响应面法优化低钠盐水火腿加工工艺

为研究一种低钠盐水火腿的加工工艺,选取复合磷酸盐添加量、盐水注射量、滚揉时间和低钠盐替代比为考察因素,通过单因素实验探究对低钠盐水火腿得率、保水性、质构和异味(仅低钠盐替代比需测定)的影响,利用响应面法,以得率和保水性作为响应值进行优化,并根据实际可操作性调整,得到低钠盐水火腿的加工工艺。结果表明,低钠盐水火腿的最优加工工艺为:复合磷酸盐添加量0.39%,盐水注射量15%,滚揉时间15 h,低钠盐替代比53%。在此条件下,低钠盐水火腿的得率为(93.88%±2.05%),保水性为(87.37%±1.82%),与预测值非常接近。在该工艺下,得到的低钠盐水火腿具有良好的得率、保水性和质构,并且无异味;此外,与普通盐水火腿相比,钠含量降低了27%,为低钠盐水火腿的加工提供了技术支撑。     

Determination of Shelf Life of Sous Vide Salmon (Salmo Salard) Based on Sensory Attributes

ABSTRACT:  Sous vide  technology permits precooked dishes of high sensory and nutritional quality to be obtained with a longer shelf life than is possible using other cooking–cooling methods. Salmon portions (200 g; 0.5, w:w; greased with olive oil) were par-roasted (300 °C/3 min), cooked using  sous vide  technology (80 °C/43 min), and maintained in anaerobic conditions at 2 °C for 0, 4, 8, 12, 15, 18, 22, and 25 d. At each control day,  Enterobacteriaceae  counts were made and the attributes of sensory spoilage were determined (3 visual, 2 odor, 2 flavor, and 3 texture attributes) by a panel of trained judges. A loss of smell, taste, color, and juiciness was detected during storage, along with the appearance of off-odors and off-flavors. The shelf life of the  sous vide  salmon based on sensory analysis was established at 18 d.     

Processing of Sugar-Coated Red Kidney Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris): Fate of Oligosaccharides and Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and Evaluation of Sensory Quality

ABSTRACT:  The present study was undertaken to expand the uses of red kidney beans beyond traditional products such as sugar-coated beans—a popular snack food in many Asian countries. Beans were soaked for 12 h (initial temperature 77 °C, end temperature 24 ± 1 °C) and then cooked in boiling water (approximately 99.3 °C) for 14 min. Finally, the cooked beans were sugar-coated by dipping in 20%, 35%, or 50% sugar syrup (w/w) for 45 min at 70 °C and excess syrup was drained at the end of the process. Beans were analyzed for oligosaccharides (raffinose and stachyose) and lectins, as phytohemagglutinating (PHA) activity, at predetermined intervals during processing. A 105-member consumer panel evaluated bean quality for texture, color, sweetness, flavor, and overall acceptability. Most of the weight (81.1% of total) was gained during the 1st h of soaking. There was a significant reduction in raffinose (80.8%) and stachyose (83.4%) after 12 h of soaking. Cooking, which further reduced raffinose for a combined total of 95.8%, had no effect on stachyose. The lectins decreased by about 90% in cooked beans, with over half of inactivation occurring during soaking. On a hedonic scale of 1 to 9 (1 = dislike extremely, 9 = like extremely), all 3 bean samples scored above 5 for all the sensory attributes tested. Beans coated with 50% sugar syrup were rated best overall, with a score of 6.1. Frequency distribution of overall acceptability scores showed that 59% to 70% of the panelists rated different bean samples at a score of 6 or higher.     

