非均匀沙卵石推移质输移随机特性研究

使用天然尺度的实验室渠道观测了在恒定流的条件下非均匀卵石床面的推移质运动变化过程,采集到了更高精度、更长时间序列的输沙率变化过程,分析了输沙率统计变化对采样时间的依赖性。实测推移质输沙率的脉动现象十分剧烈,且当采样时间越小时,这种脉动现象越剧烈。来流为4300L/s,采样间隔分别为2、5与10min情况下,输沙率脉动值较平均值分别大约4.8倍、3.3倍与2.7倍;来流为5500L/s,采样间隔分别为2、5与10min情况下,输沙率脉动值较平均值分别大约3.2倍、2.1倍与1.9倍。卵石推移质单宽输沙率的离差系数、无量纲脉动强度以及无量纲极差值均随采样历时与无量纲希尔兹切应力的增大而减小。利用本次试验成果,通过多元线性回归得到的卵石推移质单宽输沙率的离差系数、无量纲脉动强度以及无量纲极差值与采样历时以及无量纲希尔兹切应力的关系式可为工程应用提供参考。     

非均匀沙卵石推移质输移随机特性研究

使用天然尺度的实验室渠道观测了在恒定流的条件下非均匀卵石床面的推移质运动变化过程，采集到了更高精度、更长时间序列的输沙率变化过程，分析描述了输沙率统计变化对采样时间的依赖性。实测推移质输沙率的脉动现象十分剧烈，且当采样时间越小时，这种脉动现象越剧烈。来流为4300l/s，采样间隔分别为2min、5min与10min情况下，输沙率脉动值较平均值分别大约4.8倍、3.3倍与2.7倍；来流为5500l/s，采样间隔分别为2min、5min与10min情况下，输沙率脉动值较平均值分别大约3.2倍、2.1倍与1.9倍。卵石推移质单宽输沙率的离差系数、无量纲脉动强度以及无量纲极差值均随采样历时与无量纲希尔兹切应力的增大而减小。利用本次试验成果，通过多元线性回归得到的卵石推移质单宽输沙率的离差系数、无量纲脉动强度以及无量纲极差值与采样历时以及无量纲希尔兹切应力的关系式可为工程应用提供参考。     

岷江都江堰河段卵石推移质的横向分布特性

常用的推移质输沙率公式多指单位河宽的输沙率计算，对于全断面的输沙率则涉及推移质输沙带的宽度和横向输沙率分布，本文以岷江都江堰河段卵石推移质输沙率的横向分布实测资料为基础，建立了用自然对数函数描述横向分布的概率分布函数，并对横向强输沙区，弱输沙区和不输沙区给出了量化指标。     

黄河中下游推移质泥沙输移特性研究

利用量纲分析原理讨论了黄河中下游河道各种水力要素及边界条件对推移质输沙率的影响,建立了反映河床形态因子的综合无量纲水流强度指标,同时分析了各水流强度指标与推移质泥沙输移强度的相关关系。结果表明:无量纲综合水流切应力指标和无量纲综合水流功率指标均与推移质泥沙输移强度有较好的相关性;在水流强度很低、无量纲水流功率综合指标W*2<600时,水流功率综合指标与推移质输移强度的关联度有一定的波动性;随着水流强度增大,无量纲水流功率综合指标600相似文献   

北江下游推移质输沙研究

采用数值模拟与实测资料相结合的方法研究了北江下游推移质输沙率公式的适用性、洪枯季推移质输沙率及空间分布。结果表明以切应力为主要参量的推移质输沙率公式较适用于北江下游河道,洪季Bijker公式、枯季Van Rijn公式计算误差较小。石角断面洪季推移质输沙率为9.06万t/月,枯季为2.43万t/月,年推移质输沙量为49.54万t。推移质输沙主要集中在大塘以上河段,洪枯季均在山塘上游、廻岐洲、界牌洲等处出现输沙率峰值,大塘下游推移质输沙较弱。水面比降是推移质输沙率沿程变化的主导因素。     

洪水侵蚀沟床形成泥石流的临界水力条件研究

洪水侵蚀沟床形成泥石流是泥石流的主要类型之一,研究其形成机理和形成的临界条件有助于泥石流治理和预警预报。借鉴河流动力学中推移质输沙理论,对已有洪水侵蚀沟床形成泥石流的水槽试验资料分析表明,洪水侵蚀沟床所形成泥石流的体积输沙浓度随沟床固体颗粒物质无量纲切应力的增大而增大,且呈幂函数关系。采用定量标准作为泥石流形成判别条件,则泥石流形成临界条件是体积输沙浓度计算公式的一个特例,此时床面颗粒无量纲切应力为0.655,远大于泥沙颗粒起动无量纲切应力。基于10组水槽试验资料和1组蒋家沟原型观测资料的适用性分析表明,建立的体积输沙浓度计算公式是合理的,能够反映泥石流形成和输移规律,可用于指导泥石流形成临界水力条件的计算。     

