岩体工程与岩体力学仿真分析——各向异性开挖卸荷岩体力学研究

概述了岩体工程与岩体力学研究现状 ,讨论了现理论研究成果与岩体工程实际监测资料不相吻合的问题。分析其主要原因 ,是现岩体力学研究理论模型与岩体工程实际力学模型不相吻合所致。故应严格根据岩体工程实际力学动态相应进行岩体力学仿真分析 ,方可得到正确的分析成果。笔者曾提出“卸荷岩体力学”的概念 ,以归纳开挖卸荷岩体力学研究内容 ,已经高边坡和地下工程实例所验证 ,开挖卸荷岩体力学研究是岩体工程及其力学仿真分析的重要组成部分。     

Reinforcement of rock mass with cross-flaws using rock bolt

Rock bolting is one of the most effective and economical means of rock mass reinforcement. Existing studies of rock bolt reinforcement are mostly focused on rock masses without flaw, with a single flaw, or with parallel flaws. However in rock masses, cracks or flaws usually exist in the form of cross-flaws. In order to understand the impact of cross-flaws on rock bolt reinforcement and to further explore the differences of bolt reinforcement between rock mass with cross-flaws and rock mass with a single flaw, reinforced analog specimens with cross-flaws and with a single flaw were tested under uniaxial compressive condition. The experimental results show that the uniaxial compressive strength of the reinforced rock mass with cross-flaws in this research is higher than that of reinforced rock mass with a single flaw. This observation can be explained by the difference in the failure modes of reinforced specimens: the reinforced rock masses with a single flaw fail due to the formation of a shear crack while reinforced rock masses with cross-flaws fail as a result of a tensile fracture or interaction between tensile fracture and shear fracture.     

Revisiting rock classification to estimate rock mass properties

This paper presents the results of ongoing research carried out by the author exploring methods to provide a more robust estimate of rock mass properties specifically for use in tunnel design. Data from various large-scale rock mass failures are introduced, including coal pillars. The damage-initiation,spalling-limit approach is compared to the coal pillar database. New comparisons of estimating the geological strength index(GSI) and relationships to estimate the Hoeke Brown failure criterion parameters, mb, s and a, are presented.     

Polyhedral modelling of rock mass structure

The development and application of polyhedral modellers to geo-mechanics has been an important advance in the accurate modelling of rock mass structure. The representation of rock mass discontinuities with finite persistence has necessitated the development of modellers capable of automatic identification of complex polyhedra (rock blocks). The work described in this paper extends previous developments and details a robust algorithm capable of identification of rock blocks generated from the partial or complete intersection of large numbers of both planar and curved rock mass discontinuities. It summarises some important modifications to the published literature on polyhedral modelling theory as it pertains to the synthesis of rock mass structure.     

Empirical estimation of rock mass modulus

The deformation modulus of a rock mass is an important input parameter in any analysis of rock mass behaviour that includes deformations. Field tests to determine this parameter directly are time consuming, expensive and the reliability of the results of these tests is sometimes questionable. Consequently, several authors have proposed empirical relationships for estimating the value of rock mass deformation modulus on the basis of classification schemes. These relationships are reviewed and their limitations are discussed. Based on data from a large number of in situ measurements from China and Taiwan a new relationship, based upon a sigmoid function, is proposed. The properties of the intact rock as well as the effects of disturbance due to blast damage and/or stress relaxation are also included in this new relationship.     

Effects of confinement on rock mass modulus: A synthetic rock mass modelling (SRM) study

The main objective of this paper is to examine the influence of the applied confining stress on the rock mass modulus of moderately jointed rocks (well interlocked undisturbed rock mass with blocks formed by three or less intersecting joints). A synthetic rock mass modelling (SRM) approach is employed to determine the mechanical properties of the rock mass. In this approach, the intact body of rock is represented by the discrete element method (DEM)-Voronoi grains with the ability of simulating the initiation and propagation of microcracks within the intact part of the model. The geometry of the pre-existing joints is generated by employing discrete fracture network (DFN) modelling based on field joint data collected from the Brockville Tunnel using LiDAR scanning. The geometrical characteristics of the simulated joints at a representative sample size are first validated against the field data, and then used to measure the rock quality designation (RQD), joint spacing, areal fracture intensity (P₂₁), and block volumes. These geometrical quantities are used to quantitatively determine a representative range of the geological strength index (GSI). The results show that estimating the GSI using the RQD tends to make a closer estimate of the degree of blockiness that leads to GSI values corresponding to those obtained from direct visual observations of the rock mass conditions in the field. The use of joint spacing and block volume in order to quantify the GSI value range for the studied rock mass suggests a lower range compared to that evaluated in situ. Based on numerical modelling results and laboratory data of rock testing reported in the literature, a semi-empirical equation is proposed that relates the rock mass modulus to confinement as a function of the areal fracture intensity and joint stiffness.     

