基于条件分类可执行切片谱的软件缺陷定位

基于条件执行切片谱的多错误定位（Multiple Fault Localization based on Conditioned Execution Slicing Spectrum，CESS-MFL）考虑了程序的依赖性，可以一定程度降低程序随着缺陷数的增多而效率降低的问题，但该技术仍受与缺陷无关语句的影响比较大。因此，提出了一种基于条件分类可执行切片的软件缺陷定位方法（Conditioned Classification Execution Slicing Spectrum-based Software Fault Localization，CCESS-SFL），该技术对CESS-MFL技术中的谓词条件进行了改进并分类。根据谓词条件与缺陷相关执行切片确定条件特征集，根据条件特征集进行分类得到条件分类执行切片谱，计算元素的可疑度，最后生成可疑度报告。CCESS-SFL技术在西门子7个套件中得到了有效的验证，它优于当前流行的Tarantula、Jaccard、Ochiai以及CESS-MFL技术，可以进一步降低与缺陷无关语句的影响。     

一种基于层次切片谱的软件错误定位技术

传统的软件错误定位技术通常利用测试覆盖信息计算程序语句发生错误的可疑度进行软件错误定位,但是这种定位技术没有充分考虑程序本身固有的依赖信息,缺乏语句筛选,从而使错误定位的精度受限.提出了一种基于层次切片谱的错误定位技术,以提高面向对象程序中的错误定位效率.这种技术首先分析程序不同粒度层次元素(包、类、方法以及语句)之间的依赖信息,对可能发生错误的元素进行筛选,缩小错误查找范围;在此基础上,建立了层次切片谱模型,并定义了一种可疑度度量方法;最后根据该可疑度结果从大到小的顺序进行错误定位.通过实验验证了基于层次切片谱的错误定位技术的有效性,且比基于程序谱的Tarantula 技术、Union 技术、Intersection 技术效率更高.     

基于贝叶斯的软件错误定位方法

为提高基于程序切片和覆盖信息的传统错误定位技术的效率,提出一种基于程序动态切片和贝叶斯相结合的错误定位方法。针对程序执行轨迹计算动态切片,减少搜索空间;在切片后覆盖信息的基础上,利用贝叶斯公式计算相关语句的可疑度;根据语句可疑度降序排列语句,依次检查直到找出真正的错误语句。实验结果表明,该方法能够在一定程度上提高软件错误定位的效率与精度。     

基于程序变异的程序谱错误定位方法

针对基于程序谱错误定位方法完全依赖于测试用例的语句覆盖信息导致错误定位效率低下的问题,提出了一种基于变异测试技术的程序谱错误定位方法。在原有语句怀疑度计算方法的基础上,增加了程序变异后执行结果与原程序执行结果不同的测试用例变化情况的分析。此外,为解决程序变异后产生的变异体数量巨大而导致执行代价过大的问题,提出了根据变异位置约简变异体的策略。实验结果表明,与几种基于程序谱的程序错误定位方法相比,该方法的错误定位代价最低,能有效提高错误定位的效率。     

基于切片谱的错误定位框架影响因素分析

错误定位是软件调试的重要环节,基于切片谱的统计错误定位技术,借助程序切片可以提高错误定位效率.而这类技术执行效果取决于构建切片谱的切片选择策略和怀疑度计算公式的选择.为评估不同的切片选择策略及怀疑度计算公式对错误定位效率的影响,提出一种基于切片谱的错误定位框架.该框架首先计算程序执行失败时的全切片和成功时的执行切片,随后提出一组基于相似度的切片挑选策略以构建切片谱,最后按照选定的公式计算怀疑度并生成定位报告.应用提出的错误定位框架,针对一组典型的Java基准程序开展错误定位实证研究.结果表明：最优怀疑度计算公式Wong,Russel&Rao和Binary的错误定位效率与切片选择策略无关,而提出的怀疑度计算公式HSS,Tarantula,DStar,Naish1和Naish2在低相似度切片谱上定位效果较好.     

增强上下文的错误定位技术

错误定位就是寻找程序错误的位置.现有的错误定位方法大多利用测试用例的覆盖信息,以标识一组导致程序失效的可疑语句,却忽视了这些语句相互作用导致失效的上下文.因此,提出一种增强上下文的错误定位方法Context-FL,以构建上下文的方式来优化错误定位性能.Context-FL利用动态切片技术构建数据与控制相关性的错误传播上下文,显示了导致失效的语句之间传播依赖关系;然后,基于可疑值度量来区分上下文片段中不同语句的可疑度;最后,Context-FL以标记可疑值的上下文作为定位结果.实验结果表明,Context-FL优于8种典型错误定位方法.     

