花生壳制木材用胶粘剂的研究

对花生壳的组份作了较为详细的研究，同时从利用花生完全组份的观点出发，对花生壳的制胶工艺作了改进，使花生亮能１００％地用作制胶的原料。     

花生的化学加工

花生在我国南北方均出产,据不完全统计,种植花生面积在三千万亩以上,总产量超过七千万担。它全身都是宝,经加工可充分利用。一、花生壳花生壳是花生的副产物,含有丰富的脂肪、淀粉、纤维素、矿物质、维生素等,是利用价值较高的物质。1.发酵制有机肥:把花生壳粉碎成粉后,加入具有化学添加     

花生壳的用途

<正> 花生壳不是废物,可以利用。它是一种能源,或单独燃烧,或与它种固体燃料混合燃烧。它又是一种资源。在于硬的土壤中施用粉碎的花生壳(每公顷五吨),可改善土壤的通风条件、保持土壤水分和调整土壤结构等,使花生等能适宜地生长,并获得好收成,如每公顷可增加花生收成五百八十公斤。花生壳的大约百分     

精异丙甲草胺在花生和土壤中的残留

为认识精异丙甲草胺在花生和土壤中的残留消解规律,分别在山东、浙江、河北、陕西进行了精异丙甲草胺在花生和土壤中的残留研究.采用气相色谱法研究了精异丙甲草胺在花生植株、花生壳、花生仁和土壤中的残留量检测方法,样品经二氯甲烷、丙酮提取,中性氧化铝柱净化,ECD检测器检测,精异丙甲草胺在花生植株、花生壳、花生仁和土壤中的添加回收率分别为85.8%～95.7%、85.1%～85.2%、82.5%～90.4%、87.2%～95.4%.相对标准偏差分别为1.9%～4.9%、1.9%～3.9%、1.1%～2.7%、1.3%～2.4%.精异丙甲草胺在土壤中消解速度较快,在土壤中的半衰期山东为10.3 d,浙江为13.0 d,河北为11.7 d,陕西为12.5 d.当精异丙甲草胺施药量分别为864、1 296 g a.i./hm2时,花生收获期土壤、花生植株、花生壳和花生仁中精异丙甲草胺均未检出(＜0.01 mg/kg).     

花生壳木醋液有机成分分析

利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术对花生壳木醋液化学成分进行分离鉴定,采用色谱峰面积归一化法确定各组分的相对含量。从花生壳木醋液中分离出了110种组分,鉴定出了85种化合物,包括甲醇(5.16%),乙酸(36.18%),丙酸(1.49%)1-羟基-2-丙酮(9.23%),糠醇(2.15%),3-甲基-1.2-环戊二酮(2.0%),苯酚(1.66%),愈创木酚(1.73%),4-甲基邻苯二酚(1.62%),邻苯二酚(4.82%)等。通过对花生壳木醋液化学成分的研究,为花生资源的深度综合利用提供参考依据。     

70%扑草净·乙草胺SE在花生中的残留分析方法

[目的]建立超高效液相色谱串联质谱法检测花生植株、土壤、花生籽粒和花生壳中扑草净、乙草胺残留的方法。[方法]花生植株、土壤、花生籽粒和花生壳中扑草净、乙草胺用乙腈提取采用QuEChERS法净化,用Agilent Zorbax RRHD Eclipse Plus C_(18)色谱柱分离,以0.1%甲酸水-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为0.3 mL/min,采用正离子电喷雾电离模式测定,外标法定量。[结果]扑草净方法的线性范围为0.002~0.2 mg/kg,相关系数为0.9911,乙草胺方法的线性范围为0.002~1.0 mg/kg,相关系数为0.9991;在0.02、0.1、1.0mg/kg,3个添加水平下,花生植株中2种农药的平均回收率为83.5%~91.6%,相对标准偏差为0_3%~7.8%;在花生土壤中平均回收率为77.7%~98.9%,相对标准偏差为1.0%~5.9%;在花生籽粒中平均回收率为82.6%~95.6%,相对标准偏差为0.7%~3.2%;在花生壳中平均回收率为71.6%~96.4%,相对标准偏差为1.1%~5.5%。在上述检测条件下,扑草净和乙草胺的最小检出量分别为2.0×10~(-5)、4.0×10~(-4)ng。[结论]该方法的灵敏度、准确度、精密度符合农药残留分析的要求,适合大批量花生样品的检测。     

