神经网络模型在制冷剂物性参数计算中的应用

介绍采用BP，RBF和Elman神经网络计算制冷剂物性参数的方法。以R11，R134a和近共沸混合制冷剂R410A为研究对象，分别建立三种制冷剂的BP，RBF和Elman网络饱和物性参数计算模型。根据该模型由已知温度求各制冷剂在饱和气和饱和液状态下的其他物性参数值，通过与REFPROP软件计算结果进行对比，证明BP，RBF和Elman神经网络物性计算模型具有很高的精度，可以用于物性参数的计算，是一种新的物性计算方法。     

R32及其常用两种润滑油POE和PVE物性计算模型

准确计算制冷剂和润滑油的物性是压缩机优化设计的基础。本文根据已知数据,通过显式拟合法,给出了在常见范围内制冷剂R32饱和液体、饱和气体、过热气体及POE和PVE润滑油的热物性计算模型,并比较分析了这些物质的物性的特点。模型对物性参数的计算值与已知数据的偏差均在5%以内,为R32与POE或PVE混合物物性计算奠定了基础。本文提出的计算模型简单、可靠,可使模拟计算时间更短、精度更高。     

基于制冷剂物性计算修正的变流量空调系统控制分析仿真

利用TRNSYS软件平台建立了基于控制分析的变流量空调系统仿真器,并建立了R410a物性的显式快速计算模型。在该仿真平台上进行吸气过热度控制仿真实验时,发现制冷剂物性计算的连续性和复现性会影响控制仿真结果,因此对制冷剂物性计算模型做了合适的的修正,保证了仿真计算的连续性和良好的复现性。结果表明：经过修正的R410a物性计算模型仍能保持较高精度,并可以有效改善吸气过热度控制的稳定性。     

新型制冷剂性质计算及循环分析程序TDWX1.0

摘要为了方便空调制冷工程中新产品设计及系统优化对物性基本数据的需求，我们开发了制冷剂性质计算及循环分析软件TDWXl．0。经验证，该软件计算结果与国内外公用的标准图表吻合良好。该软件除了可作为制冷剂物性数据的计算工具，还可进行各种工质的循环分析比较，成为制冷系统优化和新产品设计的必要工具。     

R410A制冷剂和POE VG 68润滑油混合物热物性模型

含油制冷剂的热物理性质是准确计算制冷系统热力性能及评价润滑油对换热和压降影响的基础。给出了基于实验的适用于R410A制冷剂,POE VG68润滑油新型工质对的热物性计算方法。这些物性计算模型简结、可靠,模型对物性参数的预测值与实验值的偏差均在5％以内,所有计算模型可用来计算R410A/POE VG68新型工质对在常见工况范围内的物性数据,为R410A制冷空调系统性能设计及分析提供了准确、可靠的热力学参数,同时可用于分析评价R410A制冷系统中润滑油不同循环量对系统及其主要部件性能的影响。     

制冷装置毛细管数值计算方法研究

对毛细管模型进行简化,避免计算制冷剂物性,提出由制冷剂流量确定毛细管长度和已知毛细管长度确定制冷剂流量的数值方法,并用这2种方法分析影响毛细管特性的主要因素。将模拟结果与试验结果进行比较,发现模拟值高于试验值,相对误差在10％以内。该简化计算方法可应用于工程计算。     

新一代制冷剂HFO-1234yf的热物性模型

基于Peng-Robinson通用状态方程,采用基团贡献原理以及多项式拟合方法,建立了符合精度要求的新型LGWP制冷剂HFO-1234yf的热物性模型,并对模型进行了验证,利用数学软件对模型进行编程求解,得到了较为全面的HFO-1234yf制冷剂的热物性数据.将HFO-1234yf制冷剂与R134a及R417A制冷剂的热物性能进行了对比,结果显示HFO-1234yf的饱和蒸汽压力与定压比热容和R134a的表现相似,二者的饱和蒸气压均低于R417A,HFO-1234yf制冷剂与R134a和R417A相比,其饱和状态焓值较低,这将导致HFO-1234y系统运行时的性能系数不高.该模型能为HFO-1234yf制冷剂在汽车空调以及固定式空调制冷设备上的应用提供理论依据.     

