由复合催化剂催化合成乙酸异丁酯

NaHSO4·H2O与浓H2SO4可作为酯化反应的催化剂,本文研究了以冰乙酸和异乙醇为原料,NaHSO4·H2O和浓H2SO4为复合催化剂合成乙酸异丁酯。最好反应条件为:醇酸摩尔比n(冰乙酸)∶n(异乙醇)为1∶1.16,催化剂用量为1.3g,复合催化剂中NaHSO4·H2O与浓H2SO4之比为1∶0.17,反应时间120min,酯化率最高可达82%。     

由复合催化剂催化合成乙酸异戊酯的研究

探讨了以浓H2SO4-NaHSO4·H2O为复合催化剂,HAc、异戊醇为原料合成乙酸异戊酯的绿色合成工艺,着重考察各因素对合成产率的影响。通过四因素三水平的正交试验优化并确定的最佳反应条件为:反应物投料摩尔比n(HAc)∶n(异戊醇)为1∶1.2,复合催化剂配料摩尔比为n(H2SO4)∶n(NaHSO4·H2O)为1∶1.5,复合催化剂用量为1%,带水剂用量为20%,反应温度为105~115℃,反应时间为120min,酯收率高达85%以上。     

AlCl3/NaHSO4催化合成乙酸正丁酯的研究

探讨了以AlCl3/NaHSO4为复合催化剂,冰醋酸、正丁醇为原料合成乙酸正丁酯。确定了反应的优化条件:当冰醋酸用量为0.1 mol时,反应物料的投料物质的量比n(冰醋酸)∶n(正丁酯)=1∶1.7,催化剂配料物质的量比为n(AlCl3)∶n(NaHSO4)=1∶1.5,催化剂用量2 g,15 mL环己烷作带水剂,回流温度下反应时间为120 min,其酯化率达97%。     

固载硫酸盐Ga_2(SO_4)_3/SnO_2-高岭土的制备及其催化合成乳酸丁酯

制备了以Ga2(SO4)3为活性组分、SnO2-高岭土为复合载体的酯化催化剂Ga2(SO4)3/SnO2-高岭土,利用IR、XRD测试技术表征了催化剂的物化性质;并将该催化剂用于乳酸与正丁醇进行酯化反应合成了乳酸丁酯,考察了催化剂制备条件(浸渍时间和焙烧时间)、催化剂用量、n(正丁醇)∶n(乳酸)、反应时间及催化剂重复使用性等因素对酯收率的影响。结果表明,该催化剂催化活性高、成本低、制备方法简单并且易分离回收。催化剂的适宜制备条件是SnCl4.5H2O和高岭土的质量比1∶3、饱和Ga2(SO4)3溶液浸渍4 h、300℃焙烧2 h。该催化剂催化合成乳酸丁酯的适宜反应条件为:n(正丁醇)∶n(乳酸)=1.6、催化剂用量为反应物总质量的2.5%、反应时间3.5h。在此条件下,酯收率为95.3%。催化剂使用4次后,酯收率仍可达90%以上。     

新型铁钾盐加合物催化合成乙酸丁酯的研究

研究了以铁钾盐加合物为催化剂,冰乙酸和正丁醇为原料合成乙酸丁酮,确定了该酯化反应的最佳条件.结果表明:以0.1mol乙酸为基准,n(乙酸):n(正丁醇)=1:1.2,催化剂用量为4%(乙酸和正丁醇总质量的质量百分数).反应时间3 h,酯化率达95.80%.     

SO~(2-)_4 改性交联蒙脱土固体酸催化合成水杨酸正丁酯

制备了SO2-4改性硅锆双组分交联蒙脱土固体酸催化剂(SO2-4/SiZrM),用于水杨酸(C7H6O3)和正丁醇(C4H10O)的酯化反应,与传统酯化反应催化剂浓硫酸、磷钨酸、硫酸铁铵以及其他单组分交联剂交联的蒙脱土做酯化反应的催化剂相比,SO2-4/SiZrM有更好的催化活性。考察了带水剂的选择、酸醇量比〔n(C7H6O3)∶n(C4H10O)〕、催化剂用量〔w(SO2-4/SiZrM)〕、反应时间(t)、反应温度(θ)对催化合成水杨酸正丁酯(C11H14O3)的影响,并对合成的产物进行了折光率、红外光谱分析。酯化反应的最佳条件为:C4H10O为带水剂、n(C7H6O3)∶n(C4H10O)=1∶1 65、催化剂占酸投料质量的百分比为w(SO2-4/SiZrM)=6 5%、t=6h、θ=120～135℃,水杨酸的转化率可达88 22%,产物中w(C11H14O3)>99 9%。     

硅胶固载氧化镓非均相催化合成乙酸丁酯

在氧化镓固载量为20%,500℃焙烧2 h的条件下制备了硅胶固载氧化物型非均相酯化催化剂Ga2O3/S iO2,用于催化合成乙酸丁酯,考察了催化剂用量、n(正丁醇)∶n(乙酸)、环己烷用量、反应时间、带水剂用量和催化剂重复使用性等因素对酯化率的影响。结果表明,该催化剂催化合成乙酸丁酯的适宜反应条件为:乙酸0.2 mol,n(正丁醇)∶n(乙酸)=1.8,催化剂1.25 g,回流反应1 h,酯化率达99.62%。     

纳米固体超强酸SO2-4/Fe2O3催化合成尼泊金酸丁酯

以纳米固体超强酸SO2-4/Fe2O3为催化剂,催化尼泊金酸与正丁醇的酯化反应,合成尼泊金酸丁酯.较适宜的反应条件为:尼泊金酸25 mmol,n(尼泊金酸):n(正丁醇)=1:4,催化剂加入量为反应物总质量的2%,甲苯5 mL,温度(122～124)℃,反应4 h,酯化率达92.4%.     

复合硫酸盐催化合成乙酸正丁酯

在连续搅拌和分水条件下,研究了复合硫酸盐(Fe2(SO4)3-K2SO4)催化乙酸与正丁醇的反应。通过正交实验考查了催化剂用量、反应物配比、反应时间等因素对反应的影响。结果表明,其最优条件是:固定乙酸用量0.10mol,催化剂用量1.50g,醇酸物质的量比1.8∶1,反应时间2h,乙酸正丁酯的酯化率可达98.4%;另外,该催化剂具有制备方便,催化活性好,环境污染小等优点。     

SO42-/WO3-ZrO2催化合成乙酸丁酯

制备了硫酸促进型酯化催化剂SO42-/WO3-ZrO2,考察了WO3含量、焙烧温度和焙烧时间等对酯化率的影响。结果表明催化剂适宜制备条件为：WO3含量10%,300℃焙烧2h;将其用于催化乙酸与正丁醇的酯化反应合成了乙酸丁酯,反应条件为：乙酸0.2mol,催化剂0.75g,n（正丁醇）∶n（乙酸）=1.8∶1,反应时间30min,酯化率可达98.2%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。