利用KNO_3活化花生壳制备生物炭及其对苯酚吸附性能研究

以花生壳为原材料,在利用KNO3溶液活化基础上,炭化制备花生壳质生物炭。采用SEM、BET等手段对花生壳质生物炭样品进行表面形貌和比表面积分析。研究不同炭化工艺对其微观形貌的影响,同时研究了不同吸附条件下花生壳质生物炭对苯酚的吸附性能。结果表明,活化剂KNO3浓度越高、炭化温度越高、炭化时间越长,生物炭的比表面积越大、表面平整度越低、孔道数量越多、吸附性能越好。花生壳质生物炭对苯酚吸附性能最佳条件为:吸附时间120 min,吸附量13.93 mg/g;p H值越低,苯酚溶液初始浓度越高,则吸附量越大,理论最大吸附量为26.32 mg/g。     

改性花生壳的制备及其表征

利用乙醇/ZnSO4溶液花生壳进行了改性处理,改性后的花生壳对Cr(VI)的去除效率较改性前有明显地提高,去除率从88%-99.23%提高到92.89%-99.60%。本文对制备改性花生壳的实验影响因素进行了探讨,并利用SEM对花生壳的表面形貌进行了表征,探讨了实验机理。     

基于响应面模型对花生壳基活性炭工艺的优化

为优化木质活性炭制备的工艺条件,以农林废弃物花生壳为原料,磷酸为主活化剂,硫酸为辅助活化剂,利用响应面模型分析磷酸质量分数、浸渍比(活化剂体积与花生壳质量比)、活化时间、活化温度对活性炭性能的影响。结果表明：通过Box-Behnken试验建立的二次多项式数学模型的P值都小于0.000 1,校正决定系数(R²)分别为0.990 2和0.997 8,变异系数(CV) < 10%,试验的可信度和精确度高,回归方程成立。通过二次回归模型得到磷酸-硫酸活化法制备花生壳基活性炭的最佳工艺条件为花生壳粉末1 g,磷酸质量分数57.7%,浸渍比2:1,活化时间117 min,活化温度550 ℃。在最佳工艺条件下,制备的活性炭亚甲基蓝吸附值为147.2 mg/g,碘吸附值1 022.03 mg/g,实际值与预测值接近,重复性好。利用磷酸-硫酸活化法制备的花生壳基活性炭的内部中小孔较发达,具有较强的吸附能力和脱附能力。     

干燥前后花生壳的热解特性研究

用热重分析法对干燥前后花生壳的热解特性进行了研究。分析了干燥前后花生壳样品在升温速率为 25℃/min 下的热解特性,得到热重曲线(TG)、微商热重曲线(DTG)和差热曲线(DTA)。发现样品的失重过程由干燥阶段、预炭化阶段、炭化阶段、煅烧阶段4个阶段组成,并对所得曲线进行了详细分析。对比干燥前后花生壳的曲线差异,发现干燥后的花生壳TG/DTG曲线整体左移,热解温度降低。最后对花生壳的热解过程进行了动力学研究。为花生壳的合理利用提供了一定的理论基础。     

Properties of poly(alkylene oxide) elastomers

The catalyst comprised of triisobutylaluminum, zinc acetylacetonate, and water was used to prepare homopolymer of epichlorohydrin; copolymers of epichlorohydrin with propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, and allyl glycidyl ether; and terpolymers of epichlorohydrin, propylene oxide, and allyl glycidyl ether and of epichlorohydrin, ethylene oxide, and allyl glycidyl ether. The vulcanizates of these rubbers provide variations of stressstrain and dynamic properties, freeze point, hardness, and solvent resistance depending on the type and amount of comonomer. In general, these rubbers have excellent heat, ozone, and oxidation resistance as well as oil and solvent resistance.     

磷酸分解磷矿过程中金属元素的浸出规律研究

探究了以磷酸分解磷矿,关键酸解工艺参数对磷及Fe、Al、Mg、Pb、As浸出的影响规律,并从热力学角度进行了分析。结果表明,磷矿内磷及Fe、Al、Mg浸出率随磷酸质量分数、反应温度、反应时间和液固比的增大而增大,搅拌速度影响不明显;Pb浸出率随磷酸质量分数、反应温度和液固比的增大而增大,搅拌速度、反应时间影响不明显;As浸出率随反应温度升高呈先增大后减小趋势,随反应时间增加略有减小,磷酸质量分数、搅拌速度和液固比影响不明显。控制磷酸质量分数为30%（以P₂O₅计）、反应温度为80 ℃、搅拌速度为300 r/min、反应时间为150 min、液固质量比为10∶1,在此条件下,磷及Fe、Al、Mg、Pb、As的浸出率分别为98.65%、68.56%、48.54%、95.84%、32.85%和84.62%。通过热力学分析表明磷矿内Mg、As浸出率较高,Pb浸出率较低,而Fe、Al浸出率大小主要取决于磷矿中褐铁矿及高岭土含量。     

