(火用)效率、(火用)损率、(火用)损系数以及热力学完善度的表达式.结果表明:在对系统进行(火用)分析时,必须将这几个指标结合起来使用.在整个系统中,(火用)损率最大的部件是压缩机,而(火用)效率与热力学完善度最低的却是土壤热交换器.因此,压缩机和土壤热交换器是整个系统改进的首要对象.     

600MW直接空冷机组热力系统的(火用)分析与评价

为揭示直接空冷机组热力系统的不可逆(火用)损失的机理和挖掘其节能潜力,对600MW直接空冷机组的热力系统进行了(火用)分析和节能评价.结果表明:600MW直接空冷机组的目的(火用)效率为39.08%,总损失占60.92%.凝汽器的(火用)损系数为6.11%,而相同容量水冷机组的凝汽器(火用)损系数仅为2.23%,因此,必须对凝汽器采取节能措施,提高直接空冷机组的整体(火用)效率.     

中温闭式热泵干燥消防水带系统的(火用)分析

通过(火用)分析的方法分析以R134a为制冷剂的中温闭式热泵干燥消防水带系统的性能，对比研究不同干燥温度下系统COP、单位能耗除湿量、(火用)损失以及(火用)效率的变化情况，确定系统最佳干燥工况。结果表明：随着干燥温度的提高，干燥时间逐渐变短，系统COP逐渐降低，总(火用)损失降低，(火用)效率随之增加。在干燥温度为65℃时系统总耗电量达到最小值，为3.01 kWh。此时单位能耗除湿量（SMER）达到最大，为0.537 kg/kWh。系统(火用)效率在干燥温度为60℃时达到最大，为44.2%，比干燥温度为40℃的最低(火用)效率提高87.3%。     

Maximum work from an electric battery model

We address the fundamental problem of determining the optimal history (regime of operation) of a battery so that the work output is maximum. The essential features of the problem are: (i) the life of the battery is constrained, (ii) the battery has an internal resistance through which it can lose its charge even at open circuit, and (iii) the battery is connected to an electric motor with finite winding resistance. The optimal regime of time-dependent operation is determined based on variational calculus. It is shown that the maximized work output is smaller than the exergy stored initially in the battery, and decreases as the motor resistance increases. The exergy stored in a battery cannot be recovered fully as soon as the resistance of the external circuit is finite, no matter how small.     

An innovative approach for geothermal-wind hybrid comprehensive energy system and hydrogen production modeling/process analysis

In this paper, the energy, exergy, economic, environmental, steady-state, and process performance modeling/analysis of hybrid renewable energy (RE) based multigeneration system is presented. Beyond the design/performance analysis of an innovative hybrid RE system, this study is novel as it proposes a new methodology for determining the overall process energy and exergy efficiency of multigeneration systems. This novel method integrates EnergPLAN simulation program with EES and Matlab. It considers both the steady-state and the process performance of the modeled system on hourly timesteps in order to determine the overall efficiencies. Based on the proposed new method, it is observed that the overall process thermodynamic efficiencies of a hybrid renewable energy-based multigeneration system are different from its steady-state efficiencies. The overall energy and exergy efficiencies reduce from 81.01% and 52.52% (in steady-state condition) to 58.6% and 39.33% (when considering a one-year process performance). The integration of the hot water production with the multigeneration system enhanced the overall thermodynamic efficiencies in steady-state conditions. The Kalina system produces a total work output of 1171 kW with a thermal and exergy efficiency of 12.23% and 52% respectively while the wind turbine system produces 1297 kW of electricity in steady-state condition and it has the same thermal/exergy efficiency (72%). The economic analysis showed that the Levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the geothermal energy-based Kalina system is 0.0103 $/kWh. The greenhouse gas emission reduction analysis showed that the proposed system will save between 1,411,480 kg/yr and 3,518,760 kg/yr of greenhouse gases from being emitted into the atmosphere yearly. The multigeneration system designed in this study will produce electricity, hydrogen, hot water, cooling effect, and freshwater. Also, battery electric vehicle charging is integrated with process performance analysis of the multigeneration system.     