Effects of process parameters on quality changes of shrimp during drying in a jet-spouted bed dryer

ABSTRACT:  The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of various parameters, that is, concentration of salt solution (2%, 3%, 4%[w/v]), boiling time (3, 5, 7 min), drying air temperature (80, 100, 120 °C), and size of shrimp, on the kinetics of drying and various quality attributes of shrimp, namely, shrinkage, rehydration ability, texture, colors, and microstructure, during drying in a jet-spouted bed dryer. In addition, the effects of these processing parameters on the sensory attributes of dried shrimp were also investigated. Small shrimp (350 to 360 shrimp/kg) and large shrimp (150 to 160 shrimp/kg) were boiled and then dried until their moisture content was around 25% (d.b.). It was found that the degree of color changes, toughness, and shrinkage of shrimp increased while the rehydration ability decreased with an increase in the concentration of salt solution and boiling time. Size of shrimp and drying temperature significantly affected all quality attributes of dried shrimp. The conditions that gave the highest hedonic scores of sensory evaluation for small dried shrimp are the concentration of salt solution of 2% (w/v), boiling time of 7 min, and drying air temperature of 120 °C. On the other hand, the conditions that gave the highest hedonic scores of sensory evaluation for large dried shrimp are the concentration of salt solution of 4% (w/v), boiling time of 7 min, and drying air temperature of 100 °C. The quality attributes of dried shrimp measured by instruments correlated well with the sensory attributes, especially the color of dried shrimp.     

Smokehouse Process Conditions for Meat Emulsion Cooking

The effects of various rates of increase of the smokehouse temperature (ST) (0.42 to 0.98°C/min) and relative humidity (SRH) (1.1 to 3.9%/ min) on the meat emulsion product qualities were investigated. The optimum process conditions were calculated based on the water holding capacity (WHC), emulsion stability (ES), shrinkage, textural parameters and sensory attributes. Least shrinkage was obtained when the product was processed under rapid temperature and relative humidity increase. The WHC was higher when the product was processed at a lower ST. The most stable product was obtained at the lowest ST and the highest SRH. Cohesiveness and elasticity were not affected by ST and SRH, brittleness was unaffected by SRH, and hardness was not influenced by ST. The lowest hardness, chewiness and gumminess were obtained at the highest SRH.     

Low-temperature steaming improves eating quality of whitefish

In this study, effects of different steaming conditions (temperature–time scales) on quality characteristics of cooked whitefish (Coregonus peled) were characterized to guide product development. Investigation of three cooking conditions, including 60°C (3–20 min) 80°C (1–12 min) and 100°C (1–6 min) indicated that properties including textural properties, cooking loss, color change, water holding capacity (WHC), and protein content were all significantly correlated to the cooking condition. It was observed that the color changes of fish meat, especially the brightness L* were strongly correlated to the relative extraction rate (RER) of myofibrillar proteins (MFPs), which could be considered as a marker for the doneness of the cooked whitefish. Our results indicated that during the steaming process, the water holding capacity of the fish continued to decline, and the cooking loss continued to increase. However, a sudden jump in cooking loss occurred when the fish sample became overcooked. To minimize cooking loss, a good control of the doneness hence is needed to avoid overcooking. Moreover, results of this study demonstrated that low-temperature steaming could better maintain the springiness and cohesiveness of the fish as the myofibrillar proteins experienced less sudden swelling and shrinkage. Hence, low temperature steaming should be the preferred method for whitefish processing to minimize the negative impact on fish sensory qualities.     

Effect of salt and transglutaminase (TG) level and processing conditions on quality characteristics of phosphate-free, cooked, restructured pork shoulder

Six treatments of phosphate-free restructured cooked pork shoulder were produced with two salt levels (2% and 1%) and three transglutaminase levels (0%, 0.075% and 0.15%) under two processing conditions (72 °C/65 min and 78 °C/65 min). Salt level significantly affected (p < 0.05) the chemical composition, the cooking losses, the colour, the sensory attributes and the overall acceptability of the product. Transglutaminase level affected (p < 0.05) only the consistency and the overall acceptability. The processing conditions on the contrary, affected the moisture and the protein content, the cooking losses, the consistency and the juiciness of restructured cooked pork shoulder. Transglutaminase can be used at a level of 0.15% with reduced salt level (1%) and processing at 72 °C/65 min to produce phosphate-free restructured cooked pork shoulder with acceptable sensory attributes.     