Occurrence,abundance and origin of minerals in coals and coal ashes

The mineralogy of coal and coal ash samples from a wide variety of deposits worldwide has been studied by X-ray diffractometry, light microscopy, SEM, TEM, and DTA-TGA methods. The common major minerals identified in the crystalline matter of coals are quartz, kaolinite, illite, calcite, pyrite, plagioclase, K-feldspar and gypsum, and occasionally dolomite, ankerite, siderite, Fe oxyhydroxides and sulphates. A number of minor and especially accessory minerals are also present. The modes of occurrence and some genetic peculiarities of the minerals found are described and summarized. Minerals and phases of probable detrital origin include mainly silicates, volcanic glass, oxyhydroxides and phosphates. Authigenic minerals of syngenetic origin may be sulphides, clay minerals, carbonates and rarely sulphates and phosphates. Epigenetic minerals, formed by the infiltration of low-temperature hydrothermal solutions, may include sulphides, carbonates, sulphates, clay minerals, quartz, chlorides, and probably alkaline-earth hydroxides and zeolites. The alteration products of detrital and authigenic minerals may be Fe and Al oxyhydroxides, sulphates, kaolinite, illite, chlorite, muscovite, zeolites and calcite. The behaviour of these minerals and phases during low- and high-temperature ashing is also discussed.     

我国橡胶防老剂和促进剂的进出口情况

介绍近年来我国橡胶防老剂和促进剂进出口情况。2013年,我国防老剂和促进剂进口量分别为19046.61 t和14984.44 t,同比分别增长16.12%和11.64%;进口金额分别为6202.02万美元和7391.97万美元,同比分别增长14.76%和1.39%;出口量分别为29070.40 t和89942.59 t,同比分别增长62.68%和45.72%;出口金额分别为6794.43万美元和27885.34万美元,同比分别增长60.45%和50.17%。我国进口防老剂主要来自中国大陆(以国货复进口形式进口)、美国、韩国以及中国台湾省等,进口促进剂主要来自中国台湾省、美国、韩国、日本以及德国等,防老剂主要出口日本、泰国、印度尼西亚和韩国等,促进剂主要出口美国、韩国、巴西、泰国和日本等。     

Fifty years with bile acids and steroids in health and disease

Cholesterol and its metabolites, e.g., steroid hormones and bile acids, constitute a class of compounds of great biological importance. Their chemistry, biochemistry, and regulation in the body have been intensely studied for more than two centuries. The author has studied aspects of the biochemistry and clinical chemistry of steroids and bile acids for more than 50 years, and this paper, which is an extended version of the Schroepfer Medal Award lecture, reviews and discusses part of this work. Development and application of analytical methods based on chromatography and mass spectrometry (MS) have been a central part of many projects, aiming at detailed characterization and quantification of metabolic profiles of steroids and bile acids under different conditions. In present terminology, much of the work may be termed steroidomics and cholanoidomics. Topics discussed are bile acids in human bile and feces, bile acid production, bacterial dehydroxylation of bile acids and steroids during the enterohepatic circulation, profiles of steroid sulfates in plasma of humans and other primates, development of neutral and ion-exchanging lipophilic derivatives of Sephadex for sample preparation and group separation of steroid and bile acid conjugates, profiles of steroids and bile acids in human urine under different conditions, hydroxylation of bile acids in liver disease, effects of alcohol-induced redox changes on steroid synthesis and metabolism, alcohol-induced changes of bile acid biosynthesis, compartmentation of bile acid synthesis studied with 3H-labeled ethanol, formation and metabolism of sulfated metabolites of progesterone in human pregnancy, abnormal patterns of these in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy corrected by ursodeoxycholic acid, inherited and acquired defects of bile acid biosynthesis and their treatment, conjugation of bile acids and steroids with N-acetylglucosamine, sulfate-glucuronide double conjugates of hydroxycholesterols, extrahepatic 7alpha-hydroxylation and 3-dehydrogenation of hydroxycholesterols, and extrahepatic formation of C27 bile acids. The final part discusses analysis of free and sulfated steroids in brain tissue by capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray MS and suggests a need for reevaluation of the function of steroid sulfates in rat brain.     

