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1.
The catalytic properties of cobalt containing ZSM-5 zeolites prepared by various methods were compared. TPR, XRD, N 2-BET, XPS, FTIR and UV–vis spectroscopy were used for characterizing the samples. Well-dispersed cobalt oxide-like species and isolated Co 2+ ions in charge compensation positions were found in the zeolite. Catalysts prepared using a single step cation exchange method showed high activity for N 2O decomposition in a temperature range 300–550°C, in the presence of 0–5% O 2, and high stability in the presence of 10% H 2O to the feed. UV–vis spectra and TPR experiments indicated the presence of some cobalt oxides, not detected by DRX, in a Co-ZSM-5 catalyst containing 3.76 wt% Co, prepared by a solid-state reaction procedure. The N 2O conversion over this catalyst was strongly affected by addition of both O 2 and H 2O to the feed. 相似文献
2.
Waste nitrous oxide was used as an oxidant for ethane oxydehydrogenation performed at the range of temperature from 350 to 450 °C over iron modified zeolite catalysts. Different zeolite matrices (zeolite ZSM-5 of different Si/Al ratio, H-Y, mordenite) modified with iron cations introduced into zeolite by means of ionic exchange were applied as catalysts for the reaction under study. Additionally, amorphous silica and alumina silica as well as silicalite of MFI structure were also used as a matrix for iron ions accommodation and they were tested for oxydehydrogenation reaction. It was found that only iron modified zeolites showed activity for reaction under study. Amorphous oxide supports and crystalline neutral silicalite modified with iron cations by means of impregnation were completely inactive for oxydehydrogenation reaction. The best catalytic performance was found on iron modified zeolites of MFI structure. The Si/Al ratio of the ZSM-5 matrix influenced the activity for ethane oxydehydrogenation reaction insignificantly. N 2O oxidant was partly utilized for ethane oxidation (towards ethene or carbon oxides), while some part of the oxidant was decomposed to nitrogen and oxygen. Performing the reaction at 450 °C resulted in a high ethene yield and complete N 2O removal. 相似文献
3.
The kinetics of N 2O decomposition to gaseous nitrogen and oxygen over HZSM-5 catalysts with low content of iron (<400 ppm) under transient and steady-state conditions was investigated in the temperature range of 250–380 °C. The catalysts were prepared from the HZSM-5 with Fe in the framework upon steaming at 550 °C followed by thermal activation in He at 1050 °C. The N 2O decomposition began at 280 °C. The reaction kinetics was first order towards N 2O during the transient period, and of zero order under steady-state conditions. The increase of the reaction rate with time (autocatalytic behaviour) was observed up to the steady state. This increase was assigned to the catalysis by adsorbed NO formed slowly on the zeolite surface from N 2O. The formation of NO was confirmed by temperature-programmed desorption at temperatures >360 °C. The amount of surface NO during the transient increases with the reaction temperature, the reaction time, and the N 2O concentration in the gas phase up to a maximum value. The maximum amount of surface NO was found to be independent on the temperature and N 2O concentration in the gas phase. This leads to a first-order N 2O decomposition during the transient period, and to a zero-order under steady state. A kinetic model is proposed for the autocatalytic reaction. The simulated concentration–time profiles were consistent with the experimental data under transient as well as under steady-state conditions giving a proof for the kinetic model suggested in this study. 相似文献
5.
An effect of oxygen species formed from O 2, N 2O and NO on the selectivity of the catalytic oxidation of ammonia was studied over a polycrystalline Pt catalyst using the temporal analysis of products (TAP) reactor. The transient experiments were performed in the temperature range between 773 and 1073 K in a sequential pulse mode with a time interval of 0.2 s between the pulses of the oxidant (O 2, N 2O and NO) and NH 3. In contrast to adsorbed oxygen species formed from NO, those from O 2 and N 2O reacted with ammonia yielding NO. It is suggested that the difference between these oxidising agents may be related to the different active sites for dissociation of O 2, N 2O and NO, where oxygen species of various Pt-O strength are formed. Weaker bound oxygen species, which are active for NO formation, originate from O 2 and N 2O rather than from NO. These species may be of bi-atomic nature. 相似文献
6.
