Investigation of Fracture of Spheroplastics under Static and Dynamic Loading

An experimental study of static and dynamic fracture properties of a spheroplastic that has a matrix of polyester resin containing a filler of glass microspheres was conducted. Crack propagation was investigated under loading conditions generated by a pulse magnetic field. Microstructure features of dynamic fracture were analyzed.     

Modeling for fracture in materials under long-term static creep loading and neutron irradiation. Part 2. Prediction of creep rupture strength for austenitic materials

We present some results of prediction of creep rupture strength and plasticity for austenitic materials prior to and after irradiation with variable neutron flux rates, based on physicomechanical model as outlined in Part 1. The calculated results are compared with the available experimental data. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 5, pp. 5–15, September–October, 2006.     

Dynamic Tensile Fracture Behaviours of Selected Aluminum Alloys under Various Loading Conditions

Experiments investigating dynamic tensile fracture were performed on the extruded rods of 2024‐T4 and 7075‐T6 aluminum alloys under varying loading conditions. The initial yield stress and fracture strain of 7075‐T6 alloy obtained in spilt Hopkinson tension bar tests are higher than that of 2024‐T4 alloy. But the initiation fracture toughness and spall strength of 2024‐T4 alloy are higher than those of 7075‐T6 alloy in three‐point bending and plate impact experiments, which indicates that 2024‐T4 alloy has better crack initiation tolerance and stronger spall failure resistance. Based on metallurgical investigations by using optical and scanning electron microscopes, it is revealed that the microstructure has a profound effect on the dynamic tensile fracture mechanism of each aluminum alloy. The 2024‐T4 alloy is relatively brittle due to voids or cracks nucleated at many coherent CuMgAl₂ precipitate phases in the grain interiors, and the fracture mode is predominantly transgranular. The 7075‐T6 alloy exhibits relatively ductile fracture because voids or cracks growth is partly intergranular along the grain boundaries and partly transgranular by void formation around coarse intermetallic particles. The obvious differences of damage distribution and void coalescence mechanisms for 2024‐T4 and 7075‐T6 alloys under plate impact are also discussed.     

Fatigue and creep crack growth of Alloy 800 and Alloy 617 at high temperatures

A common evaluation is given for creep crack growth and fatigue crack growth experiments which have been performed at the companies ABB, Siemens-KWU and KFA. The materials under investigation were X10NiCrAlTi32 20 (Alloy 800) and NiCr22Col2Mo (Alloy 617). Several production lots and semi-finished materials as well as welded materials have been tested. Testing techniques differed at the different labs. In order to eliminate the influence of individual testing techniques, material from some production lots was investigated at different labs. The given data cover fatigue crack growth (the materials were tested between room temperature and 1050°C; the influence of temperature, R?ratio, and frequency was investigated) and creep crack growth (Alloy 800 was tested between 550°C and 900°C, Inconel 617 between 800°C and 1000°C; the evaluation was done on the basis of the fracture mechanics parameters K₁ and C*).     

Propagation of Cracks in Metals under the Action of Hydrogen and Long-Term Static Loading

We propose a computational model of crack growth caused by the action of hydrogen and long-term static loads. The model is based on the energy criterion of fracture of materials. As a result, we deduce the expression for the crack growth rate as a function of the load, size of the initial crack, and physicochemical and strength characteristics of the material. The theoretical curve reveals satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. __________ Translated from Fizyko-Khimichna Mekhanika Materialiv, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 29–33, May–June, 2005.     

Procedure of Determining Creep and Creep-Rupture Strength Parameters for Isotropic Materials under Nonisothermal Loading

A procedure has been developed for determining the parameters of creep and creep-rupture strength that appear in constitutive equations of thermoviscoplasticity for describing nonisothermal processes of deformation and damage accumulation in isotropic materials due to creep. The procedure is tried out using a high-temperature chromium-nickel alloy ÉI437.     

Proposal of a new concept on creep fracture remnant life for a precracked specimen

Abstract

The creep life time of a smooth specimen can be predicted using existing laws for creep deformation and steady state creep rate. When crack growth behaviour is involved, it is necessary to construct a law of creep crack growth rate to predict creep fracture life. Creep fracture life can be measured by integrating the law of creep crack growth rate. One example is the creep crack growth rate, represented by the parameter Q*. In this study, we investigated the applicability of this prediction method to creep fracture remnant life for a cracked specimen. The Ω criterion is proposed to predict creep fracture remnant life for a smooth specimen for creep ductile materials. In this study, the correlation between Q*_L derived from the paremeters Q* and Ω is investigated. The correlation between Q_L* and Ω provided a unified theoretical prediction law of creep fracture remnant life for high-temperature creep-ductile materials in the range from smooth to precracked specimens.     