松香基表面活性剂研究进展

松香是一类产量丰富、价格低廉的可再生林产资源,被广泛地应用于食品、农业、橡胶、油墨、涂料等领域。松香的三环二萜结构具有超强的疏水性,通过催化异构、Diels-Alder加成等手段引入亲水基团可制备高附加值、易生物降解的绿色表面活性剂。本文从阴离子、阳离子、非离子和两性离子表面活性剂4个大类对松香基表面活性剂应用的文献及专利进行综述,重点分析了羧酸盐、磺酸盐、硫酸盐和磷酸盐4种阴离子型表面活性剂和季铵盐阳离子型表面活性剂,多元醇型和聚氧乙烯型非离子表面活性剂,以及甜菜碱型和氧化胺型两性离子表面活性剂。剖析松香基表面活性剂产业化开发的新技术及新产品概况,提出松香基表面活性剂替代传统表面活性剂的潜在应用领域。同时,对松香基表面活性剂的研究发展与产业化发展进行了评价与展望。     

中国铬酸钠新技术的开发现状（Ⅰ）

根据已公布的专利、论文等,综述了中国铬酸钠新技术的开发现状,包括铬铁矿无钙焙烧法的工业化及发展与创新、铬铁矿湿法冶金、以碳素铬铁为原料生产铬酸钠、铬铁矿酸溶氧化法,并对各种方法的优点和缺点以及发展前景进行了讨论。介绍其中的无钙焙烧法的工业化及发展与创新,包括：无钙焙烧法的工业化;无钙焙烧法的完善与新创意（包括：反应器的改进和工艺流程的变化、中和法的改进、铝泥的利用、脱钒、两煅焙烧、预热后配碱、铬渣处理、飞灰回收利用）;少碱焙烧法、铬酸钠-碳素铬铁联产法;应用催化剂;氧气焙烧。     

生物甲烷系统技术评价与集成的研究进展

生物甲烷系统是实现生物质资源化高效转化利用和二氧化碳减排的重要途径之一,符合我国国家战略的重大需求,但目前对该系统中的能量物质转化效率、经济环境性等问题的分析不够深入。为了深入认识生物甲烷系统的物质能量转化和利用情况,实现生烷甲烷体系结构的最优,本文从系统工程的思路出发,对影响整个生物甲烷系统的关键单元和子系统中的关键技术进行了分析对比,包括原料收集、发酵、甲烷提纯等过程,并结合实例进行综合分析与评价。对生物甲烷系统中各单元的技术、经济、环境的影响评价和系统网络结构多目标优化的国内外研究进展进行了简要论述,提出了生物甲烷系统研究所面临的技术瓶颈和挑战。指出针对资源的特殊性,需要建立综合考虑过程模拟、能效分析、全生命周期及经济评价的系统集成方法,对生物甲烷反应、产物分离、储运、输送等各个环节的物质转化、能量利用效率及环境影响进行评价和分析,发现影响其可持续性能的瓶颈;进一步考虑技术、经济和环境等指标进行多目标优化,获得优化策略,实现生物甲烷系统物质能量利用效率的最优化和能源资源的最优配置。     

Some gas phase reactions during the firing of magnesite-chromite refractories in a tunnel kiln

Conclusions A correlation is shown between the high-temperature, physicochemical processes in basic refractories, changes and reactions in the gaseous phase, and the nature of the wear of the roof of a tunnel kiln.As a result of dissociation, oxidation, and volatilization the waste gases are enriched with vapors of alkalis, CrO₃, sulfur trioxide, and oxides of iron and magnesium, and become corrosive with respect to the kiln lining. The reaction of the oxides vapors with each other and with the lining of the roof and their condensation determines the nature of the wear in the magnesite-chromite refractories, the chemical and mineral compositions of the resulting deposits and crusts. The main source of alkalis and sulfur trioxide is the sulfite yeast dregs (sulfite lye) present in the goods being fired.We determined the temperature relationship with the composition and amounts of deposits and crusts. Carcase and skeletal deposits and crusts formed on the firing section of the kiln, mainly periclase and spinel compositions; in the warming-up section the deposits were brittle, granulated, consisting of sulfates, chromates, chromium oxide, periclase, and spinels.It was found that the deposits on the walls of the pores in the MKhS refractories consist of sulfates and chromates, forming solid solutions.Translated from Ogneupory, No. 5, pp. 13–16, May, 1980.     

加快推进绿色生物制造 助力实现“碳中和”

首先分别从全球新一轮科技革命和产业变革战略、我国化工制造模式变革、实现“碳中和”、实现农业工业化的角度,阐述了绿色生物制造的涵义与意义;其次,对我国生物制造产业发展现状、战略需求进行了分析,文章指出我国生物制造产业虽然起步较晚,但近年来发展迅速,在生物发酵、生物基产品和生物质能等领域形成了一定基础,但是核心层仍然存在短板,表现为关键核心技术和前瞻技术储备不足、核心装备研发落后、市场化程度低、竞争力不足;最后,文章对未来生物制造发展的重点方向与路径提出了相关建议,具体包括推进原料体系多元化战略、建立先进生物制造技术体系。文章指出加快从基因组到工业合成技术、装备突破,支撑生物基化学品、生物基材料、生物能源等重大产品的绿色生产,以生物制造推动“农业工业化、工业绿色化、产业国际化”,对于我国走新型工业化道路,实现财富绿色增长和社会经济可持续发展具有重大战略意义。