Rock bolt supporting factor: rock bolting capability of rock mass

Rock mass classification has played a crucial role in underground construction and mining projects in the past fifty years, especially the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Rock Tunneling Quality Index (Q) systems, which have been applied in many cases. The parameters of discontinuity conditions in the RMR system, along with the related ratings, were used to develop a new equation in order to introduce an intrinsic quality of a given rock mass, namely, rock bolt supporting factor (RSF). The RSF was used to develop a mathematical theory of the rock bolt supporting mechanism as a new principle in explaining rock bolting effects. Finally, using the parameters of the discontinuities in the Q-system, the QRSF is defined to present the capability of a given rock mass to be reinforced by rock bolting. The RSF leads to more reliable judgment of rock bolting capability of a given rock mass than the QRSF since it uses five parameters of discontinuity conditions while the QRSF uses only two parameters.

     

A 3D synthetic rock mass numerical method for characterizations of rock mass and excavation damage zone near tunnels

In practice, a damage zone is generally formed after tunnel excavation in jointed rock mass. This damage zone is closely related to rock mass properties and requires careful examination in order for cost effective supporting designs. In this research, a synthetic rock mass (SRM) numerical method is applied for characterizations of the jointed rock mass and excavation damage zone (EDZ) near underground tunnels in 3D. The SRM model consists of bonded particles and simulates deformation and crack propagation of the rock mass through interactions between these particles. The effects of joint stiffness and distribution on the rock mass properties are systematically examined by comparing the numerical data with an empirical geological strength index (GSI) system and an associated Hoek-Brown strength criterion. The numerical results suggest that rock mass properties are comparable to the empirical GSI/Hoek-Brown system only when inclined joints are simulated in the rock mass subjected to axial loading. The rock mass is strengthened and the empirical GSI/Hoek-Brown characterization becomes inappropriate when the joints are less favorable to shear sliding. The SRM method is then applied for characterizations of tunnel EDZ. It appears that the depth and location of the EDZ are a function of the tunnel orientation, joints, and in situ stresses. The EDZ depth is expected to be higher when inclined joints are simulated. The EDZ area is reduced when the joints in the rock mass are horizontally and vertically distributed.

     

Investigation of fracture behaviour during rock mass failure

The main characteristic behaviour of rock mass fractures are studied. Their importance in the application and investigation of rock mass failure is demonstrated through some preliminary investigation of rock mass fracture mechanics by the authors. Firstly, in the study of rock fracture features, the mechanisms and non-linear phenomenon of a fragmented belt of rock fracturing have been investigated. Several new ideas can be used to construct a new system of rockmass fracture mechanics. Secondly, in the investigation of rock mass structure controlled rock mass fracturing, the importance of true mixed mode fracturing is emphasized. A primary criterion to predict the propagation of rock mass cracks has been established. Thirdly, in the investigation of non-singular stress effects on rock mass fracture, a new fracture criterion for the generalized crack opening displacement of rock is proposed. This can be used to analyze the influence of the normal stress and the crack orientation on the fracturing process in a rock mass. Finally, the rock mass fracture mechanics investigation and methodology was used to analyze the stability of the Mabukan high slope in the upper reaches of a large hydro-power station in the south-west of China. It is shown that the results of this study have created a more solid foundation for the application of rock mass fracture mechanics to rock engineering.     

