1000 kV特高压电力变压器绝缘水平及试验技术

中国1 000 kV交流特高压系统绝缘配合不是对 500 kV系统的简单放大,也并未完全依照GB311.1-1997或IEC60071-1-1993标准,是在优化原则下研究确定的。变压器绝缘水平为：雷电冲击耐压2 250 kV、操作冲击耐压 1 800 kV、工频耐压1 100 kV(5 min)。由于特高压变压器各绕组绝缘水平及绝缘试验电压要求不同,而变压器各绕组是通过电磁耦合紧密联系的,工频和操作冲击试验电压在各绕组间按变比传递,因此势必造成有些线端绝缘设计不能按其技术规范所规定的试验电压来考核。此外,特高压电力变压器电压高、容量大、尺寸超大,试验回路尺寸也相应扩大,杂散电感、电容影响也更加突出。这将造成雷电冲击试验电压波形的波头时间拉长,而设计计算一般按照标准波头进行。因此,在特高压变压器绝缘设计中,应关注长波头试验电压的影响。文中详细介绍了中国1 000 kV交流特高压工程用电力变压器的结构特点、绝缘水平及绝缘试验中的特殊问题。     

特高压变压器长波前时间雷电冲击试验及其等价性分析

特高压变压器高压线端雷电全波冲击试验具有波前时间延长的特点。为了解决较长波前时间雷电全波冲击试验不能完全考核验证按标准波前时间设计的雷电冲击特性这一问题,考虑到雷电全波冲击电压的波前时间实际上主要影响绕组的纵绝缘,波前时间延长可能会对某些纵绝缘的考核偏松,而截波冲击试验对绕组首端附近部位纵绝缘冲击梯度的考核较全波冲击试验更为严格,指出截波冲击试验可弥补全波冲击电压波前时间延长的缺陷。结合双绕组模型低电压的冲击测量实例,对截波冲击与全波冲击作用下的绕组电位及梯度分布进行了等价性分析和比较,得出对于例行试验的变压器产品,可将截波冲击试验作为较长波前时间全波冲击试验的补充试验项目,从而完善了特高压变压器雷电冲击试验的顺序。     

±1100kV特高压干式平波电抗器绝缘设计与试验分析

±1 100 kV干式平波电抗器作为±1 100 kV特高压直流输电工程关键主设备之一,肩负着抑制谐波、限制故障电流等作用。在±800 kV干式平波电抗器研制的基础上,根据±1 100 kV干式平波电抗器相关技术规范要求,对±1 100 kV干式平波电抗器的绝缘试验水平选取、绝缘设计、绝缘试验设置、试验方法、判断准则以及试验结果分析等方面进行研究。为验证平波电抗器的绝缘设计,对±1 100 kV干式平波电抗器进行了多次负极性全电压及截波雷电冲击绝缘试验和多次全电压中频振荡试验,±1 100kV干式平波电抗器在1 360 kV雷电冲击电压和1 050 kV中频振荡试验过程中,试品内部无烟雾、无异常声响,匝间无放电,试品表面无沿面闪络现象,未出现畸变现象,试验波形稳定,满足绝缘设计和技术规范的要求。试验结果表明:±1 100 kV特高压干式平波电抗器雷电冲击水平(1 360 kV)和中频振荡水平(1 050 kV)电压取值合理,绝缘设计可靠,满足雷电冲击和中频振荡设计要求,可为特高压干式平波电抗器的研发及设计提供参考依据。     

变电站实测雷电侵入波统计特性及测试分析

目前变压器绝缘设计和试验研究常采用1.2/50μs的标准雷电波,但是有关站内实际雷电侵入波的研究成果较少,不利于变压器的合理绝缘设计和绝缘考核。为了给变压器合理的绝缘配合提供技术依据和支撑,首先统计得到了某110 kV变电站内实际雷电侵入波的时间参数,然后对比研究了变压器油纸绝缘在该站实测雷电侵入波和标准雷电波作用下的击穿特性。统计显示:该站实测波前时间主要在几十μs以内,波尾时间主要在几百μs以内,与1.2/50μs的标准雷电波形相差甚远,站内具有50%统计概率的波前时间和波尾时间分别为20μs和198μs。试验结果表明:油纸绝缘在实测雷电波和标准雷电波作用下的50%击穿电压U50和50%伏秒特性曲线均存在明显差异,在20/198μs的实测雷电波作用下,油纸绝缘的U50比标准雷电波作用时高10%以上,其50%伏秒特性曲线也位于标准雷电波之上。变压器最佳的绝缘配合方式还需要综合考虑大量的实测雷电数据。     

