皮托管测量影响因素分析 I. 检测杆与安装角的影响

在现场使用中,皮托管不可避免地会偏离其标准使用条件,从而引起附加误差.针对不同型号的皮托管进行了较系统的试验,旨在研究检测杆和安装角对皮托管测量的影响.结果表明,在被测流速较低时,皮托管检测杆直径的大小对全压的测量影响较小,且测量值误差也较小;在皮托管安装角不超过±10°的范围内,流速测量误差为±2%;较小管径检测杆的测量值存在非零安装角时,受流速的影响比较小.这些结论为优化皮托管的测量提供了指导.     

皮托管测量影响因素分析 II. 全压孔与静压孔的影响

为了讨论皮托管全压孔和静压孔几何参数对其测量特性的影响,采用试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,对不同型号的皮托管进行了研究.结果表明:对于皮托管全压,在流速较低时,由较小的全压孔测得的全压较接近参考值,而在流速较大时,大多数全压孔的测量值误差都比较大;对于皮托管静压,由较小外径的检测杆测得的静压值较接近参考值,静压孔不宜布置在太靠近测头或竖直检测杆的地方.这些结论为优化皮托管的测量提供了指导.     

探头偏转角对皮托管测速精度影响分析

皮托管在进行流场风速测量过程中,其探头偏转角对测量精度有很大的影响.针对皮托管探头偏转角对测量精度的影响,根据皮托管测量原理和数据处理方法,建立了仿真分析模型,选取Fluent中Standard k-ε Model作为流体力学分析控制方程.通过分析现有锥形及球形感应头对流场的影响,并改变感应头偏转角,分析了偏转角对皮托管风速测量精度的影响.结果表明:锥形感应头对流场的扰动小于球形感应头,当锥形感应头偏转角为15°时,皮托管对被测管道内流场的扰动最小,测量精度最高.     

类S型皮托管及其测量特性研究

S型皮托管是工业过程中测量含尘气体最为常用的流速测量装置之一,但由于取压孔开口较大,对其测量会有一定的影响。为了减小取压孔引起的误差,并保持S型皮托管的优点,研究了一种新型的皮托管——类S型皮托管的测量特性。首先,根据对置有皮托管的流场数值模拟的结果,确定了较优管型的开口斜度;其次,在流速范围为15~50m/s的DN100风管中对类S型皮托管进行了实流标定实验。结果表明:在实验范围内,类S型皮托管的校准系数都比较稳定,并非常接近1,其相对误差为±4%,能够满足大多数工业现场介质流速测量的要求。     

经纬仪水平度传感器安装误差补偿方法

针对经纬仪水平度传感器存在安装误差的问题,分析了竖轴倾斜误差补偿中水平度传感器安装误差存在形式;推导了传感器安装误差对水平度检测结果的影响公式,在此基础上研究了安装误差对传感器测量值的影响规律,在绕竖轴的旋转平面内的安装误差,在经过粗调平后,对最终检测结果的影响可以忽略不计,在传感器所在铅锤面内的安装误差对测量值的影响在对径位置上相同;因此设计了相应的传感器安装误差补偿方法,从而修正了经纬仪水平度传感器安装误差对水平度检测的影响。     

叶轮风速表示值误差测试方法研究

以皮托管和微压计测量的空气流速作为参考风速,研究叶轮式风速表的风洞实验室示值误差测试方法;介绍了叶轮式风速表的工作原理,分析了测试所用到仪器设备技术指标,进行了叶轮式风速表实例测试,对测试实例进行了不确定度评定与分析并作了示值误差的符合性判定;结果表明,5 m/s及以下时不确定度的最主要来源为风洞流场总压和静压差的测量,5 m/s以上时不确定度的最主要来源为风洞流场的不均匀性、皮托管与气流夹角等影响量,可通过提高微压计精度、减小风洞流场不均匀性和减小皮托管与气流夹角等方式进一步减小测量不确定度。     

电子罗盘安装误差标定与补偿方法研究

针对地磁导航系统在实际应用中由于电子罗盘安装误差而影响导航系统测量精度的问题,提出了一种有效的标定补偿安装误差角的方法.在分析电子罗盘安装误差角产生机理的基础上,建立了安装误差模型,推导了安装误差角的补偿公式,提出了安装误差角标定方案.通过计算机仿真验证了安装误差角求解算法的正确性.在不同倾角平面上进行了安装误差角标定试验,提出实际操作中对标定平面的要求并验证了补偿结果.     

三轴磁罗盘的设计与误差校正

介绍了三轴磁罗盘的工作原理,设计了一种利用磁阻传感器和加速度计测定航向角、俯仰角、侧滚角的测量系统.分析了影响磁罗盘测量精度的误差来源,并在此基础上提出了相应的校正方法.实验结果表明,利用这些算法,可使磁罗盘的航向角误差由±9°降到±0.6°,有效地降低了由于制造和安装等引起的误差.这种校正算法不仪适用于磁罗盘,也适用于其它三轴传感器系统.     

激光多普勒测速仪在线标定算法

针对激光多普勒测速仪在使用时需提前标定、影响实战条件下应用的问题,提出了激光多普勒测速仪在线标定算法。将激光多普勒测速仪比例因子误差、惯性器件安装角度误差、杆臂误差纳入组合导航误差状态量。载体姿态速度变化时,使用卡尔曼滤波对误差估计,利用估计的结果补偿测速仪的输出量。组合导航量测值采用惯性导航和测速仪测量速度的差值。算法仿真和跑车实验表明:该算法可以正确分离出误差量,并且能够对测速仪和惯性导航的误差准确标定。     

阵面安装误差对相控阵雷达测角精度的影响

分析阵面安装误差对相控阵雷达测角精度的影响,对研究和设计高精度相控阵雷达非常重要。建立了相控阵雷达阵面安装误差测角精度误差模型,分别仿真分析了阵面倾角安装误差、阵面方位法向误差和阵面不水平度对相控阵雷达测角误差的影响。与理论公式相比,推导出的简约式用于计算阵面安装误差引起的测角误差分析时精度达0.001°量级,可以为相控阵雷达测角系统精度误差指标分配及测角精度超差问题分析定位提供快速、精确的理论依据和工程指导。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.