理想弹–塑性岩体的自承载系数

针对岩体自身承载能力的评价,修改抗力系数提出了岩体新的自承载系数,给出其物理意义,并以理想弹–塑性围岩中圆孔收缩和扩张为例,推导了岩体缩孔自承载系数Kc和扩孔自承载系数Ke,得出各参数的影响特性。研究结果表明:岩体自承载系数是一个受多因素共同影响的综合评价指标,应力状态和孔壁压力对其具有显著影响;岩体自承载系数随岩体强度参数和统一强度理论参数的增加而增大,随剪胀参数的增加岩体缩孔自承载系数Kc减小,而扩孔自承载系数Ke却增大。应充分考虑岩体强度参数的变化、中间主应力效应和剪胀特性的影响,合理利用岩体的强度潜能和自承载能力。     

节理岩体各向异性力学研究综述

对节理岩体各向异性力学研究的现状与进展进行了系统分析和阐述,分别探讨了节理本身的各项异性力学性质,岩石介质和节理综合(即整个节理岩体)的各向异性力学性质,并对节理岩体本构模型、各向异性力学参数和屈服准则研究进行了较为详细的描述和比较,以指导实践。     

层状岩体地下洞室围岩稳定性的模糊评价

在现有多种围岩分类标准的基础上,结合层状岩体的工程特性,采用多因素的岩体分类,并运用模糊数学的处理方法,对层状岩体地下洞室围岩稳定性进行了合理的综合因素模糊评价,以较好地解决围岩稳定性评价问题。     

考虑岩体完整程度的岩石爆破损伤模型及应用

现有爆破损伤本构模型未能考虑岩体完整程度对爆破作用效果的影响。为此,对Yang等提出的爆破损伤模型进行了改进,建立考虑初始损伤的弹塑性爆破损伤本构模型及提出用于评价围岩受爆破影响的损伤判据。该本构模型包含初始损伤变量和岩体完整性指数、声波波速等参数间的关系式,并利用岩体初始完整性指数的变化考虑其完整程度对爆破损伤作用的影响。把该模型引入到LS-DYNA数值软件中,并结合工程实例进行数值模拟,得到爆破损伤云图及相应的爆破影响范围。然后将计算得到的爆破影响范围与现场实测值、基于常用的TCK爆破损伤模型的数值计算结果进行了对比。最后,分析了爆破影响最大半径、最大深度与岩体初始完整性指数间的关系。研究表明,爆破影响最大半径、最大深度均随岩体初始完整性指数的减小而增大,且前者的变化更为显著。基于所提出模型的数值计算结果和现场实测值较为符合;提出的损伤模型可为考虑岩体完整程度对爆破开挖影响的理论研究和工程实践提供参考。     

The significance and prediction of different rock mass characteristics for rock engineering

This paper introduces a methodology to quantify the significance of changes in certain rock mass characteristics. The developed method can be applied to all data sets that consist of parameters classified into categories. The tools are developed from the principles of engineering geological rock mass characterisation and statistical theory. The basic approach is the construction of the so-called length matrix, which allows for the combination of observed changes in parameter categories and their change in lengths in a sequence of observations. The concept of the order of characteristic changes is introduced to construct the length matrix of two or more combined categories, which is essential to assess the significance of different rock mass characteristic categories, their consistency and persistence. By using the mathematical formulae introduced in this paper, four experimental models can be produced for engineering purposes. The first model is the frequency matrix, which gives the change length frequencies between different categories and is only valid in the range of observed data. The second model is the probability matrix, which describes the generic length probability of significant rock mass characteristic categories. The third model is the transition probability matrix, which predicts the generic change dependencies of significant categories. The last model, the model of multiple sequences, identifies probabilistically the two- or three-dimensional change consistencies of significant rock mass characteristic categories. The data sets of fracture intensity categories in the flat-lying limestone series of Birecik dam bedrock (Turkey) were used for verification and demonstration of applications. The first example shows the identification of the significant patterns of fracture intensity categories by applying the probability matrix. The model was verified in the second example and the patterns of fracture intensity categories were reliably predicted by applying a transition probability matrix. In the last example, the fracture intensity categories of dam bedrock were partitioned by applying the model of multiple sequences.     