基于深度卷积网络的多错误定位方法

目前的错误定位方法大多数解决的是单错误定位.然而,错误之间是相互关联的,如何找到这些语句与测试结果之间的关联关系和错误之间的关联关系,并减轻偶然性正确的测试用例和相似测试用例对语句可疑度的影响,对提高多错误定位的效率至关重要.为了解决以上问题,提出了基于深度卷积网络的多错误定位方法,通过一种特殊结构的深度卷积网络得到一组准确度比较高的语句可疑度,再将其应用于前向切片和后向切片中,寻找到错误与错误之间的关联定位多错误.实验表明,所提方法的多错误定位效率高于目前存在的经典的错误定位方法的错误定位效率.     

组合认知复杂度的程序谱软件错误定位方法

基于程序谱的软件错误定位(spectrum-based fault localization,SBFL)技术收集测试用例结果和语句覆盖信息,用以计算每条语句的可疑度值.认知复杂度是软件复杂性度量工具,其值高的代码较易出错.为提升错误定位性能,提出一种语句级认知复杂度和SBFL相组合的方法对语句排序.当多条语句可疑度值相等时,新方法优先检查认知复杂度高的语句.测试数据集有925个错误版本,包含Java、C和C++项目.实验结果证实,加入认知复杂度后,传统的SBFL技术能减少待排查语句.     

一种基于前向计算的动态程序切片方法

动态程序切片技术是一种重要的程序分析技术,在软件分析、测试与调试过程中有着广泛的应用。给出一种基于前向计算的动态程序切片方法,该方法首先在对当前执行语句进行定义使用分析的基础上计算该语句定义变量的影响集,其次计算该语句的直接动态依赖关系,最后计算当前执行语句中变量的动态切片。根据该方法设计并实现了一个Java动态程序切片系统,基于一组基准测试程序开展了切片实验,并与已有的切片方法进行了比较。实验结果表明,该方法可以得到比较精确的动态程序切片结果。     

基于词频-逆文件频率的错误定位方法

错误定位方法大多通过分析语句覆盖信息来标识出导致程序失效的可疑语句.其中,语句覆盖信息通常以语句执行或语句未执行的二进制状态信息来表示.然而,该二进制状态信息仅表明该语句是否被执行的信息,无法体现该语句在具体执行中的重要程度,可能会降低错误定位的有效性.为了解决这个问题,提出了基于词频-逆文件频率的错误定位方法.该方法采用词频-逆文件频率技术识别出单个测试用例中语句的影响程度高低,从而构建出具有语句重要程度识别度的信息模型,并基于该模型来计算语句的可疑值.实验结果表明,该方法大幅提升了错误定位的效能.     

HSFal: Effective fault localization using hybrid spectrum of full slices and execution slices

Most of the existing fault localization approaches use execution coverage of test cases to isolate the suspicious codes that likely contain faults. Program slicing can extract the dependencies of program entities with respect to a specific criterion. Therefore this technique is expected to have a beneficial effect on fault localization. In this paper, we propose a novel approach using a hybrid spectrum of full slices and execution slices to improve the effectiveness of fault localization. In particular, our approach firstly computes full slices of failed test cases and execution slices of passed test cases respectively. Secondly it constructs the hybrid spectrum by intersecting full slices and execution slices. Finally it computes the suspiciousness of each statement in the hybrid slice spectrum and generates a fault location report with descending suspiciousness of each statement. We also implement our proposed approach in our prototype tool HSFal by Java programming language. To verify the effectiveness of our approach, we performed an empirical study by the prototype on several widely used open source programs. Our approach is compared with eight representative coverage-based and slice-based fault localization approaches. Final experimental results show that our proposed approach is more effective in fault localization than other compared approaches, and can reduce almost 2.98–31.79% of the average cost of examined code significantly.     