向家坝—上海±800kV直流示范工程干式平波电抗器雷电冲击型式试验分析

介绍了向家坝—上海±800kV直流示范工程干式平波电抗器雷电冲击全波和截波试验的接线方法和试验程序,分析了顺次施加各种冲击电压时的电流峰值、波前时间、截断时间、过零系数等参数的特点,研究了试验回路的调整和布置对电压、电流波形及试验结果的影响,并给出波形曲线加以验证,结果表明,电抗器满足雷电冲击型式试验的要求。     

1000 kV特高压中性点电抗器匝间绝缘性能研究

文中主要研究了1000 kV特高压交流输电工程中使用的中性点电抗器的绝缘特性。首先,通过工频过电压分析和特高压工程系统调试期间实测数据,仿真分析了中性点电抗器在冲击电压下的电位分布;接着提出了用于考核中性点电抗器匝间绝缘性能的现场耐压试验方法,并对中性点电抗器在试验中动热稳定性进行了计算及校核,理论论证了现场耐压试验的可行性和适用性;最后文中用于考核特高压中性点电抗器绝缘性能的试验方法在现场得到验证。文中提出的应用于特高压中性点电抗器的现场匝间绝缘考核的试验方案可以作为今后交接试验的参考。     

雷电冲击电压波形波前时间测量能力验证项目设计与研究∗

基于高压电器绝缘性能试验验证中雷电冲击电压试验波形波前时间准确测量的需求,文章研发了雷电冲击电压试验波形发生装置,用于开展雷电冲击电压波形波前时间测量能力验证项目。     

振荡型雷电冲击电压下变压器绕组电压分布特性

利用振荡型冲击电压进行变压器冲击耐压试验具有波形易于调节、产生效率高的优点,为了研究振荡型类雷电冲击电压和标准雷电冲击电压波形在变压器绕组中分布特性的差异,利用能够产生不同类型冲击电压的发生装置,实际测量了变压器绕组各出线端的电压波形,研究和分析了其分布特性及影响规律。结果表明,相比标准雷电冲击电压波形,振荡型雷电冲击电压波形畸变更为明显,其对变压器绕组首端位置主绝缘和纵绝缘的考核严酷程度更高。     

舟山多端柔性直流输电工程换流站绝缘配合

换流站的绝缘配合是柔性直流输电工程实施的关键技术之一,其研究对换流站设备设计、选型、制造和试验具有重要的指导作用。为合理确定舟山多端柔性直流输电工程各换流站设备的绝缘水平,提出了换流站的避雷器布置方案,计算确定了相应避雷器参数及保护水平,给出了换流站设备推荐的绝缘裕度,并根据选取的设备绝缘裕度最终确定了换流站各设备的绝缘水平。文章给出了3种不同避雷器布置方案下的绝缘配合结果,结果表明不同避雷器布置主要对桥臂电抗器端子间的绝缘水平有较大影响,方案1下桥臂电抗器端子间的雷电冲击绝缘水平和操作冲击绝缘水平分别为450 kV和325 kV;方案2和方案3的避雷器布置下,桥臂电抗器端子间的绝缘水平相同,雷电冲击绝缘水平和操作冲击绝缘水平分别为750kV和550kV。除桥臂电抗器外,3种方案下换流站其他设备推荐的绝缘水平均相同,换流站联结变压器阀侧交流设备的雷电冲击绝缘水平和操作冲击绝缘水平取为650 kV(或750 kV)和550 kV,桥臂电抗器阀侧交流设备的雷电和操作冲击绝缘水平与联结变阀侧设备取为一致,换流站200 kV直流母线的雷电冲击绝缘水平和操作冲击绝缘水平建议取为650 kV(或750 kV)和550 kV,直流平波电抗器端子间的雷电冲击绝缘水平和操作冲击绝缘水平取为850kV(或950kV)和750kV。此外,文章还分析了3种避雷器布置方案的优缺点。研究结果可为该工程的建设提供重要依据,也可为其他相关工程提供参考。     