Utilizing rock mass properties for predicting TBM performance in hard rock condition

The key parameters on the estimation of tunnel-boring machine (TBM) performance are rock strength, toughness, discontinuity in rock mass, type of TBM and its specifications. The aim of this study is to both assess the influence of rock mass properties on TBM performance and construct a new empirical equation for estimation of the TBM performance. To achieve this aim, the database composed of actual measured TBM penetration rate and rock properties (i.e., uniaxial compressive strength, Brazilian tensile strength, rock brittleness/toughness, distance between planes of weakness, and orientation of discontinuities in rock mass) were established using the data collected from one hard rock TBM tunnel (the Queens Water Tunnel # 3, Stage 2) about 7.5 km long, New York City, USA. Intact rock properties were obtained from laboratory studies conducted at the Earth Mechanics Institute (EMI) in the Colorado School of Mines, CO, USA. Based on generated database, the statistical analyses were performed between available rock properties and measured TBM data in the field. The result revealed that rock mass properties have strong affect on TBM performance. It is concluded that TBM performance could be estimated as a function of rock properties utilizing new equation (r = 0.82).     

TBM performance estimation using rock mass classifications

Three tunnels for hydraulic purposes were excavated by tunnel-boring machines (TBM) in mostly hard metamorphic rocks in Northern Italy. A total of 14 km of tunnel was surveyed almost continually, yielding over 700 sets of data featuring rock mass characteristics and TBM performance. The empirical relations between rock mass rating and penetration rate clearly show that TBM performance reaches a maximum in the rock mass rating (RMR) range 40–70 while slower penetration is experienced in both too bad and too good rock masses. However, as different rocks gives different penetrations for the same RMR, the use of Bieniawski's classification for predictive purpose is only possible provided one uses a normalized RMR index with reference to the basic factors affecting TBM tunneling. Comparison of actual penetrations with those predicted by the Innaurato and Barton models shows poor agreement, thus highlighting the difficulties involved in TBM performance prediction.     

Modification of rock mass rating system: Interbedding of strong and weak rock layers

Rock mass classification systems are the very important part for underground projects and rock mass rating(RMR) is one of the most commonly applied classification systems in numerous civil and mining projects. The type of rock mass consisting of an interbedding of strong and weak layers poses difficulties and uncertainties for determining the RMR. For this, the present paper uses the concept of rock bolt supporting factor(RSF) for modification of RMR system to be used in such rock mass types. The proposed method also demonstrates the importance of rock bolting practice in such rock masses. The geological parameters of the Shemshak Formation of the Alborz Tunnel in Iran are used as case examples for development of the theoretical approach.     

Assessment of chalk rock mass in excavations

 Chalk is widely distributed and well exposed in Israel. For thousands of years tunnels for various purposes have been excavated in this rock mass. This paper focuses on the applicability of the Q and RMR rock mass classification to chalk. From field measurements undertaken in seven different tunnels it has been concluded that the Q and RMR classification methods were too conservative. It is therefore suggested that a modification of the present classification methods, or a new classification, based on the chalk's strength is required. Received: 15 June 1998 · Accepted: 16 July 1998     

柱状节理岩体渗透性模型试验研究

针对柱状节理岩体渗透性质的研究较少,开展了柱状节理岩体相似材料的模型试验,研究了柱状节理岩体相似材料在多次围压循环加卸载作用下的渗透性质,分析得出柱状节理岩体存在表征单元体积,可以采用等效连续介质模型分析柱状节理岩体的渗流性质,提出了计算柱状节理岩体渗透率张量的方法,基于张量不变性理论,推导出了柱状节理岩体渗透张量的主渗透系数的计算公式。研究表明:在围压初次加载阶段,柱状节理岩体渗透张量的主渗透系数随围压加载显著降低,在随后的围压循环加卸载阶段主渗透系数保持较低值,围压的加卸载对柱状节理岩体的主渗透系数影响较少,且在每个围压加卸载阶段,柱状节理岩体渗透张量的主渗透系数与围压均呈幂函数关系;柱状节理岩体渗透张量的主方向随着围压加卸载逐渐增大,在初次围压加卸载阶段增长显著,在此后的围压加卸载阶段缓慢增长;柱状节理岩体在低围压下渗透各向异性较为显著,且随着柱体倾角增大渗透各向异性逐渐减弱,在第一次围压加载阶段,随围压增大柱状节理岩体的渗透各向异性迅速减弱,当加载到高围压时,柱体倾角对柱状节理岩体的渗透各向异性几乎没有影响,在此后的围压循环加卸载阶段,柱状节理岩体的渗透各向异性稳定在较低水平,柱体倾角对渗透各向异性的影响很微弱;柱状节理岩体的渗透性质均是在第一次围压加载阶段发生显著变化,且围压卸载后渗透性质不能恢复,此后的围压循环加卸载对其渗透性质影响很小。