天然气压力能透平回收分析与联合循环研究

从热力学第二定律角度分析透平膨胀过程中降的构成,对管输天然气做功能力进行理论分析,得出了温度、压力、化学的计算方法和透平膨胀输出轴功极限能力的评价因子。在理论分析的基础上,进一步给出了现有的基于冷电联产的联合循环方式,从机电一体化角度提出了该领域基于总能系统理论的多学科的研究思路。     

Development and exergoeconomic evaluation of a SOFC-GT driven multi-generation system to supply residential demands: Electricity,fresh water and hydrogen

In this study, a novel multi-generation system is proposed by integrating a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-gas turbine (GT) with multi-effect desalination (MED), organic flash cycle (OFC) and polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer (PEME) for simultaneous production of electricity, fresh water and hydrogen. A comprehensive exergoeconomic analysis and optimization are conducted to find the best design parameters considering exergy efficiency and total unit cost of products as objective functions. The results show that the exergy efficiency and the total unit cost of products in the optimal condition are 59.4% and 23.6 $/GJ, respectively, which offers an increase of 2% compared to exergy efficiency of SOFC-GT system. Moreover, the system is capable of producing 2.5 MW of electricity by the SOFC-GT system, 5.6 m³/h of fresh water by MED unit, and 1.8 kg/h of hydrogen by the PEME. The associated cost for producing electricity, fresh water and hydrogen are 3.4 cent/kWh, 37.8 cent/m³, and 1.7 $/kg, respectively. A comparison between the results of the proposed system and those reported in other related papers are presented. The diagram of the exergy flow is also plotted for the exact determination of the exergy flow rate in each component, and also, location and value of exergy destruction. Finally, the capability of the proposed system for a case study of Iran is examined.     

Energy savings by co-production: A methanol/electricity case study

The overall exergy losses of co-production systems were decomposed into five sub-systems: chemical reaction processes, heat exchange processes, external exergy losses, turbine/mechanical exergy losses and others. By defining new parameters called energy-saving factors, we quantitatively describe the contribution of these processes to the overall energy savings relative to separate production systems. A methanol/electricity co-production system is taken as case study, results show that heat exchange processes are the main contribution to the energy savings.     

Performance assessment of a solar hydrogen and electricity production plant using high temperature PEM electrolyzer and energy storage

This paper investigates the performance of a high temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer integrated with concentrating solar power (CSP) plant and thermal energy storage (TES) to produce hydrogen and electricity, concurrently. A finite-time-thermodynamic analysis is conducted to evaluate the performance of a PEM system integrated with a Rankine cycle based on the concept of exergy. The effects of solar intensity, electrolyzer current density and working temperature on the performance of the overall system are identified. A TES subsystem is utilized to facilitate continuous generation of hydrogen and electricity. The hydrogen and electricity generation efficiency and the exergy efficiency of the integrated system are 20.1% and 41.25%, respectively. When TES system supplies the required energy, the overall energy and exergy efficiencies decrease to 23.1% and 45%, respectively. The integration of PEM electrolyzer enhances the exergy efficiency of the Rankine cycle, considerably. However, it causes almost 5% exergy destruction in the integrated system due to conversion of electrical energy to hydrogen energy. Also, it is concluded that increase of working pressure and membrane thickness leads to higher cell voltage and lower electrolyzer efficiency. The results indicate that the integrated system is a promising technology to enhance the performance of concentrating solar power plants.     

Performance improvement of a heat recovery system combined with fuel cell and thermoelectric generator: 4E analysis

In the present work, the performance improvement of a waste heat recovery system is investigated by applying a fuel cell and thermoelectric generator. With the use of energy, exergy, exergo-economic, and environmental analyses (4E analysis), the performance of the improved system is evaluated. A mathematical simulation in the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) is developed for basic and modified systems. Comparative analysis is carried out to demonstrate the benefit of the suggested system. The logical and correct combination of appropriate subsystems can lead to the maximum exploitation of an energy source, which is the innovation of the present work. The comparison of suggested system (PR/FC-TEG) with the CHP system indicates that the net output power of the PR/FC-TEG system is 3881 kW compared with 958.4 kW for the CHP system. However adding fuel cell to the PR/FC-TEG system increase output power by about 2162 kW, and it imposes 4823 kW exergy destruction rate to the system. The exergy destruction rate of the PEM FC, regenerator, and vapor generator are about 88.96% of the total exergy destruction rate, which infers the importance of these components in the PR/FC-TEG system improvement. Parametric analysis on the PR/FC-TEG performance with changing four influencing parameters is performed. Results indicate that increasing the turbine 1 inlet temperature by about 1.1% increases the cost of generated electricity from 72.92 to 73.88 $/GJ and decreases the sustainability index from 1.68 to 1.65. The multi-objective optimization of the developed system can be a promising option for future study.     