In the off-gases of internal combustion engines running with oxygen excess, non-thermal plasmas (NTPs) have an oxidative potential, which results in an effective conversion of NO to NO 2. In combination with appropriate catalysts and ammonia (NH 3-SCR) or hydrocarbons (HC-SCR) as a reducing agent, this can be utilized to reduce nitric oxides (NO and NO 2) synergistically to molecular nitrogen. The combination of SCR and cold plasma enhanced the overall reaction rate and allowed an effective removal of NOX at low temperatures. Using NH3 as a reducing agent, NOX was converted to N2 on zeolites or NH3-SCR catalysts like V2O5–WO3/TiO2 at temperatures as low as 100–200 °C. Significant synergetic effects of plasma and catalyst treatment were observed both for NH3 stored by ion exchange on the zeolite and for continuous NH3 supply. Certain modifications of Al2O3 and ZrO2 have been found to be effective as catalysts in the plasma-assisted HC-SCR in oxygen excess. With an energy supply of about 30 eV/NO-molecule, 500 ppm NO was reduced by more than half at a temperature of 300 °C and a space velocity of 20 000 h−1 at the catalyst. The synergistic combinations of NTP and both NH3- and HC-SCR have been verified under real diesel engine exhaust conditions. 相似文献
7.
In situ Raman spectroscopy was used for studying the ternary 2% CrO 3–6% V 2O 5/TiO 2 catalyst, for which a synergistic effect between vanadia and chromia leads to enhanced catalytic performance for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH 3. The structural properties of this catalyst were studied under NH 3/NO/O 2/N 2/SO 2/H 2O atmospheres at temperatures up to 400 °C and major structural interactions between the surface chromia and vanadia species are observed. The effects of oxygen, ammonia, water vapor and sulfur dioxide presence on the in situ Raman spectra are presented and discussed. 相似文献
8.
Mechanistic and kinetic aspects of the direct decomposition of N 2O over steam-activated Fe-silicalite were investigated by transient experiments in vacuum (N 2O peak pressure of ca. 10 Pa) using the temporal analysis of products (TAP) reactor in the temperature range of 773–848 K. The transient responses of N 2O, N 2, and O 2 obtained upon N 2O decomposition were fitted to different micro-kinetic models. Through model discrimination it was concluded that both free iron sites and iron sites with adsorbed mono-atomic oxygen (*O) species are active for N 2O decomposition. Oxygen formation occurs via decomposition of bi-atomic (*O 2) oxygen species adsorbed over the iron site. This bi-atomic oxygen species originates from another bi-atomic oxygen species (O*O), which is initially formed via interaction of N 2O with iron site possessing mono-atomic oxygen species (*O). Based on our modeling, the recombination of two mono-atomic oxygen (*O) species or direct O 2 formation via reaction of N 2O with *O can be excluded as potential reaction pathways yielding gas-phase O 2. The simulation results predict that the overall rate of N 2O decomposition is controlled by regeneration of free iron sites via a multi-step oxygen formation at least below 700 K. 相似文献
9.
The conversion of fuel-nitrogen to HCN and NH 3 and to nitrogen oxides was studied with nitrogen-containing model compounds, chosen to represent the main nitrogen and oxygen functionalities in fossil fuels. Two kinds of experiments were performed in an entrained-flow reactor at 800 °C. The conversion of model-compound-N to HCN and NH 3 was determined under inert conditions, and the formation of NO, N 2O and NO 2 was determined under oxidizing conditions. In inert atmosphere, oxygen-containing functional groups had an important effect on the ratio of HCN to NH 3. In particular, OH groups bound directly in the ring structure increased the conversion of nitrogen to NH 3. In oxidizing atmosphere, the conversions of model-compound-N to N 2O were high, but the substituent groups had no well-defined effect on the ratio of N 2O to NO. The formation of NO 2 was insignificant. 相似文献
10.