非恒定流作用下砾石推移质输移特性试验研究

基于水深与流量的变化率提出了反映水流非恒定强度的无量纲参数P。利用水槽非恒定流输沙同步测试系统试验研究了非恒定流作用下砾石推移质的输移特性。试验资料分析表明,非恒定流作用下的砾石推移质输移具有明显的随机性、间歇性与阵发性。水流的非恒定性对输沙率峰值的脉动性有影响,对P＞0.32的强非恒定流而言,若输沙率样本数少于20,将会给输沙率结果带来较大的偏差。非恒定流作用下输沙率与水流要素变化具有不同步性,并与水流非恒定强度有关。P＞0.32时,输沙率峰值一般滞后于流速峰值;当P＜0.32时,可能出现输沙率峰值先于流速峰值的现象。非恒定流作用下砾石推移质平均单宽输沙率（或输沙量）与单宽流量（或径流量）、非恒定强度参数P有关,随P的增强而加大。     

基于全概率的推移质输沙率公式

对于床面泥沙而言,起动过程中主要受水流随机性及床面泥沙颗粒相对位置的随机性等两方面因素的影响,其中床面泥沙颗粒相对位置的随机性用相对暴露度表示。在前人研究的基础上,同时将水流的随机性及泥沙相对位置的随机性考虑到起动概率的研究中,采用滑动起动模型,从理论上推导出泥沙起动的全概率公式,弥补了已有研究的不足。然后根据Einstein的假定,从单宽输沙率的定义出发,引入泥沙起动的全概率,得到了床面上泥沙起动的单宽推移质输沙率公式及输沙强度计算公式;通过水槽试验及野外实测资料验证表明,本文公式结构合理,计算精度较高,适用范围更广。     

Einstein均匀沙推移质输沙率公式的修正

为更好地完善推移质输移理论,采用无后效的Markov过程描述床沙、推移质和悬移质运动的随机性,推导了新的推移质输沙率公式结构.引入隐蔽角的概念,进一步量化分析床沙位置分布特性.采用全概率泥沙起动概念,推导了考虑水流条件随机性和床沙位置分布特性的泥沙起动全概率.基于垂向脉动流速,得到了泥沙起悬概率,最终构建了新的推移质输...     

利用河流平衡理论检验推移质输沙函数的应用性

推移质输沙函数多根据试验资料建立,在实际应用中往往会给出相去甚远的预测,对河流平衡形态影响显著。本研究利用河流平衡理论检验推移质输移通式Φ=cb(τ0*-τ*c)β中各参数对河道平衡形态的影响,式中Φ为无量纲推移质输沙强度,τ0*为无量纲水流平均剪切应力,cb、τ*c和β为输沙参数,分别代表输沙系数、无量纲水流临界剪切力和输沙指数。引入河道过水断面的宽度与平均水深的比值作为表征断面形态的无量纲参数,基于变分原理的图形分析结果表明,输沙通式中指数β的选取是影响平衡河道形态的重要因素。结合长江中游监利河段河道形态实际观测数据,对比分析已有推移质输沙函数对河道平衡形态的定量影响,结果表明β=5/3时河流平衡理论具有很好的实际应用性。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Desiccation and recolonization of phytobenthos in a regulated desert river: Colorado River at Lees Ferry,Arizona, USA

We tested the recolonization of the phytobenthic community in the tailwaters of Glen Canyon Dam following long- and short-term experimentally induced desiccation. The response of Cladophora glomerata, Oscillatoria spp., miscellaneous phytobenthos species and periphyton was studied over 18 weeks using three treatments: (1) undisturbed control cobbles from the submerged zone; (2) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the submerged zone; and (3) cobbles desiccated and replaced into the varial zone. Periphyton density and compositional response resulting from these treatments were also examined. Desiccation treatments were significantly different in biomass from controls throughout the study. The biomass of desiccated and replaced river cobbles averaged <30% of the controls for C. glomerata and periphyton during the 18-week recolonization period. In contrast, the biomass of the control Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species averaged only 3 and 50% of that in the desiccation treatments, respectively. Cladophora, the dominant alga, comprised 77% of the phytobenthic biomass. A significant positive relationship between discharge, Cladophora and periphyton biomass was present in all treatments, while there was a negative relationship with discharge for Oscillatoria and miscellaneous phytobenthos species. There was a significant inverse correlation, as well as a pattern of separate biomass dominance, between C. glomerata and Oscillatoria. Cladophora was the dominant phytobenthos species on cobbles below the baseflow and Oscillatoria was dominant on cobbles in the varial zone. In general, the Cladophora biomass decreased under intermittent drying conditions, while Oscillatoria declined under permanently wet conditions. Diatom composition was not significantly different between treatments; however, their density was lower on desiccated cobbles. Diatom density on desiccated cobbles in the submerged and varial zones averaged 69 and 42% of that of the controls, respectively. Recovery and maintenance of benthic resources are hindered by fluctuating flow regimes driven by electricity and irrigation requirements. Repeated desiccation of the phytobenthos has major effects on the bottom-up interactions in the Colorado River ecosystem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.