IPSETFUL: an iterative process of selecting test cases for effective fault localization by exploring concept lattice of program spectra

Fault localization is an important and challenging task during software testing. Among techniques studied in this field, program spectrum based fault localization is a promising approach. To perform spectrum based fault localization, a set of test oracles should be provided, and the effectiveness of fault localization depends highly on the quality of test oracles. Moreover, their effectiveness is usually affected when multiple simultaneous faults are present. Faced with multiple faults it is difficult for developers to determine when to stop the fault localization process. To address these issues, we propose an iterative fault localization process, i.e., an iterative process of selecting test cases for effective fault localization (IPSETFUL), to identify as many faults as possible in the program until the stopping criterion is satisfied. It is performed based on a concept lattice of program spectrum (CLPS) proposed in our previous work. Based on the labeling approach of CLPS, program statements are categorized as dangerous statements, safe statements, and sensitive statements. To identify the faults, developers need to check the dangerous statements. Meantime, developers need to select a set of test cases covering the dangerous or sensitive statements from the original test suite, and a new CLPS is generated for the next iteration. The same process is proceeded in the same way. This iterative process ends until there are no failing tests in the test suite and all statements on the CLPS become safe statements. We conduct an empirical study on several subject programs, and the results show that IPSETFUL can help identifymost of the faults in the program with the given test suite. Moreover, it can save much effort in inspecting unfaulty program statements compared with the existing spectrum based fault localization techniques and the relevant state of the art technique.     

一种基于频谱信息并结合碰集和遗传算法的缺陷定位方法

在软件研制过程中,缺陷定位是一个重要的研究课题。但是,实际软件中的缺陷数量无法被预先判定,且已有的单缺陷定位方法不易使用,已有的多缺陷定位方法存在定位效率不高的问题。基于此,文中对多缺陷定位方法GAMFL进行了研究和改进,提出了基于频谱信息并结合碰集和遗传算法的缺陷定位方法GAHIT。该方法定义了定位基本块,并用其替代语句进行缺陷定位,缩小了搜索范围;在初始种群的构造过程中,提出了采用求解失败用例执行路径碰集的方法,优化了初始种群的生成,并给出了新的适应度函数的计算方法,提高了算法的整体执行效率;最后针对遗传算法的结果,给出了缺陷检查策略,提高了在最优种群中查找缺陷的准确性。实验结果表明,所提方法能够有效处理缺陷数量未知情况下的定位问题,在单缺陷和多缺陷程序中都有较好的定位效果。     

A dynamic code coverage approach to maximize fault localization efficiency

Spectrum-based fault localization is amongst the most effective techniques for automatic fault localization. However, abstractions of program execution traces, one of the required inputs for this technique, require instrumentation of the software under test at a statement level of granularity in order to compute a list of potential faulty statements. This introduces a considerable overhead in the fault localization process, which can even become prohibitive in, e.g., resource constrained environments. To counter this problem, we propose a new approach, coined dynamic code coverage (DCC), aimed at reducing this instrumentation overhead. This technique, by means of using coarser instrumentation, starts by analyzing coverage traces for large components of the system under test. It then progressively increases the instrumentation detail for faulty components, until the statement level of detail is reached. To assess the validity of our proposed approach, an empirical evaluation was performed, injecting faults in six real-world software projects. The empirical evaluation demonstrates that the dynamic code coverage approach reduces the execution overhead that exists in spectrum-based fault localization, and even presents a more concise potential fault ranking to the user. We have observed execution time reductions of 27% on average and diagnostic report size reductions of 77% on average.     

失效上下文统计分析的软件故障定位方法

针对程序切片方法不提供语句的可疑程度描述,而覆盖分析方法不能充分分析程序元素间的相互影响等问题,提出上下文统计分析的软件故障定位方法。首先,将源程序转换为抽象语法树和程序依赖图;接下来,插桩程序,收集运行时信息;然后,根据失效点,执行按需的反向动态切片,确定失效产生的上下文;最后,对于反向动态切片中的节点,统计计算可疑度,输出带可疑度排序的动态程序切片。该方法不但描述了失效产生的上下文,还计算上下文中各个语句的可疑度。实验结果表明,所提方法与单一的覆盖分析方法相比,平均Expense降低了1.3%,与单一的切片方法相比,平均Expense降低了5.6%,所提方法可以有效辅助开发人员定位与修正软件缺陷。     

基于条件概率模型的缺陷定位方法

缺陷定位是软件调试的重要阶段,依赖程序频谱信息实现软件缺陷定位,是当前比较行之有效的方法.基于频谱缺陷定位方法应用的前提是,程序频谱和执行结果之间存在的潜在关联.通过经验性分析两者之间的内在关联,借助于统计学的条件概率思想,构建了用以量化分析两者关系强弱的P模型,并基于此提出了基于条件概率的缺陷定位方法.以Siemens套件中的7个程序、Space程序和3个Unix工具程序为基准评测对象,与已有的15种经典缺陷定位方法进行了对比实验.实证研究结果表明,该方法总体上具有更好的缺陷定位效果.