Sunflower Head Residue Pectin Extraction as Affected by Physical Conditions

Effects of extraction pH, temperature, and time on yield and quality of pectin from sunflower heads (Interstate cultivar) were investigated. The low-methoxyl pectin was extracted, using 0.75% sodium hexametaphosphate at pH 3, 4, and 5 and at 75, 85, and 95°for 20, 40, and 60 min, respectively. Yield, molecular mass, and firmness of jellies of the pectins were determined. Three-way statistical analysis on yield, molecular mass and gel firmness showed strong interactions among pH, temperature and time. Highest yields were obtained at pH 5, 95°for 20 min and pH 4, 85°for 40 min. Pectin extracted for 40 min at pH 3 and 4 and at 85°and 75°C, respectively, had the highest molecular mass. Gel firmness of sunflower pectin prepared at pH 5.4 was higher than that of a commercial citrus pectin.     

Optimizing Water Washing Process for Sunflower Heads before Pectin Extraction

Most pigment in sunflower heads is water soluble, but is strongly associated with extractable pectin. Washing sunflower heads before pectin extraction is necessary to remove pigment and improve pectin quality. An undesirable side effect is loss of water-soluble pectin. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to determine effects of variables and to optimize washing conditions for minimum pectin loss with maximum pigment removal. Benchscale washing experiments were carried out at 70-80°C for 10-30 min at water/solid ratios (v/w) of 20:1 to 40: 1, respectively. Both removal of water-soluble pigments and loss of pectin from sunflower tissue increased with increasing temperature, washing time, and water/solid ratio. Optimum conditions were 74.8°C for 25 min at a 25:1 water/solid ratio. This resulted in removal of 56.47% of the pigment, but loss of 2.90% of the pectin, which is practicable for the sunflower pectin industry.     

Extraction and Physicochemical Characterization of Pectin from Sunflower Head Residues

Pectin was isolated from sunflower head residues, using 0.75% sodium hexametaphosphate extraction followed by acid precipitation. The yield of pectin was7.3% of the head residues. The isolated pectin contained 89.2% anhydrogalacturonic acid, 2% acetyl ester, and 4.2% neutral sugars, which were mainly rhamnose and glucose. The degree of methylation was 38.5%. The pectin had a high viscosity (527 cp at 1% level) at pH 3 and a high water-holding capacity (57g water/g organic matter). The peak molecular mass of the sunflower pectin was > 523,000 daltons.     

正交试验优化向日葵盘果胶的提取和基本分析

研究向日葵盘果胶(SFHP)的提取工艺。通过单因素试验,比较酸化水、0.75%六偏磷酸钠、0.5%乙二胺四乙酸二钠、0.5%草酸-草酸铵、0.5%草酸和0.5%草酸铵6种提取剂的提取效果,确定较优的提取剂种类。选择pH值、提取温度、提取时间和提取固液比为主要工艺参数,通过正交试验,确定较优的提取参数组合:pH3.50、提取时间45min、提取温度85℃、固液比1:30(g/mL)。在此条件下,向日葵盘果胶得率为20.9%(以半乳糖醛酸计)。采用高效尺寸排阻色谱-多角度激光散射检测器(HPSEC-MALLS)和高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测器(HPAEC-PAD)测定了向日葵盘果胶的分子质量和单糖组成。结果表明,向日葵盘果胶的分子质量高于柑橘果胶,半乳糖醛酸为最主要单糖成分,占单糖总量的82.1%,鼠李糖为次要成分,仅占单糖总量的9.1%。     

Gelling Characteristics of Pectin From Sunflower Head Residues

Gelling properties of sunflower head pectin were studied using two instrumental methods: the standard sag method and the Instron textural profile method. For the Instron method, the jellies were formulated with 0-60% sugar content with various amounts of calcium chloride (30 to 90 mg/g pectin) at pHs 5.4 and 6.0. Sunflower pectin had a gel power of 110 compared to 100 for a citrus low-methoxyl pectin and 120 for an amidated low-methoxyl pectin. Sunflower pectin formed jellies under all experimental conditions. Sunflower pectin has a high potential for producing low-caloric foods, particularly when a near-neutral taste is required.     

Acid Removal from Sunflower Pectin Gel through Ethanol Washing

Sunflower heads remaining after seed removal is a potential source of low-methoxyl pectin. After extraction and acid precipitation of pectin gel, aqueous ethanol solution was used to purify the pectin. Ethanol washing of nitric acid-precipitated gel in a countercurrent process at 207°C removed acid. Concentration of nitric acid in the ethanol solvent varied depending on washing time, acid concentration in the gel, ethanol in washing solution, and ratio of gel to washing solution. Gel/solvent ratios of 1:2, 1:1.8, and 1:1.5 increased gel pH at the rate of 0.024, 0.022, and 0.018 pH units per min, respectively. Diffusion rate constants of nitric acid from the gel to washing solution were 5.281 × 10^?2, 4.855 × 10^?2, and 4.282 3 10^?2 min^?1, respectively. A cubic regression equation was developed to express the relationship between nitric acid concentrations and pH.     