新一代制冷剂HFO-1234yf的热物性模型

基于Peng-Robinson通用状态方程,采用基团贡献原理以及多项式拟合方法,建立了符合精度要求的新型LGWP制冷剂HFO-1234yf的热物性模型,并对模型进行了验证,利用数学软件对模型进行编程求解,得到了较为全面的HFO-1234yf制冷剂的热物性数据。将HFO-1234yf制冷剂与R134a及R417A制冷剂的热物性能进行了对比,结果显示HFO-1234yf的饱和蒸汽压力与定压比热容和R134a的表现相似,二者的饱和蒸气压均低于R417A,HFO-1234yf制冷剂与R134a和R417A相比,其饱和状态焓值较低,这将导致HFO-1234y系统运行时的性能系数不高。该模型能为HFO-1234yf制冷剂在汽车空调以及固定式空调制冷设备上的应用提供理论依据。     

RKS方程计算制冷工质的热力学性质的应用

对RKS方程在计算制冷工质的热物理性质方面的应用进行了研究,并用余函数法计算了焓和熵的值,用VB语言编写了计算程序,分别计算了R22和R134a的热力学数据。将所得的结果与某制冷剂物性计算软件的计算结果进行了比较,误差在允许范围内。     

空调工况下非共沸制冷剂在蒸发器内的传热窄点研究

为了揭示15种常用非共沸制冷剂在空调工况下蒸发器中的传热窄点特征,探明它们和换热流体间温差的沿程变化规律,以及如何防止传热窄点的产生进行了理论分析,建立了制冷剂的蒸发换热模型,明确了蒸发过程中传热窄点产生的条件,并根据标准的空调工况确定了15种制冷剂的蒸发物性参数;然后,利用制冷剂状态方程得到蒸发过程中温度与焓值的对应关系,并分段计算了焓随温度的变化率进而得到15种制冷剂蒸发过程中发生传热窄点现象的机率;以R409A和R407D为例,计算了制冷剂和换热流体在蒸发过程中的温度分布;最后针对2种可能发生传热窄点现象的制冷剂给出了换热流体温差控制范围.     

An experimentally validated model for microchannel heat exchanger incorporating lubricant effect

This paper presents the further development of Li and Hrnjak's (2013) microchannel heat exchanger model which includes the thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerant–oil mixture. Effect of lubricant is accounted in boiling heat transfer, pressure drop and refrigerant distribution. A newly proposed infrared thermography based method is implemented in the model to describe the liquid refrigerant distribution in the inlet header of the microchannel heat exchanger. The new model is validated against experimental results (R134a-PAG 46 oil) at various oil circulation ratios (0.1%–8.3%). Simulation results also indicate that lubricant addition improves refrigerant distribution which is in agreement with experiments and the infrared thermography based method enables the model capture lubricant effect on capacity more comprehensively.     

Kältemittel‐Leckschnüffler

Refrigerant leak sniffer — testing the detection limit Refrigerators, air‐conditioners, dehumidifiers, water recoolers and other cooling devices generate the coldness by circulating a refrigerating agent in a closed circuit. As refrigerants halogenated hydrocarbons are commonly used due to their good thermo‐physical properties. Unfortunately, these refrigerants are harmful to the environment since they cause a depletion of the ozone layer and thus contribute to the global warming. To avoid a loss of the refrigerant to atmosphere, the refrigeration circuit has to be tight. Law requires the leakage of a total circuit to be smaller than a few grams per year. To test the tightness of appliances and plants, mobile refrigerant detectors are commonly used. The user of a leak sniffer has to prove that his sniffer meet its specified detection limit. The present article deals with testing refrigerant sniffers according to standardized procedures.     

A proposed combination model for predicting surface tension and surface properties of binary refrigerant mixtures

A combination model is proposed to describe the surface tension and surface properties of binary refrigerant mixtures combining the Laaksonen and Kulmala equation with the phase equilibrium between the bulk liquid and surface phases to predict the surface tension, surface composition and surface mole density of the binary refrigerant mixtures. Also, the present model is combined with the volume-translated Peng–Robinson (VTPR) equation of state to describe the fugacity coefficients of the components and molar volumes of the bulk and surface phases. This proposed combination model is subsequently applied for 13 binary refrigerant mixtures and compared with the gradient theory. The results of this model show that the surface tensions predicted by this model agree well with experimental data for these mixtures (overall AAD ∼4.35). Compared with the gradient theory (overall AAD ∼5.67 and 3.94 for density and temperature dependant influence parameter), the proposed combination model performs well.     