A Finite Element Analysis of Creep-Crack Growth in Viscoelastic Media

In this paper, the effects of viscoelastic characteristics, on the creep-crack growth process are studied through a finite element approach. The general approach of an independent path integral is extended to crack propagation. Afterwards, fracture parameters are computed through a coupling process with an incremental viscoelastic formulation. Finally, numerical examples are presented in order to demonstrate the independence of the integration domain and the possibility of evaluating fracture characteristics which can be energetic (energy release rate) and local in the vicinity of the crack tip (stress and crack opening intensity factors).     

Distribution of Alloying Elements in Carbides of Refractory Nickel Alloys under the Conditions of Equiaxial Crystallization

Materials Science - We study specific features of the distributions of alloying elements in secondary carbides for the...     

Load Rate-Related Mechanical Properties of Steels and Alloys under Static and Cyclic Loading in Gaseous Hydrogen

Strength of Materials - The hydrogen effect on strength, ductility, low-cycle life, and cyclic crack resistance parameters of steels of different structural classes and a heat-resistant nickel...     

A New Incremental Formulation in the Time Domain for Crack Initiation in an Orthotropic Linearly Viscoelastic Solid

The problem of predicting the crack growth initiation in a linearlyviscoelastic material is investigated. A new incremental fractureequations relating viscoelastic stress intensity factors (VSIFs) toviscoelastic opening displacement intensity factors (VODIFs) areestablished. Crack growth initiation is studied in detail by means of acomputational approach based on a modified path independent integral. Itis found that the mechanical and kinematical fields around the crack tipcan be determined using an incremental formulation based on a discretespectrum representation of the viscoelastic compliance functions; thusthe difficulty of computer storage requirements is avoided. Numericalresults are obtained for predicting the time at which propagationinitiates and these are compared with the analytical solution.     

Constraint Loss under Dynamic Loading in Rate Independent Plastic Solids

The objectives of this paper are to examine the loss of crack tip constraint in dynamically loaded fracture specimens and to assess whether it can lead to enhancement in the fracture toughness at high loading rates which has been observed in several experimental studies. To this end, 2-D plane strain finite element analyses of single edge notched (tension) specimen and three point bend specimen subjected to time varying loads are performed. The material is assumed to obey the small strain J ₂ flow theory of plasticity with rate independent behaviour. The results demonstrate that a valid J–Q field exists under dynamic loading irrespective of the crack length and specimen geometry. Further, the constraint parameter Q becomes strongly negative at high loading rates, particularly in deeply cracked specimens. The variation of dynamic fracture toughness K _dc with stress intensity rate K for cleavage cracking is predicted using a simple critical stress criterion. It is found that inertia-driven constraint loss can substantially enhance K _dc for .     

Tensile Strength of Sheet Materials under Impact Loading

Test procedures are described and strength and plasticity results are presented for a 1.0-mm mild sheet steel and a 0.75-mm D16T high-strength aluminum alloy investigated under impact loading. The experimental investigations include tensile tests of sheet metal specimens with a short test portion and symmetric sharp edge notches. As is shown, the switch from static to impact loading over the range of tensile rates under study is accompanied by variations in the strength and plasticity of the tested metals. The region of residual strains near a sharp notch (determining the area of fracture initiation), formed as the result of tensile loads, is characterized by reduced maximum strains and a smaller length in the longitudinal direction. With distance from the boundary of the initial notch, the region of residual strains becomes extended.     

Simulation of Crack Propagation in Functionally Graded Materials Under Mixed-Mode and Non-Proportional Loading

Automatic simulation of crack propagation in homogeneous and functionally graded materials is performed by means of a remeshing algorithm in conjunction with the finite element method. The crack propagation is performed under mixed-mode and non-proportional loading. Each step of crack growth simulation consists of calculation of mixed-mode stress intensity factors by means of a novel formulation of the interaction integral method, determination of crack growth direction based on a specific fracture criterion, and local automatic remeshing along the crack path. The present approach requires a user-defined crack increment at the beginning of the simulation. Crack trajectories obtained by the present numerical simulation are compared with available experimental results.     