柑橘皮中果胶的萃取方法研究进展

柑橘在加工生产橘汁和新鲜使用时,约产生30％～50％的皮渣,这些皮渣中有许多有用的成份,果胶是其主要化学成份之一。约占20％～30％。因此将无用橘皮转变为有用的物质,使废弃的天然有机化学资源得到合理利用,可以为国家创造巨大的经济财富。本文主要对目前国内外柑橘皮中果胶的几种萃取研究方法进行了综述。     

炮制法对三叶木通果皮果胶提取及理化性质的影响

为提高三叶木通果皮果胶提取率和质量,探究不同炮制方法对三叶木通果皮果胶提取及其理化性质的影响.以未处理的三叶木通果皮生粉和炒制、砂制、醋制、酒制方法处理的果皮粉为原料,酸法提取得到果胶并进行结构表征,测定其果胶提取率、半乳糖醛酸质量分数、酯化度、乳化活性、乳化稳定性及抗氧化性.结果表明:醋制果胶提取率、半乳糖醛酸质量分...     

葵花籽分离蛋白及葵花籽色拉油生产工艺的研究

通过对葵花仁中绿原酸的提取，解决了葵花蛋白的色泽问题，同时采用特殊方法，提取油脂而不影响蛋白的性状，最终得到葵花籽色拉油和葵花籽分离蛋白。     

柚皮果胶的提取方法比较及其粘流性能研究

比较了从江永柚皮中提取果胶的不同方法。研究了柚皮果胶溶液的粘流性能,测定了果胶的特性粘度并由此计算出果胶的分子量。结果表明:盐酸逆流萃取法为从柚皮中提取果胶的较好方法,果胶溶液的粘流活化能约为17.14kJ/mol(依赖于果胶浓度大小),采用逆流萃取法提取的果胶特性粘度为4.492ml/g,果胶分子量为7.17×104。     

果胶提取技术及对品质影响研究进展

果胶是一种天然、功能型的食品添加剂,具有凝胶、增稠、乳化等作用,现已广泛应用于食品、药品及化妆品等领域。该文着重介绍了近年来国内外果胶提取技术及其对果胶品质的影响,简单阐述果胶的结构和应用,此外,该文对果胶今后研究的重点和提取技术的发展趋势进行分析展望,为果胶提取的研究和发展提供参考。     

向日葵盘低酯果胶对水中重金属铜离子的吸附性能

该研究探讨了向日葵盘中的天然低酯果胶对水溶液中重金属铜离子（Cu2+）的吸附性能,检测了果胶用量、果胶溶液的pH值、吸附温度、吸附时间及共存离子的影响作用。结果表明,随着果胶的用量增加,Cu2+的去除率不断升高,但吸附量先增大后降低。而吸附量和去除率均随吸附温度的升高和时间的延长先增大后不变、随果胶溶液pH值的升高先增大后降低,并受共存离子的影响,随二价金属离子含量的增加而降低。Cu2+初始质量浓度在0~200 mg/L范围时,利用Langmuir等温方程拟合得到向日葵盘果胶对Cu2+的最大吸附量为29.94 mg/g。热力学分析表明该吸附反应是自发的、熵值增加的吸热反应。动力学分析证明该吸附过程遵循准二级动力学方程,以静电吸引作用和络合作用为主要驱动力。可见,向日葵盘低酯果胶具有较强的Cu2+吸附性能,可作为一种安全、高效、环保的生物吸附材料应用在Cu2+废水的处理中。     

果胶结构、提取方法及乳化特性研究进展

果胶是一种重要的酸性大分子多糖物质,具有良好的凝胶性、增稠性和乳化特性,被广泛应用于食品加工业中。果胶的结构及乳化特性会受到提取方法的影响,本文综述了果胶的分子结构及不同提取方法的应用特点,并介绍了影响果胶乳化特性的结构因素(蛋白质、阿魏酸、乙酰基、中性糖侧链、分子量)和环境因素(果胶浓度、油相浓度、pH、盐离子)及果胶与蛋白质结合用于稳定乳化液的研究现状,最后对果胶的研发前景进行展望,以期为果胶的开发和应用提供一定的理论参考。     

豆腐柴叶低甲氧基果胶提取工艺优化及其加工特性和微观结构研究

采用响应面法研究了提取温度、pH、提取时间和液料比对豆腐柴果胶得率和酯化度(DE)的影响,并对最佳提取条件下的果胶进行了微观结构和加工特性的研究。最佳提取条件为:提取温度90 ℃,pH6,提取时间67 min,液料比24:1 mL/g,果胶得率为17.8%。在最佳条件下获得的果胶为低甲氧基果胶(DE=43.1%),半乳糖醛酸含量为65.8%,具有果胶多糖典型的红外光谱图,扫描电镜显示果胶呈多褶皱的团聚状。其持水力和持油力分别为6.52和6.03 g/g,在2%和4%时的起泡能力分别为52.7%和72.4%,30 min后的泡沫稳定性为18.5%和44.6%。综上所述,豆腐柴叶为低甲氧基酯果胶的良好来源,且具有作为乳化剂、稳定剂、起泡剂用于高脂食品体系感官品质改善的潜在应用价值。     

