转基因大米育种及其食用安全性研究进展

伴随着环境的恶化及资源的短缺,世界范围内正面临着一场粮食危机,转基因育种技术也因此得以迅速发展与应用。主要介绍了转基因大米的育种技术,同时对转基因大米的食用安全性进行了论述。     

Quantification of mCry1Ac1 and PAT proteins during growth of genetically modified rice developed in Korea

The genetically modified (GM) rice, which expresses the insecticidal toxin modified Cry1Ac1 (mCry1Ac1) and the selectable marker phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT), was developed by the Rural Development Administration in Korea. In this study, we used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to analyze mCry1Ac1 and PAT protein levels in GM rice. The levels of expression of both transgenes in ‘Agb0101’ (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nakdongbyeo) changed significantly over time, with the plant part, and growth stage. In leaves, mCry1Ac1 expression was the highest at the tillering stage (831 μg/gdw and 301 μg/gfw) and lowest in brown rice seeds (0.25 μg/gdw and 0.19 μg/gfw). Expression of PAT was also highest in leaves at the booting stage (97.49 μg/ gdw and 32.17 μg/gfw) and lowest in polished rice (1.02 μg/gdw and 0.78 μg/gfw). Unlike PAT protein, mCry1Ac1 was not detected in polished rice seeds. As expected, expression of mCry1Ac1 and PAT proteins was not detectable in control rice plants. In general, mCry1Ac1 and PAT levels declined steadily over the course of the plant life cycle.     

Model studies on the detectability of genetically modified feeds in milk

Detecting the use of genetically modified feeds in milk has become important, because the voluntary labeling of milk and dairy products as "GMO free" or as "organically grown" prohibits the employment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). The aim of this work was to investigate whether a DNA transfer from foodstuffs like soya and maize was analytically detectable in cow's milk after digestion and transportation via the bloodstream of dairy cows and, thus, whether milk could report for the employment of transgene feeds. Blood, milk, urine, and feces of dairy cows were examined, and foreign DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction by specifically amplifying a 226-bp fragment of the maize invertase gene and a 118-bp fragment of the soya lectin gene. An intravenous application of purified plant DNA showed a fast elimination of marker DNA in blood or its reduction below the detection limit. With feeding experiments, it could be demonstrated that a specific DNA transfer from feeds into milk was not detectable. Therefore, foreign DNA in milk cannot serve as an indicator for the employment of transgene feeds unless milk is directly contaminated with feed components or airborne feed particles.     

Ingestion of milk fermented by genetically modified Lactococcus lactis improves the riboflavin status of deficient rats

Riboflavin deficiency is common in many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries. The use of riboflavin-producing strains in the production of dairy products such as fermented milks, yogurts, and cheeses is feasible and economically attractive because it would decrease the costs involved during conventional vitamin fortification and satisfy consumer demands for healthier foods. The present study was conducted to assess in a rat bioassay the response of administration of milk fermented by modified Lactococcus lactis on the riboflavin status of deficient rats. Rats were fed a riboflavin-deficient diet during 21 d after which this same diet was supplemented with milk fermented by Lactoccus lactis pNZGBAH, a strain that overproduces riboflavin during fermentation. The novel fermented product, with increased levels of riboflavin, was able to eliminate most physiological manifestations of ariboflavinosis, such as stunted growth, elevated erythrocyte glutathione reductase activation coefficient values and hepatomegaly, that were observed using a riboflavin depletion-repletion model, whereas a product fermented with a nonriboflavin-producing strain did not show similar results. A safety assessment of this modified strain was performed by feeding rodents with the modified strain daily for 4 wk. This strain caused no detectable secondary effects. These results pave the way for analyzing the effect of similar riboflavin-overproducing lactic acid bacteria in human trials. The regular consumption of products with increased levels of riboflavin could help prevent deficiencies of this essential vitamin.     

转基因棉花及其加工产品溯源研究

该文根据UCC/EAN–128码的编码规则,针对转基因籽棉种植、加工、运输、仓储、销售等5个主要环节进行信息收集,对转基因棉花、棉籽油、棉籽粕进行了UCC/EAN–128码的设计与编码。根据《农业转基因生物标识管理办法》的规定,在转基因产品标签上进行标识。将UCC/EAN–128码和转基因产品标识相结合,可对转基因农产品进行溯源,从而为转基因产品管理提供技术支撑。     

HACCP原理在转基因食品安全管理上的应用研究

介绍了转基因食品加工过程以及HACCP管理体系,运用HACCP原理对转基因食品进行了安全风险分析,并在此基础上提出了转基因食品安全管理的关键控制点及其控制方法,为有关部门进一步分析和制定转基因食品安全管理方面的有效措施提供了一定的科学理论基础和思路。     

Detection of genetically modified organisms in processed meat products on the Serbian food market

The addition of soybean proteins to processed meat products has significantly increased in recent years due to the interesting functional and nutritional properties of these vegetable proteins. Since the Roundup Ready (RR) soybean is the only transgenic soybean line approved for market in EU this work was aimed at monitoring its presence in meat products on the Serbian food market. The extracted DNA was analyzed using duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primer pairs aimed at the lectin gene and 35S promoter. Samples positive for the presence of GM soybean were subjected to a real-time quantification of the percentage of RR soya. The results indicated that out of fifty processed meat products examined, twelve gave positive results with 35S promoter and all contained RR soya below 0.1%.     