悬臂弯曲加载表面裂纹扩展速率试验中各参量的变化规律

在悬臂弯曲加载方式下,采用逐级递增的六级名义应变控制模式,完成了三件10CrNiMo钢试样的低周疲劳表面裂纹扩展速率试验。试验数据处理结果表明:在每级名义应变控制下,位移和载荷的峰谷值是基本保持不变的,但随着名义应变级别的增加,位移和载荷的均值存在向负向增大的趋势;而在低名义应变级别控制下,应变峰谷值的变化规律和位移与载荷的峰谷值的变化规律相似,但随着名义应变级别的增加,应变的峰谷值和均值均存在向正向增大的趋势。分析认为,产生上述现象的原因主要和试样表面的残余应变有关。     

Effect of Loading Rate on Fracture Energy of High‐Strength Concrete

Abstract: This research deals with the sensitivity of several types of performance‐designed high‐strength concrete to the loading rate. Variations in the composition of the concrete produce the desired performance, for instance having null shrinkage or being able to be pumped at elevated heights without segregation, but they also produce variations in the fracture properties that are reported in this paper. We performed tests at five loading rates spanning six orders of magnitude in the displacement rate, from 1.74 × 10^?5 mm s^?1 to 17.4 mm s^?1. Load‐displacement curves show that their peak is higher as the displacement rate increases, whereas the corresponding displacement is almost constant. Fracture energy also increases, but only for loading rates higher than 0.01 mm s^?1. We use a formula based on a cohesive law with a viscous term [Anales de Mecánica de la Fractura 25 (2008) 793–797] to study the results. The correlation of the formula to the experimental results is good and it allows us to obtain the theoretical value for the fracture energy under strictly static conditions. In addition, both the fracture energy and the characteristic length of the concretes used in the study diminish as the compressive strength of their aggregates increases.     

Coupled modeling of steady-state creep rate and creep rupture strength for metals

New methods of coupled mathematical modeling of steady-state creep rate and creep rupture strength of metals in tension have been devised. Two nonlinear fractional power functions with four material constants are used as basic dependences of the steady-state creep and creep rupture life on stress. Computation of the functions is based on optimally solving two nonlinear and inconsistent — in the conventional meaning — equations sets by the method of minimization of quadratic residuals. The authors outline the methods for calculating material constants, which were used to derive analytical expressions that optimally approximate the test results for 10Kh15N27T3MR steel at 600°C under various stresses. A method of piecewise-linear approximation of creep rupture strength test results, which involves the use of a two-segment broken line, is put forward. It implies that the locations of kinks as well as other numerical characteristics of the broken line are determined from the condition of the line’s optimal arrangement relative to the experimental data points. The method takes a more comprehensive account of various damage accumulation mechanisms in steel under various stress levels. __________ Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 4, pp. 25–35, July–August, 2008.     

Semianalytic Finite-Element Method in Continuum Creep Fracture Mechanics Problems for Complex-Shaped Spatial Bodies and Related Systems. Part 2. Analysis of Reliability of the Results and Efficiency of the Method,and Algorithms for Solving the Problems

We perform analyses of convergence and reliability of the results of solving continuum creep-fracture problems and efficiency of the semianalytic finite-element method for heterogeneous circular nonclosed bodies.     

Energy Consumption for Deformation to Fracture of a Circular-Clamped Thin Plate under Impact Loading

An experimental procedure for evaluating energy spent for fracture of a circular-clamped sheet structural element upon transverse flexure, induced by impact loading of a spherical head-face body, is briefly outlined. Flexure test results for two sheet metals (a 20 mild steel and a D16T aluminum alloy 1.0 and 0.75 mm thick, respectively) and a 2.0-mm PA6 shock-resistant composite are cited. Experimental data analyses and stress-strain state calculations for a plate material within the circular boundary upon flexure made it possible to establish the relation between the work of deformation and the dynamic strength and plasticity. Sheet structural element materials are comparatively evaluated by their specific energy spent for deformation under transverse static and impact loading.     

Modelling of damage development and failure in notched-bar multiaxial creep tests

Finite‐element predictions of creep rupture in notched specimens are presented in this work. A damage model linked to the creep strain rate and stress triaxiality has been used to predict creep life under multiaxial stress conditions and the predictions have been compared with experimental data for a C–Mn steel. Finite‐element analyses have been conducted using primary–secondary (PS) and primary–secondary–tertiary (PST) creep laws. As expected a PST analysis gives a shorter predicted rupture life than a PS analysis. An additional term was included in the model to allow for an increase in hydrostatic strain due to creep damage. The incorporation of this term improved the agreement between the experimental data and the finite‐element predictions. A further enhancement to the model was to model the initiation and growth of a sharp crack in the vicinity of the notch, through the use of a nodal release technique linked to the damage evolution. It was found that the predictions obtained using the nodal release technique were very similar to those from the PST creep model incorporating the hydrostatic damage term. The effect of mesh size has also been examined and the finite‐element predictions were seen to be quite mesh sensitive with a finer mesh generally giving a shorter predicted life.