Mesoporous and conventional Fe-containing ZSM-5 and ZSM-12 catalysts (0.5–8 wt% Fe) were prepared using a simple impregnation method and tested in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO with NH 3. It was found that for both Fe/HZSM-5 and Fe/HZSM-12 catalysts with similar Fe contents, the activity of the mesoporous samples in NO SCR with NH 3 is significantly higher than for conventional samples. Such a difference in the activity is probably related with the better diffusion of reactants and products in the mesopores and better dispersion of the iron particles in the mesoporous zeolite as was confirmed by SEM analysis. Moreover, the maximum activity for the mesoporous zeolites is found at higher Fe concentrations than for the conventional zeolites. This also illustrates that the mesoporous zeolites allow a better dispersion of the metal component than the conventional zeolites. Finally, the influence of different pretreatment conditions on the catalytic activity was studied and interestingly, it was found that it is possible to increase the SCR performance significantly by preactivation of the catalysts in a 1% NH 3/N 2 mixture at 500 °C for 5 h. After preactivation, the activity of mesoporous 6 wt% Fe/HZSM-5 and 6 wt% Fe/HZSM-12 catalyst is comparable with that of traditional 3 wt% V 2O 5/TiO 2 catalyst used as a reference at temperatures below 400 °C and even more active at higher temperatures. 相似文献
11.
Transient isotopic studies in the temporal analysis of products (TAP) reactor evidenced the importance of the lifetime of oxygen species generated upon N 2O decomposition on extraframework iron sites of Fe-silicalite for methane oxidation at 723 K. Fe-silicalite effectively activates CH 4 when N 2O and CH 4 are pulsed together in the reactor. However, these oxygen species gradually become inactive for methane oxidation as the time delay between the N 2O and CH 4 pulses is increased from 0 to 2 s. 相似文献
12.
The inhibition effect of H 2O on V 2O 5/AC catalyst for NO reduction with NH 3 is studied at temperatures up to 250 °C through TPD, elemental analyses, temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR) and FT-IR analyses. The results show that H 2O does not reduce NO and NH 3 adsorption on V 2O 5/AC catalyst surface, but promotes NH 3 adsorption due to increases in Brønsted acid sites. Many kinds of NH 3 forms present on the catalyst surface, but only NH 4+ on Brønsted acid sites and a small portion of NH 3 on Lewis acid sites are reactive with NO at 250 °C or below, and most of the NH 3 on Lewis acid sites does not react with NO, regardless the presence of H 2O in the feed gas. H 2O inhibits the SCR reaction between the NH 3 on the Lewis acid sites and NO, and the inhibition effect increases with increasing H 2O content. The inhibition effect is reversible and H 2O does not poison the V 2O 5/AC catalyst. 相似文献
13.
The reactions of formamide and nitromethane, two possible intermediates in the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides by methane, have been studied over Co-ZSM5, H-ZSM5 and Cu-ZSM5. Formamide, a possible surrogate for nitrosomethane, reacts completely below 250°C over Co-ZSM5 with formation of NH 3 and CO by one route and HCN and H 2O by another. Inclusion of NO causes partial conversion of NH 3 to N 2 at 300°C. H-ZSM5 behaves similarly but with a higher conversion of NH 3 in the presence of NO. Cu-ZSM5 gives CO 2 and N 2 alone, apparently because of its high oxidation activity. The reaction of nitromethane over H-ZSM5 is similar to that previously established for Co-ZSM5 with NH 3 and CO 2 as the initial products and subsequent N 2 formation by the NH 3-SCR reaction. Again N 2 formation is more extensive with H-ZSM5 than Co-ZSM5 when NO is present while Cu-ZSM5 gives only CO 2 and N 2. Deactivation is characteristic of the reaction of nitromethane over all three zeolites at temperatures below ≈280°C with eventual breakthrough of isocyanic acid (HNCO) as a product. In situ FTIR measurements with H-ZSM5 indicate that deactivation is due to reactions of HNCO to form deposits of s-triazine compounds which can be removed by NO 2. The overall conclusion is that nitromethane and formamide, and by inference nitrosomethane, react in ways which are consistent with the possibility that species of these types could be intermediates in the methane-SCR reaction over zeolite catalysts. Distinction between them is possible only with catalysts of low oxidation capability when CO formation is consistent with the involvement of nitrosomethane and CO 2 formation with that of nitromethane. 相似文献
14.