Postmortem changes in muscle electrical properties of bovine M. longissimus dorsi and their relationship to meat quality attributes and pH fall

Heifers (n=47) were slaughtered and hung conventionally in an industrial meat plant. Electrical impedance (Py) and conductivity (EC) were studied for their ability to indicate or predict selected meat quality attributes i.e. Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), sensory tenderness, texture, flavour and acceptability, water holding capacity (WHC) and colour. pH, electrical impedance (meat check) and electrical conductivity (pork quality meter) measurements were taken at hourly intervals up to 8 h and again at 1 and 2 days postmortem. Electrical measurements were taken again at 7 and 14 days postmortem. Freshly cut steaks (2.5 cm thick) were taken from the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle at 2, 7 and 14 days postmortem, vacuum-packaged in plastic bags and stored at -20°C for WBSF and sensory analysis. Freshly cut steaks were used for WHC and colour measurements. During the development of rigor and over the ageing period, electrical changes occur in muscle tissue. Electrical measurements were found to change significantly between 1 and 14 days postmortem and when measured over the ageing period (at 2, 7 and 14 days postmortem) were significantly correlated to WBSF, sensory tenderness and Hunter 'a' and 'b' values (r=±0.56-±0.68, p<0.001) and weakly to moderately correlated to other sensory attributes (r=±0.31-0.58, p<0.001) measured at the same times postmortem; thus showing potential for these rapid physical measurements as indicators of meat quality if both electrical measurements and quality attributes are measured at the same times postmortem and correlations are calculated over the ageing period. However, electrical measurements taken at specific times at the early postmortem period (i.e. at 1 or 2 days) showed only a few weak relationships with meat quality attributes measured at later times postmortem (i.e. 7 or 14 days) demonstrating that early postmortem electrical measurements are not suitable for the prediction of ultimate meat quality. Py values taken between 7 h and 7 days postmortem were significantly correlated with all pH measurements with the exception of 1 day values. Two day Py measurements showed the highest correlations (r=0.45-0.62, p<0.01-0.001) with pH. EC was also found to be moderately correlated with pH although correlations were slightly lower than those obtained for Py. Highest correlations (r=0.47-0.59, p<0.01) were obtained for 7 h values.     

Influence of bleached palm oil on the physicochemical and sensory properties of beef patty

The effect of palm oil on the physico-chemical and sensory properties of beef liver patty were studied. Seven batches (3units per batch) of beef liver patty with different palm oil content (5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) and a control with pork fat (30%) were manufactured by component mix at 1500 rpm for 1 min and cooked in an oven at 90?°C. Physico-chemical analysis of raw and cooked samples showed improvement of emulsion stability, water binding capacity, technological yield and hardness of patties substituted with lower proportions of deodorized bleached palm oil. No significant difference (P?>?0.05) was found between physico-chemical properties of liver patty formulated with 20% palm oil and the control (formulated with 30% pork fat). Sensory attributes generated by a semi-trained panel based mainly on texture, homogeneity (colour and aspect), odour and meltiness of the patties confirmed this tendency.     

Influence of Pre-Rigor Processing, Mechanical Tenderization, Tumbling Method and Processing Time on the Quality and Yield of Ham

Eight market weight hogs with similar genetic and management background were conventionally slaughtered with the resulting sixteen pork carcass sides randomly assigned to treatments. Four treatments at 2 levels each (2⁴ factorial design) included muscle condition [pre-rigor (hot) or post-rigor (chilled)], mechanical knife blade tenderization [no tenderization or tenderization], vacuum tumbling [continuous or intermittent], and the processing delay time between vacuum tumbling and further processing [no delay time or 20-hr delay]. Results indicated that pre-rigor processed meat tissue exhibited higher pH, water-holding capacity (WHC), and cooked yield characteristics. Mechanical knife blade tenderization consistently increased protein content of the uncooked meat exudate, cooked yield, and palatability characteristics. Tumbling method and processing time had little influence on either uncooked or cooked meat characteristics.     