Hydrocolloid-Lipid Coating Affect on Weight Loss, Pectin Content, and Textural Quality of Green Bell Peppers

Three coatings containing a hydrocolloid‐lipid blend combination were developed and applied to green bell peppers. Peppers were refrigerated and monitored over a 5‐week period to determine pectin content and textural quality. Pectin content decrease was significantly (p < 0.05) greater in the uncoated peppers during the storage period. Weight loss also occurred in the uncoated peppers at a significantly greater rate, while respiration rates and puncture score differences were insignificant among all groups. The results indicate that the coatings were effective in maintaining quality during storage. A better procedure is recommended for puncture analysis.     

葵花籽不同包装方式储存品质的研究

对黑糖味瓜子的主要原料葵花籽进行研究,对熟制后的葵花籽进行6种不同方式包装,研究产品在食品储存期加速试验中的理化指标及感官变化情况。结果表明:熟制后搭配吸氧剂包装的葵花籽产品质量指标符合GB/T 22165与GB 19300标准要求。不同包装方式产品在0~4个月的加速试验期内,酸价值和过氧化值逐步增加,其中新纸袋未投放吸氧剂的产品在加速试验4个月中酸价值和过氧化值峰值为1.92mg KOH/g与0.811g/100g,储存效果最差;新纸袋加吸氧剂包装的产品酸价值和过氧化值最低,为1.47mg KOH/g与0.051g/100g,储存效果最好。     

不同方法提取的山楂果胶理化性质及体外抗糖化活性的对比

本研究以山楂粉为原料,采用热水浸提、超声辅助热水浸提、酶法辅助热水浸提三种方法提取果胶,探究不同提取方法对果胶得率、总糖含量、总酚含量、半乳糖醛酸含量、酯化度和粘度等理化性质及体外抗糖化活性的影响。结果表明,酶法辅助热水提取果胶的得率最高,达到17.7%,且相应酯化度和粘度最高,但操作过程复杂;热水浸提法果胶得率次之,为10.1%,但总酚含量和酯化度最低;超声辅助热水提取法得率最低,仅有6.4%,但其总糖含量及多聚半乳糖醛酸量最高。体外抗糖化活性分析表明,超声辅助热水法提取的果胶抗糖化活性最强,在BSA-果糖以及BSA-丙酮醛模拟体系中的糖化抑制率分别为82.7%和79.8%,抗糖化活性与半乳糖醛酸酸含量成正比。由此可见,不同提取方法对山楂果胶得率、理化特性以及抗糖化活性均具有很大的影响。     

不同提取方法对黄秋葵果胶含量和结构特性的影响

本研究探讨了酸水热提、酶解、超声及酶解-超声四种提取方法对黄秋葵果胶含量及其结构特性的影响。酸水热提及酶解-超声联合法对黄秋葵果胶提取效果优于酶解和超声法;当干秋葵加入20倍pH 3 HCl水溶液,以70℃浸提1h(酸水热提法)或添加3‰果胶酶、50℃酶解90min后置于200W超声波处理10min(酶解-超声法)时,其果胶平均含量(以半乳糖醛酸质量分数计)达到43.61g/kg及32.59g/kg。四种提取方法所制果胶均为吡喃糖构型,但酸水热提及酶解法制备果胶的酯键易发生降解,其在1725cm~(-1)红外吸收峰有变弱甚至消失趋势;而超声或酶解-超声法处理则促进了果胶分子链断裂,其平均分子量由酸水热提法下533ku分别降至420～467ku、319ku。研究结果表明:采用酸水热提法(pH 3、70℃)制备黄秋葵果胶,其果胶得率高、分子量分布集中、外观呈片状且排列致密。本研究结果为高品质秋葵果胶的制备奠定基础。     

苹果皮果胶的提取工艺研究

对从新鲜苹果皮中提取果胶的工艺条件进行了研究,经过酸水解提取、酒精沉淀等工艺提取出具有广阔市场前景和丰富营养价值的天然食品添加剂果胶粉。     

香蕉皮果胶萃取及果胶保鲜膜制备的研究

采用4种不同的方法萃取果胶,分析果胶结构,研究成膜因素对制备膜性能影响,探索制备膜的最佳工艺。结果表明,各种方法萃取的产品都为果胶,酸解盐析法萃取果胶效果最好,萃取率达1.311%;果胶底物浓度和变性淀粉用量影响制备膜的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率;影响制备膜抗拉强度的因素主要顺序为成膜助剂用量 >果胶浓度> 变性淀粉用量,但果胶+助膜剂+交联淀粉制备的膜其结构、抗拉强度都为最好,最佳制备膜的工艺参数为果胶底物浓度2.4%、助膜剂用量0.5%、变性淀粉用量1.0%。