Study of humid air turbine cycle with external heat source for air humidification

In this paper, through introducing an external heat source to the conventional humid air turbine (HAT) cycle, we have studied the performances of the improved humid air gas turbine cycle mainly by exergy analysis method. In order to attain the performance of the humid air gas turbine with external heat source, we compare it with the conventional HAT cycle in detail with different factors such as the pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature (TIT) and the external circulating water mass flow. The results showed that the specific work of the new system and the humidity ratio of saturator are all increased in some degree. For example, in the same pressure ratio and TIT, when the ratio of the external circulating water mass flow rate with that of the internal water is 0.2, the specific work increases more than 15.2 kJ kg⁻¹a, and the humidity raises at least 2.0 percent points. By introducing the external circulating water into the system, though thermal efficiency of the new HAT cycle is lower than that of the conventional HAT cycle, the exergy efficiency exhibits different results. Generally, when the pressure ratio is over 8, the exergy efficiency for the proposed HAT cycle is higher than the conventional HAT cycle; while less than 8, whether or not the exergy efficiency increases will mainly depend on TIT. In addition, the exergy destructions of components in systems were investigated. Through the comparison of the new system with the conventional HAT cycle, it was found that the exergy loss proportion in combustion declines for the new system, and the proportion of exhaust loss increases. From the viewpoint of total energy system, the HAT cycle with utilization of external heat source is a beneficial way to improve the overall performances of energy utilization. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analysis and techno-economic assessment of renewable hydrogen production and blending into natural gas for better sustainability

In this study, comprehensive thermodynamic analysis and techno-economic assessment studies of the renewable hydrogen production and its blending with natural gas in the existing pipelines are performed. Solar and wind energy-based on-grid and off-grid power systems are designed and compared in energy, exergy, and cost. Solar PV panels and wind turbines are particularly considered for electricity and hydrogen production for residential applications in an environmentally benign way. Fuel cell units are included to supply continuous electricity in the off-grid system. Here, the heat required for a community consisting of 100 houses is provided by hydrogen and natural gas mixture as a more environmentally benign fuel. The costs of capital, fuel, operation, and maintenance are calculated and evaluated in detail. The total net present costs are calculated as $6.95 million and $2.47 million for the off-grid and on-grid power systems, respectively. For the off-grid system, energy and exergy efficiencies are calculated as 32.64% and 40.73%, respectively. Finally, the energy and exergy efficiencies of the on-grid system are determined as 26.58% and 35.25%, respectively.     

Exergoeconomic machine-learning method of integrating a thermochemical Cu–Cl cycle in a multigeneration combined cycle gas turbine for hydrogen production

Integrating new technologies into existing thermal energy systems enables multigenerational production of energy sources with high efficiency. The advantages of multigenerational energy production are reflected in the rapid responsiveness of the adaptation of energy source production to current market conditions. To further increase the useful efficiency of multigeneration energy sources production, we developed an exergoeconomic machine-learning model of the integration of the hydrogen thermochemical Cu–Cl cycle into an existing gas-steam power plant. The hydrogen produced will be stored in tanks and consumed when the market price is favourable. The results of the exergoeconomic machine-learning model show that the production and use of hydrogen, in combination with fuel cells, are expedient for the provision of tertiary services in the electricity system. In the event of a breakdown of the electricity system, hydrogen and fuel cells could be used to produce electricity for use by the thermal power plant. The advantages of own or independent production of electricity are primarily reflected in the start-up of a gas-steam power plant, as it is not possible to start a gas turbine without external electricity. The exergy analysis is also in favour of this, as the integration of the hydrogen thermochemical Cu–Cl cycle into the existing gas-steam power plant increases the exergy efficiency of the process.