Ultrastructural Variation in Beef M. longissimus dorsi as an Explanation of the Variation in Beef Tenderness

ABSTRACT: The objective of this experiment was to quantify variation in bovine M. longissimus dorsi tenderness and determine the extent such variation is explained by variation in the ultrastructure of muscles after different postmortem treatments. Eight muscles were hot-boned and aged for 2 d at 2 °C (T1) to achieve very contracted actomyosin crossover and tough beef. Eight carcass sides were tenderstretched for 10 h at 10 °C and a further 38 h at 2 °C (T2) to achieve lengthened actomyosin crossover and tender beef. Both T1 and T2 were compared with conventionally hung carcasses, which underwent similar chilling regimes, C1 ( n = 8) and C2 ( n = 8), respectively. Measurements of sarcomere length, pH, Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF), and sensory tenderness were taken, and transmission electron microscopy images analyzed. Variances of attributes were analyzed on Bartlett's test. Variances of the 4 groups were homogenous for all attributes except for pH after 24 h postmortem (with T1 [0.00] having lower variances than C1 = 0.04, T2 = 0.06, and C2 = 0.05) and WBSF after 2 d aging (with T2 [74.33] having lower variances than T1 = 236.76, C1 = 398.82, and C2 = 856.74). The variation in the tenderness of beef was quantified through ultrastructural variation in bovine muscle, with tenderstretched moderately chilled beef having the least variable tenderness as a result of more uniform overlap between actin and myosin filaments. Variation in the eating quality of beef was not reduced by hot-boning with fast chilling or conventional hanging with fast or moderate chilling. The development of the uniformity within filaments of tenderstretched muscle requires further analysis as residual variation remains.     

紫苏水提物联合蒸煮处理对脆肉鲩鱼片冻藏过程中品质的影响

为了研究蒸煮处理及紫苏水提物对脆肉鲩鱼片冻藏品质的影响,以紫苏水提物浸泡的生鱼片（生鱼片组）、紫苏水提物浸泡再进行蒸煮制备的熟鱼片（熟鱼片组）、蒸馏水浸泡的生鱼片（对照组）为研究对象,研究这3 组鱼片在冻藏过程中质构、持水性、盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca2＋-ATPase活性、硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid,TBA）值、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile base-nitrogen,TVB-N）含量和感官评分的变化。结果表明：熟鱼片及生鱼片组通过最大冰晶生成带的时间比对照组长;与对照组和生鱼片相比,熟鱼片在冻藏过程中一直维持较高的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、TBA值和较低的持水力、盐溶性蛋白含量、TVB-N含量;与对照组相比,生鱼片组的质构特性、持水力、盐溶性蛋白含量和Ca2＋-ATPase活力更高,而TBA值和TVB-N含量更低,冻藏300 d后,生鱼片TBA值是贮藏初始时的3.85 倍,TVB-N含量低于20 mg/100 g;感官评价结果进一步表明,3 组样品感官品质在冻藏过程中不断下降,其质地、口感以及汤汁浑浊度评分从高到低依次是熟鱼片、生鱼片和对照组。研究结果证明了紫苏水提物联合蒸煮处理更有利于冻藏过程中脆肉鲩鱼片品质的维持。     

Cross‐Cultural Consumer Acceptability and Purchase Intent of Forage‐Finished Rib‐Eye Steaks

