含铋催化剂对HTPB固化反应动力学的影响

采用非等温差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了三苯基铋(TPB)与三-(乙氧基苯基)铋(TEPB)对端羟基聚丁二烯-2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯(HTPB-TDI)体系固化反应动力学的影响。测定不同催化剂体系的固化峰温,采用Kissinger法和Crane法分别计算其动力学参数,得出了相应的固化反应动力学方程。结果表明,加入催化剂后,HTPB-TDI固化温度降低,固化温差缩短。未加催化剂时固化反应的活化能为51.29kJ·mol-1,加入TPB和TEPB后活化能分别为46.43kJ·mol-1和40.14kJ·mol-1,TPB与TEPB均能降低固化反应的活化能,增大反应速率,从而降低反应温度,缩短固化时间。TEPB能使固化体系在34℃时的反应速率常数达到使用TPB作为催化剂时50℃的值,因此TEPB催化活性更大,可以用作室温催化剂。     

聚乙二醇老化机理的分子模拟

为研究聚乙二醇(PEG)粘合剂的老化机理,基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的B3LYP方法和小曲率隧道效应校正的正则变分过渡态理论(CVT/SCT),对PEG单分子以及NO_2分子存在下PEG分子老化反应类型进行了分子模拟与计算。结果表明,PEG单分子反应条件下存在C—O断键反应和H原子转移反应两种降解断裂。C(2)—O(2)化学键断裂的键离解能较O(1)—C(1)、C(1)—C(2)化学键小,为PEG单分子断键反应的引发点。H原子转移反应为与C(1)相连的H原子逐渐向O(2)转移的过程,反应所需吸收热量为29.19kJ·mol-1。NO_2分子参与下,PEG分子存在降解断裂反应、硝化反应和环化反应三种老化模式,且所需的活化能均小于PEG单分子老化反应。聚合度为2、4、6、8、10的PEG分子各老化反应所需的键离解能或活化能变化范围小于3kJ·mol-1,证明聚合度对反应影响不大。在20~60℃贮存温度下,NO_2分子参与下的降解断裂反应和环化反应速率常数为H原子转移反应的103~1028倍。得到了NO_2分子存在下PEG分子的基本老化规律,认为NO_2分子参与下的PEG硝化反应、环化反应和降解断裂反应为主要老化模式,H原子转移反应为次老化模式,而C—O断键反应发生最为困难。     

FT-IR光谱法研究低毒固化剂DDI与HTPB的反应动力学

采用傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱法研究了二聚脂肪酸二异氰酸酯(DDI)/端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)体系的固化反应动力学,并与异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI)/HTPB体系进行了比较。初步探索了DDI在HTPB推进剂中的应用。结果表明,DDI/HTPB体系的固化反应为二级反应,表观活化能为37.02 k J·mol-1,相比IPDI/HTPB体系降低了3.5 k J·mol-1,说明DDI的反应活性稍高于IPDI,反应活性适中,可作为低毒固化剂应用于HTPB推进剂中。DDI/HTPB体系推进剂具有较好的常温力学性能,抗拉强度为0.85 MPa时,最大伸长率为44.1%,可基本满足推进剂的常温力学性能要求。     

非等温DSC研究Al/HTPB/TDI体系的固化反应动力学

采用非等温差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了铝粉对端羟基聚丁二烯/甲苯二异氰酸酯体系(HTPB/TDI)固化反应动力学的影响.结果表明,HTPB/TDI体系的固化反应表观活化能约为51.826 kJ·mol-1,反应级数为0.926,指前因子为2.412×105 min-1; 加入铝粉后,体系的固化峰温降低,表观活化能、反应级数和指前因子分别提高至76.402 kJ·mol-1、0.944、2.53×108 min-1,机理函数仍遵循Avrami-Erofeev方程G(α)=[-ln(1-α)]n,只是方程中的指数n有所变化.铝粉对HTPB/TDI固化反应的影响表现为在反应程度18%前起加速作用,18%后起延缓作用.浅析了铝粉影响HTPB/TDI体系固化的原因.     