绕击雷侵入波下1 100 kV电气设备的绝缘配合研究

用电气几何模型(A-W theory)和EMTP程序定量研究了中国特高压变电站设备的绝缘配合问题。与出厂雷电冲击试验电压波形不同,由绕击雷电侵入波在主变压器上产生的电压波形在波头有高频振荡且波尾时间长。考虑多重雷的绕击雷电侵入波,在线路入口安装瓷柱式避雷器和罐式避雷器可以更好地保护断路器和高抗。     

Voltage-time and voltage-number characteristics of insulation elements with oil-filled transformers in EHV and UHV classes

In order to attain reduction in insulation test voltages, voltage-time (V-t) characteristics under AC voltage and voltage-number (V-N) characteristics under lightning impulse and switching impulse voltages were experimentally investigated on the turn-to-turn insulation model, section-to-section insulation model and barrier-oil-duct insulation model of core- and shell-type transformers in EHV and UHV Classes. First, V-t characteristics for AC voltage were obtained in a short time range of a few tens of milliseconds to a long time range of three to four months. The n-values (inclination) of V-t characteristics are distributed around 40 for the short time and several hundreds for the long time characteristics. These values are of essence in determining the AC withstand voltage test. Next, V-N characteristics for both lightning and switching impulse voltages were acquired for up to 1,000 times of application. The n-values (inclination) of V-N characteristics are in most cases distributed around 70 for both impulse waveforms and about 40 in only turn-to-turn insulation models This result will be useful for evaluating the effect of frequent surges on apparatus insulation. Finally, insulation coordination studies were performed based on these experimental results.     

特高压变压器绝缘配合

特高压变压器绝缘的研究和开发应该考虑工作电压的影响。工作电压会严重地影响变压器遭受雷击时产生的过电压。分析了变压器的工作电压对冲击电压强度的影响;指出了雷电冲击试验电压定义下的工作电压对于特高压变压器的必要性;通过研究得出了特高压变压器的主绝缘的最大许用工作电压。研究结果表明用于检查长时间工作电压的长时耐压试验的绝缘能力值限制在1.3~1.5 Uphm。     

Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of gas insulated switchgears for non-standard lightning impulse waveforms - analysis and generation circuit of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms in actual field

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of a gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and thus cut the equipment cost while maintaining the high reliability of its insulation performance, it is necessary to define in an organized way the insulation characteristics for non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms in the field and compare them with the characteristics for the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. In this paper, first, lightning surge waveforms and disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations were analyzed and five non-standard lightning surge waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.6 to 5.0 MHz were identified. Next, high-voltage circuits that generate these non-standard lightning surge waveforms were designed and constituted using EMTP (electro magnetic transients program) based on a circuit with a gap, inductors, and resistors connected in series and resistors and capacitors connected in parallel. Further, circuits were actually constructed, to obtain voltage waveforms approximately equal to those designed. Finally, the dielectric breakdown voltage-time characteristics were measured under several different conditions for the quasi-uniform SF₆ gas gap that represents an insulation element of a GIS. As a result, it was found that, in the tested range, the dielectric breakdown values for non-standard lightning impulse waveforms were higher than for the standard lightning impulse waveform by 6% to 32%     

Evaluation of breakdown characteristics of oil-immersed transformers under non-standard lightning impulse waveforms - definition of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms and insulation characteristics for waveforms including pulses

