侧式进/出水口扩散出流紊动强度变化规律研究

为探求侧式进/出水口紊动强度变化规律,构建了RSM紊流模型用于侧式进/出水口流向、横向及垂向三方向上紊动强度研究,分析了进/出水口三方向上紊动强度分布沿程变化,重点关注了拦污栅处紊动强度变化规律。研究发现边、中孔三向紊动强度各断面轮廓基本一致,横向与垂向的紊动强度均小于流向紊动强度。在沿程分布规律上,壁面附近紊动强度在扩散段有减小的趋势,孔口中间紊动强度逐渐增大,水流经过扩散段以后有回转趋势。水头损失与紊动强度呈正相关,紊动产生的水头损失先增大后减小,壁面产生的水头损失与断面平均流速呈正相关。在此基础上,探讨了孔口高度、隧洞坡角、雷诺数对进/出水口三向紊动强度的影响。结果表明,雷诺数、孔口高度、隧洞坡角基本不影响紊动强度场的断面分布及沿程变化规律,但会影响拦污栅断面处三向最大紊动强度值及其所在位置。     

浑水水力分离装置中水沙两相湍流的数值模拟

文章采用RNG(重整化群)k-ε双方程紊流模型和简化的多相流Mixture(混合)模型,对浑水水力分离装置内水沙两相湍流场进行了数值模拟,得到浑水水力分离装置的柱体区、悬板区以及锥体区内含沙水流的平面速度矢量分布、含沙水流的紊动强度分布以及泥沙体积浓度分布。通过装置内清、浑水流场的计算结果,分析了泥沙的存在对装置内水流平均流速和紊动强度的影响,以及不同区域内影响水沙分离的主要作用力。研究结果表明泥沙的存在不会削弱水流的平均运动,但泥沙可有效地抑制水流的紊动扩散作用,有利于悬浮泥沙的沉降,装置内不同部位影响水沙分离的主要作用力不同,在锥体区和悬板区水沙分离主要依靠离心力,而在柱体主要依靠重力沉降。     

反向流动中圆射流流动特性试验

利用超声多普勒流速仪（ADV）对反向流动中圆射流流动特性进行了试验，获得了该射流的横断面流速分布、射流扩展宽度和轴线流速沿程变化，以及横断面紊动强度、流速分布的偏差系数等紊动特性。     

溢流坝反弧段紊流边界层空间特性的试验研究

本文利用一维激光测速系统，在实验室模型上，对光滑溢坝反弧段边界层水流特性进行了试验研究，研究表明，溢流坝反弧段内流动存在着微弱的三维结构，流的三维性主要由侧壁边界层及表面棱形波造成。反弧段凹曲壁面上近壁区流速分布仍满足对数律。本文还给出了壁面的切应力，边界层紊动特性及坝面压强等沿程变化的试验结果。     

流动环境中高浓度射流的三维数值模拟

应用流动环境中高浓度圆孔射流的三维RNG湍流模型,模拟计算不同水深和环境来流下的流态和浓度场分布,结果表明在已有射流区、冲击区以及异重流区的基础上,还存在1个上游入侵区。该上游入侵区的长度随环境流速的增大而减小,水深对其的影响相对较小。射流触底点位置随环境流速以及水深的增大而下移,触底点浓度则随环境流速以及水深的增大而减小。流态分析显示,壁面反射流形成动量较强的附壁射流时,会在较短距离内收缩和膨胀,紊动掺混剧烈,水深较浅时容易形成全水深掺混。比较而言,附壁射流较弱时无上游入侵,在射流孔口下游附近横断面上会形成较为特别的水滴状浓度等值线分布,在水体底部形成更为稳定的异重流。最后探讨了水体底面横向最大浓度沿流向的分布特征。     

热膜测速技术在挑射水流中的应用及高坝消能机理的研究

为探讨挑射水流在冲坑内的基本特征与消能机理，首次利用热膜测速技术量测定床冲坑中淹没射流的沿程时均流速和脉动流速分布，并同时量测沿坑底的压强场，给出入射区、冲击区和壁射流区３个子区的流速和压强的变化规律；计算坝面摩阻消能，空中扩散消能和冲坑水垫中紊动剪切消能３部分的消能效率。     

热膜测速技术在挑射水流运动特性及高坝消能机理研究中的应用

本文为探讨挑射水流在冲坑内的基本特征与消能机理，首次利用热膜测速技术量测定床冲坑中淹没射流的沿程时均流速和脉动流速分布，并同时量测沿坑底的压强场，给出入射区、冲击区和壁射流区三个子区的流速和压强的变化规律；计算坝面摩阻消能、空中扩散消能和冲坑水垫中紊动剪切消能三部分的消能效率。     

不同入射角浅俯淹没射流水力特性试验研究

该文设计不同入射角的浅俯淹没射流,对水垫塘中轴面二维流场的水力特性开展试验研究,得到了不同入射角的底板动水压强分布规律和淹没射流区及贴壁射流区的最大流速沿程分布,滞点及其最大底板动水压强和最大近底流速与入射角间的关系式。研究结果表明,不同入射角的浅俯淹没射流作用在底板上的动水压强,尤其在冲击区半扩展长度范围,具有相似的分布规律。入射角大于25°时,淹没射流沿入射角直线扩散;入射角小于25°时,淹没射流主体段在下游漩滚挤压作用下向上游偏转,动水压强最大的冲击滞点偏向上游。     

ADV技术测量圆射流流场紊动特性实验

利用 ADV(Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter)技术对静止环境条件下圆射流流场紊动特性进行了研究 .通过专门的 Win ADV系统分析软件获得了射流横断面上流速的紊动强度、偏斜度、平坦度及雷诺应力的分布 ,轴线流速紊动强度的变化和射流瞬时速度变化等紊动特性 ,并将所得成果与已有的国内外成果进行了比较     

近水面淹没喷嘴射流流场特性的实验研究

本文对喷嘴在近自由水面情况下所形成的近水表面一层射流流场进行了系列测试，研究了不同情况下时均速度的纵向衰减及沿横向分布等特性，以及自由水面对其特性的影响。在实验的基础上，总结归纳出时均速度的纵向衰减规律，可供工程上应用。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.