A series of CeO 2 promoted cobalt spinel catalysts were prepared by the co-precipitation method and tested for the decomposition of nitrous oxide (N 2O). Addition of CeO 2 to Co 3O 4 led to an improvement in the catalytic activity for N 2O decomposition. The catalyst was most active when the molar ratio of Ce/Co was around 0.05. Complete N 2O conversion could be attained over the CoCe0.05 catalyst below 400 °C even in the presence of O 2, H 2O or NO. Methods of XRD, FE-SEM, BET, XPS, H 2-TPR and O 2-TPD were used to characterize these catalysts. The analytical results indicated that the addition of CeO 2 could increase the surface area of Co 3O 4, and then improve the reduction of Co 3+ to Co 2+ by facilitating the desorption of adsorbed oxygen species, which is the rate-determining step of the N 2O decomposition over cobalt spinel catalyst. We conclude that these effects, caused by the addition of CeO 2, are responsible for the enhancement of catalytic activity of Co 3O 4. 相似文献
15.
The reaction pathways of N 2 and N 2O formation in the direct decomposition and reduction of NO by NH 3 were investigated over a polycrystalline Pt catalyst between 323 and 973 K by transient experiments using the temporal analysis of products (TAP-2) reactor. The interaction between nitric oxide and ammonia was studied in the sequential pulse mode applying 15NO. Differently labelled nitrogen and nitrous oxide molecules were detected. In both, direct NO decomposition and NH 3–NO interaction, N 2O formation was most marked between 573 and 673 K, whereas N 2 formation dominated at higher temperatures. An unusual interruption of nitrogen formation in the 15NO pulse at 473 K was caused by an inhibiting effect of adsorbed NO species. The detailed analysis of the product distribution at this temperature clearly indicates different reaction pathways leading to the product formation. Nitrogen formation occurs via recombination of nitrogen atoms formed by dissociation of nitric oxide or/and complete dehydrogenation of ammonia. N 2O is formed via recombination of adsorbed NO molecules. Additionally, both products are formed via interactions between adsorbed ammonia fragments and nitric oxide. 相似文献
16.
Kinetics of N 2O decomposition over catalyst prepared by calcination of Co–Mn hydrotalcite was examined in integral fixed-bed reactor ( ) at various N 2O and O 2 initial partial pressure at temperature range of 330–450 °C. Kinetic data were evaluated by linear and non-linear regression method, 15 kinetic expressions were tested. Based on the obtained results a redox model of N 2O decomposition was proposed. At low pressures of O 2, adsorbed oxygen is formed by the N 2O decomposition; the N 2O chemisorption is considered as the rate-determining step. On the contrary, at high O 2 pressure it could be assumed that adsorbed oxygen species appear as a result of O 2 adsorption and the Eley–Rideal mechanism is the rate determining. N 2O decomposition is well described by the 1st rate law at N 2O and O 2 concentrations typical for waste gases. 相似文献
17.
In this study, we examine the interaction of N 2O with TiO 2(1 1 0) in an effort to better understand the conversion of NO x species to N 2 over TiO 2-based catalysts. The TiO 2(1 1 0) surface was chosen as a model system because this material is commonly used as a support and because oxygen vacancies on this surface are perhaps the best available models for the role of electronic defects in catalysis. Annealing TiO 2(1 1 0) in vacuum at high temperature (above about 800 K) generates oxygen vacancy sites that are associated with reduced surface cations (Ti 3+ sites) and that are easily quantified using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of water. Using TPD, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), we found that the majority of N 2O molecules adsorbed at 90 K on TiO 2(1 1 0) are weakly held and desorb from the surface at 130 K. However, a small fraction of the N 2O molecules exposed to TiO 2(1 1 0) at 90 K decompose to N 2 via one of two channels, both of which are vacancy-mediated. One channel occurs at 90 K, and results in N 2 ejection from the surface and vacancy oxidation. We propose that this channel involves N 2O molecules bound at vacancies with the O-end of the molecule in the vacancy. The second channel results from an adsorbed state of N 2O that decomposes at 170 K to liberate N 2 in the gas phase and deposit oxygen adatoms at non-defect Ti 4+ sites. The presence of these O adatoms is clearly evident in subsequent water TPD measurements. We propose that this channel involves N 2O molecules that are bound at vacancies with the N-end of the molecule in the vacancy, which permits the O-end of the molecule to interact with an adjacent Ti 4+ site. The partitioning between these two channels is roughly 1:1 for adsorption at 90 K, but neither is observed to occur for moderate N 2O exposures at temperatures above 200 K. EELS data indicate that vacancies readily transfer charge to N 2O at 90 K, and this charge transfer facilitates N 2O decomposition. Based on these results, it appears that the decomposition of N 2O to N 2 requires trapping of the molecule at vacancies and that the lifetime of the N 2O–vacancy interaction may be key to the conversion of N 2O to N 2. 相似文献
18.