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of oil-immersed transformers and thus cut the equipment cost while maintaining the high reliability in its insulation performance, it is necessary to grasp in an organized way the insulation characteristics under non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms encountered in the field and compare them with the characteristics under the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. As described in this paper, the first step in a series of study for the purpose above was taken by analyzing lightning surge waveforms and restriking surge waveforms such as disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations and identifying four typical non-standard lightning impulse waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.24 to 1.0 MHz. Then, two of these non-standard lightning impulse waveforms, the single-pulse waveform which is the most basic type and the waveform with a pulse in the crest and a subsequent flat section, were used to measure the breakdown voltage and the partial discharge inception voltage while changing the parameters, on three models that represent the insulation elements of windings of oil-immersed transformers. Then, the resultant average breakdown voltages were evaluated in terms of the overvoltage durations, leading to a result of formulating them in a unified way. In the tested range, the dielectric breakdown values under non-standard lightning impulse waveforms were higher, marking 52% at the maximum, than those under standard lightning impulse waveforms in all the cases, suggesting a possibility of lowering the insulation specifications of an oil-immersed transformer     

7 200 kV/480 kJ冲击电压发生器的输出电压特性

介绍了国家电网公司特高压直流试验基地户外冲击试验场的7 200 kV/480 kJ冲击电压发生器的结构特点,并对该冲击电压发生器的雷电冲击电压、标准操作冲击电压、500 ms 和1 000 ms长波头操作冲击电压的输出特性进行了试验研究。试验结果表明：雷电冲击输出电压幅值达到了6 271 kV,标准操作冲击电压的棒板间隙耐受电压和击穿电压分别达到了3 844和4 845 kV。表明该冲击电压发生器可以满足±800 kV特高压直流输电技术和更高电压等级输电技术的试验要求。     

1000kV交流输变电工程设备的外绝缘特性

针对晋东南—荆门百万伏级交流输变电示范工程,研究了交流输变电设备空气间隙的工频、操作和雷电冲击电压放电特性,典型分裂耐热扩径软导(母)线及分裂导线、管型母线基于不同空气间隙的工频、操作及雷电冲击电压特性及高海拔对绝缘子污耐压的影响。通过这些真型试验研究,获得了我国特高压技术研究的基础试验数据,其研究成果可为特高压工程建设提供设计参考依据。     

Evaluation of Breakdown Characteristics of Gas Insulated Switchgears for Non-Standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms - Breakdown Characteristics for Non-Standard Lightning Impulse Waveforms Associated with Lightning Surges

To lower the insulation specifications (specifically, the lightning impulse withstand voltage) of a gas insulated switchgear (GIS) and thus cut the equipment cost while maintaining the high reliability of its insulation performance, it is necessary to define in an organized way the insulation characteristics for non-standard lightning impulse voltage waveforms that represent actual surge waveforms in the field and compare them with the characteristics for the standard lightning impulse waveform quantitatively. In the preceding paper, lightning surge waveforms and disconnector switching surge waveforms at UHV, 500 kV, and 275 kV substations were analyzed and five to six non-standard lightning surge waveforms with basic frequencies of 0.6 to 5.0 MHz were identified. In this paper, the dielectric breakdown voltage - time characteristics were measured under several different conditions mainly for the quasi-uniform SF₆ gas gaps that represent an insulation element of a GIS toward four kinds of non-standard lightning impulse waveforms associated with lightning surges. As a result, in the tested range, the dielectric breakdown values for nonstandard lightning impulse waveforms were higher than for the standard lightning impulse waveform by 3% to 32%.     

750kV输变电技术研究

针对“西北电网750kV输变电工程关键技术的研究”的重点课题，介绍了750kV系统过电压及绝缘配合、外绝缘特性及海拔修正、电磁环境影响和750kV带电作业方式的研究成果，给出了750kV输变电工程系统过电压和设备的绝缘水平、各种电压下杆塔的间隙放电特性曲线、电磁环境所要求的限制和带电作业方式的最小间隙和组合间隙，研究成果已直接用于西北电网750kV输变电工程的设计。西北电网750kV输变电工程关键技术的研究和工程的顺利投运，对促进我国特高压电网的建设和研究具有积极意义。