Rib‐eye steaks, from 3 forage‐finished systems (S1, S2, and S3) and 1 commercial steak (C), either cooked by 1‐sided‐grilling or 2‐sided‐grilling, were evaluated for sensory acceptability [overall appearance (ORA) and overall appearance of fat (OAF) for raw steaks; overall appearance (OCA), overall beef aroma (OBA), overall beef flavor (OBF), juiciness, tenderness and overall liking (OL) for cooked steaks] and purchase intent by Hispanic, Asian and U.S. consumers. They also indicated preferred degree of doneness and cooking methods. Cross‐cultural differences in preferences and consumer acceptability of rib‐eye steaks were observed. Grilling was the most preferred cooking method. Hispanics and Asians preferred medium and/or medium well, while U.S. consumers preferred medium and/or medium rare. For cooked steaks, the population effect was significant for all sensory attributes; Asians generally scored lower than did Hispanics and U.S. consumers. C and S3 generally had higher scores for all sensory attributes across 3 populations. Purchase intent for all forage‐finished steaks was higher for Hispanics and U.S. consumers compared to Asians (50.0% to 77.8% compared with 43.2% to 65.9%). Attributes influencing purchase intent of forage‐finished steaks differed among populations: tenderness (odds ratio = 1.4) for Hispanics, OCA (odds ratio = 1.5) for Asians, and OBF (odds ratio = 1.3) for U.S. consumers. Overall, this study demonstrated that the type of forage‐finished system and ethnic differences influenced sensory acceptability and purchase intent of forage‐finished rib‐eye steaks.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF BEEF PATTIES USING OKARA POWDER

Four different levels of okara powder (2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10%) were used to obtain beef patties that were compared with controls with 10 and 20% fat. Okara addition affected some quality parameters of beef patties. Although the protein, fat, ash and carbohydrate contents of raw beef patties increased by the addition of okara, moisture content decreased. The same trends (except protein content) were observed after cooking. The addition of okara reduced the cholesterol content by about 2–28% for raw beef patties and 6–23% for cooked beef patties. However, addition of okara increased the energy values for raw and cooked beef patties with respect to control with 10% fat. The WHC, cook loss and shrinkage of beef patties improved by the addition of okara. The addition of okara increased the pH, L* and b* values of raw beef patties, but did not affect a* value. The effect of okara on the sensory properties was statistically significant and the overall acceptability scores of samples decreased after more than 7.5% okara powder addition . According to these results, addition of okara powder up to 7.5% can be recommended as an extender in beef patties production to improving certain quality parameters.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Okara is an abundant by-product of the soy and tofu industries and contains valuable components, including proteins, lipids, fibers and isoflavonoids. The addition of okara powder to beef patties reduces the cholesterol content and improves WHC, cook loss, shrinkage and sensory quality of the products. Okara powder can be added up to 7.5% for the production of patties.     

Influence of Cooking Rate, Endpoint Temperature, Post-cook Hold Time, and Myoglobin Redox State on Internal Color Development of Cooked Ground Beef Patties

ABSTRACT: Three experiments investigated cooking rate, endpoint temperature, post-cook holding time, and raw myoglobin redox-state effects on ground beef internal cooked color. In Experiment 1, patties were cooked to endpoint temperatures of 65.6°C, 71.1°C, 76.7°C, 82.2°C, or 87.8°C rapidly (1°C/s), slowly (0.2°C/s), or rapidly with 6-min post-cook holding time at 104°C. Patties cooked slowly to less than 76.7°C were more well done ( P < 0.05) in appearance than those cooked rapidly. Rapidly-cooked patties cooked to less than 82.2°C and held for 6 min after cooking had less pinkness, more myoglobin denaturation, and a more well-done appearance than did rapidly cooked patties with no holding time ( P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, increasing post-cook holding time (1, 3, 6, or 12 min) after rapid cooking to 71.1°C, 76.7°C, or 82.2°C decreased pinkness and increased myoglobin denaturation ( P < 0.05), with no benefit beyond 6 min ( P > 0.05). In Experiment 3, patties cooked rapidly to 71.1°C, 76.7°C, or 82.2°C from a predominantly raw oxymyoglobin state were less pink and had more denatured myoglobin than did those cooked from a predominantly deoxymyoglobin state ( P < 0.05). Prediction equations determined that 80% of myoglobin must be denatured to create a well-done appearance. Using a slow cooking rate, post-cook holding time, or cooking from a highly oxygenated state will increase myoglobin denaturation and foster a well-done appearance.     