转基因植物乳杆菌LP590体外耐受性质的研究

植物乳杆菌是乳酸菌中的一种,它具有许多适应于工业生产的优良性质。转基因乳杆菌LP590是由植物乳杆菌LP为亲本,插入nisin基因得到的。为了研究转基因植物乳杆菌LP590的体外耐受性质,本实验以LP590作为对照,将LP590对高温(52℃)、低温(4℃)、乙醇(20%)、过氧化氢(2%)、氯化钠(4mol/L)的耐受性进行了研究。研究表明,LP590与LP在4℃和20%乙醇环境中暴露240min,两株菌有相同的耐受性。而LP590比LP更加耐受高温(52℃)、过氧化氢(2%)和氯化钠(4mol/L)。从研究结果可以看出,转基因植物乳杆菌LP590的体外耐受性总体优于LP,这也为从整体上评价转基因微生物提供了依据。     

欧盟转基因食品安全的法律基础

食品安全的法律建设 ,既是保证食品安全 ,搞好“放心菜篮子”的需要 ,也是在国际贸易中实施本国环境战略的需要。简要介绍欧盟转基因食品安全的法律要求 ,以期在我国相应的法律建设中起参考作用。     

广州市售豆制品转基因成分的检测与分析

为了解广州市市售豆制品的转基因情况,对广州市售散装豆制品和预包装豆制品分别进行抽样检验.采用改良十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）法提取大豆DNA,利用核酸定性PCR、实时荧光PCR及环介导等温扩增技术（LAMP）对外源基因CaMV5S,NOS和EPSPS进行检测.调查共抽检豆制品207份,研究结果表明,在检测的159份散装豆制品中,87份检出转基因成分;在48份预包装豆制品中,18份检出转基因成分.散装豆制品无任何食品标签,而预包装豆制品均无转基因食品标识.     

Quantitative competitive PCR for the detection of genetically modified soybean and maize

 The surveillance of food labelling concerning genetically modified organisms (GMOs) requires DNA-based analytical techniques. Present assay systems allow the detection of GMO in food; however, they do not permit their quantitation. In this study, we report the development of quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction (QC-PCR) systems for the detection and quantitation of the Roundup Ready soybean (RRS) and the Maximizer maize (MM) in food samples. Three DNA fragments that differ from the GMO-specific sequences by an insertion were constructed and used as internal standards in the PCR. These standards were calibrated by co-amplifying with mixtures containing RRS DNA and MM DNA, respectively. The calibrated QC-PCR systems were applied to nine commercial food samples containing RRS DNA and to three certified RRS flour mixtures in order to elucidate whether these food samples contain more or less than 1% RRS DNA. Finally, the GMO contents of four samples that were found to contain more than 1% RRS were determined by QC-PCR using various amounts of standard DNA. Received: 13 January 1998 / Revised version: 4 March 1998     

世界各国对转基因食品的态度和管理

本文简述了转基因食品的概念、种类、安全性和目前的生产现状,重点介绍了世界各国对转基因食品的态度和管理情况。     

Effects of information from sources in conflict and in consensus on perceptions of genetically modified food

Using a questionnaire based experimental design (n = 159) people’s perceptions of the risk messages and the sources were compared when risk messages were attributed to combinations of expert sources in consensus or in conflict with a government agency message. Changes in perceptions of risks and benefits associated with genetically modified (GM) food were also assessed in the different conditions.Results showed that the participants viewed the government agency message in the same way when they read it on its own, amidst conflicting information or attributed to a consensus. However they perceived the agency more positively as having fewer vested interests when the agency’s message was linked (consensus or conflict) with other sources. Further, participants’ perceptions of risk reduced when the government agency gave a consensus message with a consumer organisation and their perception of benefit increased when the agency was linked with an expert committee.The results showed that a government agency collaborating with stakeholders may be a good strategy for risk communication but such collaborations may not be of benefit to some stakeholders.     

Invited review: Breeding and ethical perspectives on genetically modified and genome edited cattle

The hot topic of genetic modification and genome editing is sometimes presented as a rapid solution to various problems in the field of animal breeding and genetics. These technologies hold potential for future use in agriculture but we need to be aware of difficulties in large-scale application and integration in breeding schemes. In this review, we discuss applications of both classical genetic modifications (GM) using vectors and genome editing in dairy cattle breeding. We use an interdisciplinary approach considering both ethical and animal breeding perspectives. Decisions on how to make use of these techniques need to be made based not only on what is possible, but on what is reasonable to do. Principles of animal integrity, naturalness, risk perception, and animal welfare issues are examples of ethically relevant factors to consider. These factors also influence public perception and decisions about regulations by authorities. We need to acknowledge that we lack complete understanding of the genetic background of complex traits. It may be difficult, therefore, to predict the full effect of certain modifications in large-scale breeding programs. We present 2 potential applications: genome editing to dispense with dehorning, and insertion of human genes in bovine genomes to improve udder health as an example of classical GM. Both of these cases could be seen as beneficial for animal welfare but they differ in other aspects. In the former case, a genetic variant already present within the species is introduced, whereas in the latter case, transgenic animals are generated—this difference may influence how society regards the applications. We underline that the use of GM, as well as genome editing, of farm animals such as cattle is not independent of the context, and should be considered as part of an entire process, including, for example, the assisted reproduction technology that needs to be used. We propose that breeding organizations and breeding companies should take an active role in ethical discussions about the use of these techniques and thereby signal to society that these questions are being responsibly addressed.     

染料行业现状特点及未来发展趋势浅析

简要概括了全球染料市场供求状况,分析了2011年我国染料行业运行特点及未来3～5年发展趋势,阐述了染料行业节能减排应采取的主要技术措施。