HTPB/Cu/μAl的制备及其对AP热分解性能的影响

金属铝粉具有活性高、耗氧量低、燃烧焓高和密度大等优良性能,广泛应用于提高火炸药和固体推进剂能量特性的研究中.过渡金属Cu对铝粉的燃烧具有良好的催化作用,可以使铝粉燃烧更充分.端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)作为固体推进剂黏合剂组分,均匀地包覆在铝基复合粒子表面,可有效地阻止表面氧化和团聚,且有利于药柱压装固化成型.以乙酰丙酮铜为铜源,甲醛和肼为还原剂,采用一锅法液相还原制备HTPB/Cu/μAl复合粒子.通过IR、XRD、SEM和EDS对样品的结构和形貌进行表征,同时研究了HTPB/Cu/μAl对AP热分解的催化行为.结果表明,还原出来的Cu以粒子形式散落在铝粉表面,HTPB则均匀包覆在Cu/μAl的表面.HTPB/Cu/μAl的DSC曲线在150～350℃范围内同时出现过渡金属Cu的氧化放热峰和HTPB的分解放热峰,但包覆对微米铝粉在550℃的氧化放热峰基本没有影响.HTPB/Cu/μAl的平均活化能为287.2 kJ·mol-1,相比于μAl平均活化能(323.55 kJ·mol-1)降低了36.35 kJ·mol-1.加入HTPB/Cu/μAl复合材料后,AP的高温和低温分解峰均发生变化,其中高温热分解温度较纯AP降低了127℃,表明HTPB/Cu/μAl复合材料可促进AP的热分解行为.     

FOX-7的热分解动力学和机理研究

使用原位热红外光谱技术对FOX-7热分解全过程的气相和凝聚相产物进行了原位在线检测,通过非等温热红外动力学处理技术,获得了热分解过程中各特征官能团的断裂分解活化能: C-N键: 181.7 kJ·mol-1,-NO2键:235.8 kJ·mol-1,N-H键: 170.7 kJ·mol-1.提出了FOX-7可能的两步热分解机理:第1阶段是分子共轭键、分子间(内)氢键的断裂、硝基和亚硝基重排"脱硝"释放出NO;第2阶段是残余碎片分解释放出HCN和NH3.     

HTPB/N100体系的聚合反应动力学和粘度变化

采用浓度-时间比法研究端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)/N100反应动力学,利用Matlab软件计算得到反应级数和不同温度下反应速率常数,考察了反应速率变化对催化剂用量的依赖关系,并对过程中粘度与时间的变化关系进行研究.结果表明:HTPB/N100反应符合一级反应规律,活化能Ea=70.57 kJ·mol-1;反应速率常数与...     

GAP推进剂粘接体系组分迁移动力学研究

为研究组分在缩水甘油叠氮聚醚(GAP)推进剂/端羟基聚丁二烯(HT PB)衬层/三元乙丙(EPDM)绝热层粘接体系中的迁移,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定了经过50,60℃和70℃加速老化后体系中的主要迁移组分,计算了迁移组分的表观扩散活化能和扩散系数。结果表明,老化过程中硝酸酯增塑剂硝化甘油(NG)、1,2,4-丁三醇三硝酸酯(BTTN)发生迁移,两者的表观扩散活化能均在43~121 kJ·mol~(-1),扩散系数在10~(-1)9~10~(-1)6m~2·s~(-1)内。体系中胺类安定剂1(AD1)、胺类安定剂2(AD2)的迁移发生在固化过程,老化过程中主要以消耗为主;GAP推进剂的力学性能与推进剂中AD1的含量有关,AD1含量低于40%时,试件力学性能急剧下降。     

水介质中N,N-二甲基-2-叠氮乙胺盐酸盐的合成反应动力学

N,N-二甲基-2-叠氮乙胺(DMAZ)是一种可替代肼类推进剂的新型低毒液体燃料。为了提高DMAZ的合成效率,利用紫外吸收光谱测定法研究了水介质中N,N-二甲基-2-氯乙胺盐酸盐与叠氮化钠反应合成N,N-二甲基-2-叠氮乙胺盐酸盐的动力学过程。结果表明,该反应为二级反应,337.15,347.15,357.15 K温度下的表观反应速率常数分别为1.337×10-3,3.403×10-3,7.082×10-3L·mol-1·min-1,表观活化能Ea为83.5 kJ·mol-1,指前因子k0为1.19×1010L·mol-1·min-1。     

FOX-7及含FOX-7的HTPB推进剂安全性能

采用DSC-TG热分析联用仪和感度测试仪对比研究了1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)和黑索今(RDX)及含FOX-7(RDX)的HTPB推进剂的多种感度。结果表明,FOX-7的热解活化能为245.2 kJ.mol-1,分解放热峰温为222.13℃,摩擦感度不高于68%,落锤撞击感度大于25.0 J。同比含RDX的HTPB推进剂配方,含FOX-7的HTPB推进剂的机械感度(摩擦、撞击)和静电火花感度显著降低,当FOX-7的含量为15%时,HTPB/AP推进剂中高氯酸铵(AP)的热分解剧烈程度已显著弱化,推进剂的主要分解放热峰温在260℃左右,与RDX/HTPB推进剂相比,该温度前移了近40℃。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.