Effect of blade tenderization and tumbling time on the processing characteristics and tenderness of injected cooked roast beef

The combined effect of blade tenderization (T, NT) and tumbling time (0, 2, 16 h) on quality characteristics of cooked beef roasts processed with 20 or 40% injection level was investigated. Properties of the beef roasts were determined by measuring processing and textural characteristics (shear force, texture profile analysis). Extended tumbling (to 16 h) favorably affected hydration properties and thermal stability, yielding lower cooking loss and purge and higher WHC for beef roasts. It also decreased shear force and hardness of beef samples by 50–60%, but was unable to increase cohesiveness. Blade tenderization prior to injection generally was found to be beneficial for textural characteristics, tended to improve cook yield, but did not influence other hydration properties. An interaction between tenderization and tumbling was observed for shear force. Blade tenderization decreased shear values by 15–20% for roasts tumbled for 0 or 2 h, but did not improve tenderness with extended tumbling.     

Effect of tumbling time and cooking temperature on quality attributes of cooked ham

This study evaluates effect of tumbling time and cooking temperature on cooking rate, cooking loss (CL), colour, water activity and water‐holding capacity of cooked restructured ham rolls. In experiment were investigated three tumbling times (2, 4 and 6 h) at constant temperature (+4 °C) and three cooking temperatures (76, 86 and 96 °C). It was observed that CL decreased (P < 0.01) from 5.41% to 3.22% with tumbling time (2 h vs. 6 h) but increased (P < 0.01) from 2.35% to 7.25% along with cooking temperature (76 °C vs. 96 °C). In contrast, pH value increased (P < 0.01) from 6.18 to 6.24 with tumbling time (2 h vs. 6 h) but decreased (P < 0.01) from 6.22 to 6.17 along with cooking temperature (76 °C vs. 96 °C). In addition, high temperature had higher efficiency for thermal lethality than low temperature (F₀ values were 19 and 92 min at 96 and 76 °C, respectively). Intermediate tumbling (4 h) and cooking (86 °C) could be preferential.     

Reduction or Replacement of Sodium Chloride in a Tumbled Ham Product

Public concern over excess sodium in the diet has prompted investigation of sodium replacement in tumbled ham. Salt treatments consisted of a control (100% NaCl) and 50% or 100% ionic strength replacement with either KCl or MgCl₂. Protein extraction was monitored during the 8 hr, discontinuous tumbling cycle, and reached a peak within 6 hr for all salt treatments. Control hams had the best overall sensory scores, while KCl/NaCl treatment gave the best physical bind and acceptable sensory scores (P<0.05). Treatment with MgCl₂ gave the lowest bind and sensory scores (P<0.05). Partial replacement of Nacl ionic strength with 50% or less of KCl in tumbled ham can be accomplished while maintaining acceptable sensory and physical attributes.     

Thawing Prior to Cooking Affects Sensory, Shear Force, and Cooking Properties of Beef Patties

Patties from 6 commercial formulations were cooked to 71°C from either the frozen state or after thawing for 24 to 27 h at 4 °C to eliminate the pink/red color exhibited when cooked to 71 °C from the frozen state. Thawed patties had shorter cooking times, higher cooking yields, and lower shear force peak load and peak energy values. Patties cooked from the thawed state increased in thickness during cooking, while patties cooked from the frozen state decreased in thickness during cooking. Thawing prior to cooking increased sensory evaluation scores except for patties made with carrageenan. Thawing not only eliminated the problem of pink/red color after cooking but also improved sensory, shear force, and cooking properties of beef patties.     

Textural and Physical Properties of Acid–Induced and Potassium–Substituted Low–Sodium Surimi Gels

ABSTRACT: Textural and physical properties of acetic acid-induced and salt-induced surimi gels were evaluated. The addition of 2 to 3% acetic acid significantly decreased the shrinkage and total expressible fluid and increased firmness compared to 0.5% acetic acid added. Acid-induced gels without starch were significantly firmer than those with starch and salts. There was no peak in storage modulus with the addition of acid in the temperature range of 32 to 43 °C, suggesting that the acid-induced gelation did not require setting as the salt-induced one. Partial substitution (1%) of KCl for NaCl did not change the storage modulus of the sol during heating and gel firmness. However, KCl and NaCl weakened the firmness of the acid-induced gel.