This paper is a report of angle-resolved product desorption measurements in the course of catalyzed NO and N 2O reduction on Pd(1 1 0). Surface-nitrogen removal processes show different angular distributions, i.e. normally directed N 2 desorption takes place in process (i) 2N(a) → N 2(g). Highly inclined N 2 desorption towards the [0 0 1] direction is induced in process (ii) N 2O(a) → N 2(g) + O(a). N 2O or NH 3 desorption follows the cosine distribution characterizing the desorption after the thermalization in process (iii) N 2O(a) → N 2O(g) or (iv) N(a) + 3H(a) → NH 3(a) → NH 3(g). Thus, a combination of the angular and velocity distributions provides the analysis of most of surface-nitrogen removal processes in the course of catalyzed NO reduction. At temperatures below 600 K, processes (ii) and (iii) dominate and process (iv) is enhanced at H2 pressures higher than NO. Process (i) contributes significantly above 600 K. Only three processes except for NH3 formation are operative when CO is used. Only process (ii) was observed in a steady-state N2O + CO (or H2) reaction. 相似文献
19.
A critical replication and re-evaluation of Charnell’s procedure to the synthesis of zeolites A and X has been carried out, aiming at reliable protocols for preparation of large and uniform crystals of the respective zeolites in a scale of 50 g per batch. Triethanolamine, as an organic additive to the reacting sodium aluminosilicate hydrogel, increases the viscosity of the system, and reduces the reactivity of aluminium species towards nucleation and crystal growth through forming chelated complex compounds. The reactivity of silicate species has to be accordingly adjusted, by choosing proper source materials. Zeolite A crystals, which possess shapes of edge-truncated cubes, and sizes of 35–40 μm in edge-length, have been synthesized with a starting gel having the composition 1.7Na 2O:Al 2O 3:0.7SiO 2:165H 2O:6.1TEA in 2-l batch-size, using dissolved metallic aluminium and colloidal silica. The crystallization has been accomplished at 85 °C within 21 days. When the gel has a starting composition 2.3Na 2O:Al 2O 3:1.3SiO 2:300H 2O:10TEA (1-l batch), 70–80 μm large zeolite X crystals can be obtained at 85 °C in 35 days. Both starting gels are prepared at 0 °C, then quickly heated to the crystallization temperature. 相似文献
20.
NH 3 stored on zeolites in the form of NH 4+ ions easily reacts with NO to N 2 in the presence of O 2 at temperatures <373 K under dry conditions. Wet conditions require a modification of the catalyst system. It is shown that MnO 2 deposited on the external surface of zeolite Y by precipitation considerably enhances the NO x conversion by zeolite fixed NH 4+ ions in the presence of water at 400–430 K. Particle-size analysis, temperature-programmed reduction, textural characterization, chemical analysis, ESR and XRD gave a subtle picture of the MnO 2 phase structure. The MnO 2 is a non-stoichiometric, amorphous phase that contains minor amounts of Mn 2+ ions. It loses O 2 upon inert heating up to 873 K, but does not crystallize or sinter. The phase is reducible by H 2 in two stages via intermediate formation of Mn 3O 4. The manufacture of extrudates preserving stored NH 4+ ions for NO x reduction is described. It was found that MnO 2 can oxidize NO by bulk oxygen. This enables the reduction of NO to N 2 by the zeolitic NH 4+ ions without gas-phase oxygen for limited time periods. The composite catalyst retains storage capacity for both, oxygen and NH 4+ ions despite the presence of moisture and allows short-term reduction of NO without gaseous O 2 or additional reductants. The catalyst is likewise suitable for steady-state DeNO x operation at higher space velocities if gaseous NH 3 is permanently supplied. 相似文献
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