非共沸制冷剂R417A在水平光滑管内蒸发的数值模拟

本文应用一种快速、准确的隐式格式迭代数值计算方法,对非共沸制冷剂R417A在水平光滑管内的蒸发过程进行了数值模拟。用各组分的平均值代替纯质的物性能数,通过应用纯质的传热公式计算后与实验值相比较,数值计算结果高于实验值。     

Transport properties of the carbon‐metal nanocomposites

The temperature behavior of the resistance of the thermo exfoliated graphite thermo exfoliated graphite and cobalt‐containing nanocomposites on its base have been investigated. It is shown that the electrical properties of these materials could be easy explained within the incipient localization model. The influence of the metal modifier on the electric transport has been also analyzed.     

用于冷冻冷藏制冷系统的新型制冷剂的理论研究

综述在冷冻冷藏系统中制冷剂替代研究的现状。在此基础上,提出一种新的混合制冷剂（HFC-161/HFC-125/HFC-143a,15/45/40）用于替代HFC-404A,该新型制冷剂的ODP为零,GWP比HFC-404A和R507A要小,其基本热力学性能与HFC-404A相近。对新型混合制冷剂和HFC-404A的循环性能进行理论分析与比较。结果表明,新型混合制冷剂的性能要比HFC-404A优越,环境性能更好,是HFC-404A潜有力的替代制冷剂。     

Refrigerant performance evaluation including effects of transport properties and optimized heat exchangers

Preliminary refrigerant screenings typically rely on using cycle simulation models involving thermodynamic properties alone. This approach has two shortcomings. First, it neglects transport properties, whose influence on system performance is particularly strong through their impact on the performance of the heat exchangers. Second, the refrigerant temperatures in the evaporator and condenser are specified as input, while real-life equipment operates at imposed heat sink and heat source temperatures; the temperatures in the evaporator and condensers are established based on overall heat transfer resistances of these heat exchangers and the balance of the system.The paper discusses a simulation methodology and model that addresses the above shortcomings. This model simulates the thermodynamic cycle operating at specified heat sink and heat source temperature profiles, and includes the ability to account for the effects of thermophysical properties and refrigerant mass flux on refrigerant heat transfer and pressure drop in the air-to-refrigerant evaporator and condenser. Additionally, the model can optimize the refrigerant mass flux in the heat exchangers to maximize the coefficient of performance. The new model is validated with experimental data and its predictions are contrasted to those of a model based on thermodynamic properties alone.     

A semi-theoretical model for predicting refrigerant/lubricant mixture pool boiling heat transfer

This paper outlines the framework of a semi-theoretical model for predicting the pool boiling heat transfer of refrigerant/lubricant mixtures on a roughened, horizontal, flat pool-boiling surface. The predictive model is based on the mechanisms involved in the formation of the lubricant excess layer that exists on the heat transfer surface. The lubricant accumulates on the surface in excess of the bulk concentration via preferential evaporation of the refrigerant from the bulk refrigerant/lubricant mixture. As a result, excess lubricant resides in a thin layer on the surface and influences the boiling performance, giving either an enhancement or degradation in heat transfer. A dimensionless excess layer parameter and a thermal boundary layer constant were derived and fitted to data in an attempt to generalize the model to other refrigerant/lubricant mixtures. The model inputs include transport and thermodynamic refrigerant properties and the lubricant composition, viscosity, and critical solution temperature with the refrigerant. The model predicts the boiling heat transfer coefficient of three different mixtures of R123 and lubricant to within ±10%. Comparisons of heat transfer predictions to measurements for 13 different refrigerant/lubricant mixtures were made, including two different refrigerants and three different lubricants.     

HFCs混合制冷剂热力性质的研究

为了利用PR方程和Huron-Vidal混合规则对三元混合制冷剂的热力性质进行精确计算,通过对10组二元HFCs混合制冷剂的汽液相平衡实验数据进行热力学关联,得出了相应的NRTL模型参数,由优选得到的过量Gibbs自由能NRTL模型的相互作用系数预测了构成R407C和R404A的三元混合制冷剂R32／R125／R134a以及R125／R143a／R134a的汽液相平衡,结果表明,泡点压力实验值和计算值的算术平均相对偏差小于0．42％,各组分的汽相组成实验值和计算值基本吻合。最后还应用相关热力性质分别对R32／R125和R407C进行了理论制冷循环分析计算并和其他模型的计算结果进行了比较。